Download - Continuous Descent Operations ( CDO )
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Continuous Descent OperationsContinuous Descent Operations
( CDO )( CDO )
Continuous Descent OperationsContinuous Descent Operations
( CDO )( CDO )
BEIJING, CHINA; 30 JUN-11 JUL 2014
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
✈ By the end of this presentation you should understand:By the end of this presentation you should understand:
✈ What ICAO Manual covers CDOWhat ICAO Manual covers CDO
✈ What is a CDOWhat is a CDO
✈ Differences between Closed and Open path CDODifferences between Closed and Open path CDO
✈ By the end of this presentation you should understand:By the end of this presentation you should understand:
✈ What ICAO Manual covers CDOWhat ICAO Manual covers CDO
✈ What is a CDOWhat is a CDO
✈ Differences between Closed and Open path CDODifferences between Closed and Open path CDO
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CDO, CCO, and AirspaceCDO, CCO, and AirspaceICAO Doc 9992
PBN Airspace Design
ICAO Doc 9931CDO
ICAO Doc 9993CCO
CDO IMPLEMENTATIONCDO IMPLEMENTATION CCO IMPLEMENTATIONCCO IMPLEMENTATION
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Continuous Descent OperationsContinuous Descent Operations
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Continuous Descent Operations (CDO) ManualICAO Doc 9931First Edition published 2010
CDO is an aircraft operating technique
enabled by airspace design, procedure design and
facilitated by ATC
in which an arriving aircraft descendscontinuously, to the greatest extent possible, using minimum engine thrustand low drag.
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Continuous Descent OperationsContinuous Descent Operations
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Continuous Descent Operations (CDO) Manual ICAO Doc 9931
Provides background for:Air Navigation Service Providers
Aircraft Operators
Airport Operators
Aviation Regulators
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Continuous Descent OperationsContinuous Descent Operations
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Continuous Descent Operations (CDO) Manual ICAO Doc 9931
Key objectives for the manual are to improve:Overall management of traffic and airspace in order to enable uninterrupted continuousdescents without disrupting departures.
Understanding of continuous descent profilesand:
Understanding and harmonization of associated terminology.
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CDO BenefitsCDO Benefits
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Flight predictability
Airspace efficiency & capacity
Safety
Increase:
Fuel burn
Emissions
Pilot & controller workload
Reduce:
Radio communications
CFIT
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CDOCDO
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Accurate planning for an optimum descent path is facilitated by the pilot and/or the FMS knowing the flight distance to the runway and the levelabove the runway at which the CDO is to be initiated.
Thus a CDO requires planning andcommunication between the pilot and the air traffic controller.
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CDOCDO
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A CDO design is integrated within theairspace concept and must balance the needs of departing aircraft with the CDOarrival aircraft.
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Different Types of ArrivalsDifferent Types of Arrivals
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Open PathClosed Path
Enroute ATS Route Structure
Procedure ATS
Rout
e
ATS
Rout
e
Procedure
STAR directly linksto IAP
Tactical vectors provided by ATC•unknown distance•DTG estimate
Linked route •known distance
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✈Vectored CDOVectored CDO✈Vectored CDOVectored CDO
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ATC issues pilot“Distance-To-Go” estimate
Open Path Arrival DesignsOpen Path Arrival Designs
Preplanned routeRadar vectors
End of preplanned route andbeginning of radar vectors with
issuance of estimated distance to fly.
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Merge point
Sequencing legs
Envelope of possible paths
Arrival flow
Arrival flow
Integrated sequence
(at iso-distance from
the merge point)
Merge point
Sequencing legs
Envelope of possible paths
Arrival flow
Arrival flow
Integrated sequence
(at iso-distance from
the merge point)
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Path Stretching
Point Merge
Open Path Arrival DesignsOpen Path Arrival Designs
+1 m in
+2 m in
+3 m in
CD
vector
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Closed Path CDO DesignClosed Path CDO Design
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Save fuel 125-1400 lbs Up to 40% less noise
Reduced radio transmissions Lower pilot workload / improved predictability Reduced hearback/readback errors
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HNL CDO Example
• KAENA, KLANI, REEEF CDO Fully integrated/linked to approach. Descend via from cruise flight levels.
Initial Fuel Savings 300-1200+ pounds per flight.
