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Contribution of fisheriesand aquaculture to world food supply
Prof. Dr. Ulfert FockenThünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Ahrensburg BranchWulfsdorfer Weg 204, 22926 [email protected]
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Fish:Symbol for well-being and wealth in manycultures of the world
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Fish:Source of essential amino and fatty acids,especially important for the normal development of children with mainlyplant based diets
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Amino acids:
Tyrosine*
Serine*Taurine
Selenocysteine*Proline*Ornithine*ValineGlycineTryptophanGlutamine*ThreonineGlutamic acidPhenylalanineCysteine*MethionineAspartic acidLysineAsparagineLeucineArginine*IsoleucineAlanineHistidineNonessentialEssential
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Essential fatty acids:
alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
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Essential fatty acids:Both, fish and men, have a limitted capacityto transform ω-3 fatty acids by elongationand desaturation
alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
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LC-PUFA:Especially important for the braindevelopment, malnutrition in the first 1000 days (pregnancy and first 2 years) results in irriversible limitation of cognitive capacity
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LC-PUFA:In adults, long chain ω-3 fatty acids areimportant in the prevention of cardio-vascular diseases and may also play a role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer, Parkinson)
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ω-6 fatty acids:Precursors of numerous metabolic activesubstances, Excess probably negative for health
Arachidonic acid
Linolenic acid
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Fish:Worldwide, fish provides 17% of animal protein in human nutrition.Asia: 26%Africa: 17%South America 7%Europe, Former USSR 9%N&C America 7%
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100100Total protein
5959Animalprotein
44Fish and seafruits
% of total protein
g protein/ capita/day
Fish in the diet in selected countriesGermany 2003
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100108Total protein
6065Animalprotein
1617Fish and seafruits
% of total protein
g protein/ capita/day
Fish in the diet in selected countriesNorway 2003
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10056Total protein
2715Animalprotein
169Fish and seafruits
% of total protein
g protein/ capita/day
Fish in the diet in selected countriesGhana 2003
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10055Total protein
74Animalprotein
21Fish and seafruits
% of total protein
g protein/ capita/day
Fish in the diet in selected countriesMalawi 2003
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10047Total protein
126Animalprotein
63Fish and seafruits
% of total protein
g protein/ capita/day
Fish in the diet in selected countriesBangladesh 2003
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10082Total protein
4033Animalprotein
76Fish and seafruits
% of total protein
g protein/ capita/day
Fish in the diet in selected countriesChina 2003
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10056Total protein
4324Animalprotein
1810Fish and seafruits
% of total protein
g protein/ capita/day
Fish in the diet in selected countriesThailand 2003
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10085Total protein
4942Animalprotein
22Fish and seafruits
% of total protein
g protein/ capita/day
Fish in the diet in selected countriesBrasil 2003
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10067Total protein
3725Animalprotein
96Fish and seafruits
% of total protein
g protein/ capita/day
Fish in the diet in selected countriesPeru 2003
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Statistical data are very likely to underestimate fish production and consumption in rural areas due to fish that is not marketed, but eithercaught or produced for homeconsumption.
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Fish is not all the same.
Lean freshwater fish - tilapiaLipid-rich freshwater fish - carp
Lean marine fish – sea bassLipid-rich marine fish – salmon, mackarel, sardines ...
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Fish is not all the same
Fish in which mostly the filet isconsumed
Fish which are consumed entirely, deep-fried, as sauce, as fish curry- Very high contribution to mineral and vitamin a supply (Roos et al. 2002, 2003, 2007)
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1970ies:Give a person a fish, and he will have food for a day.Teach him to catch fish, and he will havefood for a life time.
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Fish as food:Sources: - Capture Fisheries
(equivalent to hunting)
- Aquaculture(equivalent to animal production)
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Yield of Capture Fisheries
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000
50
100
150
Capture
Year
Wor
ld F
ish
Yiel
ds(M
illio
n m
etric
tons
)
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Trawling for herring in the North Sea
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Estimated Sustainable Yields
1970 200 million metric tons
1990 130 million metric tons
2002 >> 100 million metric tons ???
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Fish Catch (per Unit of Effort)Linear Function of Biomass
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.000.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Biomass
Cat
ch p
er U
nit o
f Effo
rt(a
s fr
actio
n of
max
imum
)
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Fish Catch- Yield (Surplus Production)- Reduction of Stock
Fish YieldInverted Parabolic Function ofFish Biomass
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Capture Fisheries:Yield versus Biomass
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.000.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0MSY
Biomass
Yiel
d(a
s pe
rcen
t of b
iom
ass)
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Capture Fisheries:Yield versus Fishing Effort
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.000.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0MSY
Biomass
Yiel
d(a
s pe
rcen
t of b
iom
ass)
Fishing Effort
0.0∞
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Problems in Fisheries Management:- General Problems of Commun Property Resources- Specific Problems - Resource is not directly visible - Resource may extend over or migrate within the area of several administrative units
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High Fish Yields do not Garantee Food Supply
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High Fish Yields do not Garantee Food SupplyFish Production and Consumption
in Peru 1970 to 1999
1970 1980 1990 20000
5000
10000
ProductionExportConsumtion
0
5
10
15
20
25
Year
Fish
Pro
duct
ion/
Expo
rt(1
000
met
ric to
ns) Fish Protein Cons.
per caput per day (g)
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Contribution of capture fisheriesto food security
- more limitted by lack of appropriatemanagement than by ability to catch fish
- fish may be unavailable to domesticpopulation
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Aquaculture- Definition by FAO:"The husbandry of aquatic organismslike finfish, mollusc, crustaceans and sea weeds under individual orcorporate ownership."
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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 20100
2×100 7
4×100 7
6×100 7
OtherOceaniaAfricaAmericas
Asia
Europe
Year
Aqua
cultu
re P
rodu
ctio
n t
(exc
ludi
ng s
eaw
eeds
)
60 x 106
20 x 106
40 x 106
World Aquaculture Production
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Aquaculture systems:
Intensive Systems
Semi-Intensive Systems
Extensive Systems
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Intensive Aquaculture Systems:
Growth of cultured organisms dependsexclusively on compond fed, typicallywith high content of fish meal and fishoil.
Feed conversion ratio 3:1 - 10:1Product typically expensiveEnvironmental impact high
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Intensive Aquaculture Systems (2):
High demand for fossil energyHigh input for prophylaxis and therapyof diseases and parasites
Examples:Salmon, troutCatfisch, Tilapia in the USAShrimp
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Intensive Shrimp-Culture
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Extensive Aquaculture Systems:
Growth depends only on naturalproductivity, no feeding etc.
Product typically cheap(exception oystersLow environmental impact,High demand for area
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Extensive Aquaculture Systems (2):
Examples:Mussel and oyster cultureUtilization of temporal water bodies
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Semi-Intensive Aquaculture Systems:
Growth of fish depends on natural food, which is enhanced by fertilization orsupplemented by limited feeding.
Product: mainly cheapEnvironmental impact typically low, butpulsed
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Semi-Intensive Aquaculture Systems (2):
Examples:Carp production in EuropeTilapia-Production in the Tropics
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Semi-intensive milkfish culture
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Semi-Intensive Aquaculture Systems (3):
Especially efficient are aquaculture systems integrated with animal production,e.g. poultry-fish, pig-fish.Without direct feeding of fish, yields of severaltons per hectare and year are possible.
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Aquaculture Production and Food Supply inSome Asian Countries
Thailand
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
0250
500750
05
1015
2025
Year
Aquaculture Production(thousand m
etric tons) Fish
Pro
tein
Con
s.pe
r ca
put p
er d
ay (g
)
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Aquaculture Production and Food Supply inSome Asian Countries
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Year BrackishwaterProduction (t)
Pond Area(ha)
Yield(kg*ha-1*a-
1)1955 36700 105000 3501975 106500 176000 6051980 136000 176000 7711985 155300 160000 9691990 191900 150000 12791995 137800 112500 1225
Brackish water production of milkfishin the Philippines 1955 - 1995
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Aquaculture Production and Food Supply inSome Asian Countries
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The contribution of aquaculture to domesticfood supply largely depends on theaquaculture system used.The export of aquaculture products is a major source of export revenew in severalcountries and a source of employment and income in coastal and rural areas.