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Continuous Descent OperationsContinuous Descent Operations
( CDO )( CDO )
Design MethodsDesign Methods
Continuous Descent OperationsContinuous Descent Operations
( CDO )( CDO )
Design MethodsDesign Methods
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
✈ By the end of this presentation you should understand:By the end of this presentation you should understand:
✈ CDO design methods and limitationsCDO design methods and limitations
✈ CDO Design considerationsCDO Design considerations
✈ Possible CDO sequencing methodsPossible CDO sequencing methods
✈ CDO Implementation ProcessCDO Implementation Process
✈ By the end of this presentation you should understand:By the end of this presentation you should understand:
✈ CDO design methods and limitationsCDO design methods and limitations
✈ CDO Design considerationsCDO Design considerations
✈ Possible CDO sequencing methodsPossible CDO sequencing methods
✈ CDO Implementation ProcessCDO Implementation Process
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CDO Design MethodsCDO Design Methods
• Design to select the shortest path
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CDO Design MethodsCDO Design Methods
• Design to select the shortest path
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1000m
2000m
3000m
4000m
5000m
CDO Design MethodsCDO Design Methods• Long path plus “shortcuts” are inefficient
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CDO Discussion
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CDO Design MethodsCDO Design Methods
1. Select the shortest path.2. Modify path as necessary in response to:
• airspace, • terrain, • departure paths,• other traffic.
3. Apply required speeds and or altitude profiles.4. Review and modify as necessary.
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CDO Design MethodsCDO Design Methods
CDO STAR waypoints may contain:
Altitudes restrictions may be•“At”, •“At or above”,•“At or below”,•or a window of both “At or above and at or below”
1. Speed restrictions2. Altitude restrictions
Limit speed and altitude restrictions to the minimum necessary.•In general speed restrictions should not be less than 280kt above 10,000 msl.•Speed restrictions must have an associated altitude restriction (FMS requirement)
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Integrating CCO and CDO DesignsIntegrating CCO and CDO Designs
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CDO
CCO
Altitude windows safely separate aircraft and allow predictable flight performance
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Merge point
Sequencing legs
Envelope of possible paths
Arrival flow
Arrival flow
Integrated sequence
(at iso-distance from
the merge point)
Merge point
Sequencing legs
Envelope of possible paths
Arrival flow
Arrival flow
Integrated sequence
(at iso-distance from
the merge point)
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+1 m in
+2 m in
+3 m in
CD
Path Stretching
Point Merge
Open Path Arrival DesignsOpen Path Arrival Designs
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Closed Path CDO CalculationsClosed Path CDO Calculations
Starting formulas:
Upper level limit = (distance from FAF/FAP x 350 ft/nm) + altitude of FAF/FAP
Lower level limit when starting at or below 10,000 MSL = (FAF deceleration distance X 160 ft/nm) + + ((distance from FAF - FAF deceleration distance) x 220 ft/nm) + FAF altitude
Upper level for “at or below” restrictions:Lower level for “at or above” restrictions:
Lower level limit when starting above10,000 MSL = (FAF deceleration distance X 160 ft/nm) + + ((distance from FAF - FAF deceleration distance -5nm) x 220 ft/nm) + FAF altitude
Note: FAF includes FAP in above formulas
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Closed Path CDO CalculationsClosed Path CDO Calculations
At or BelowArea
At or AboveArea
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Closed Path CDO CalculationsClosed Path CDO Calculations
At or BelowArea
At or AboveArea
Upper level limit = (distance from FAF/FAP x 350 ft/nm) + altitude of FAF/FAP
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Closed Path CDO CalculationsClosed Path CDO Calculations
At or BelowArea
220 ft/nm+ Deceleration segments
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Closed Path CDO CalculationsExample - refined with simulation
Closed Path CDO CalculationsExample - refined with simulation
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Merge point
Sequencing legs
Envelope of possible paths
Arrival flow
Arrival flow
Integrated sequence
(at iso-distance from
the merge point)
Merge point
Sequencing legs
Envelope of possible paths
Arrival flow
Arrival flow
Integrated sequence
(at iso-distance from
the merge point)
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Open Path Arrival Point Merge
Open Path Arrival Point Merge
Equidistance arcs
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Point Merge “talk-through” (1/5)Point Merge “talk-through” (1/5)
STRUCTURE
AB
M
STRUCTURE
AB
M
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Scenario “talk-through” for Grey, Green, Gold and Blue aircraft
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Point Merge “talk-through” (2/5)Point Merge “talk-through” (2/5)
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32Initial situation with a busy flow of traffic to the merge point
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Point Merge “talk-through” (3/5)Point Merge “talk-through” (3/5)
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Grey heavy jet turns to the merge point.Controller determines when to issue the “Direct to merge point”
instruction to the Gold aircraft to ensure that the required spacing behind the preceding aircraft will be achieved.
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Point Merge “talk-through” (4/5)Point Merge “talk-through” (4/5)
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Controller issues the “Turn left direct to merge point” instructionto the Gold aircraft using the range ring arcs to assess
the appropriate spacing from the Grey aircraft.
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Point Merge “talk-through” (5/5)Point Merge “talk-through” (5/5)
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35The same technique is repeated for the Green aircraft
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Point Merge ExamplePoint Merge Example
Point Merge
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HAIKU RNAV CDO STAR links with RNP-AR RWY 02 and ILS RWY 02
RADARVectors(DTG)
ILS Approach
STAR End atILS IAF
RNP-AR Approach
RNP-AR IAF
+FL60
RNAV CDO STAR
RNAV CDO STAR
5000
CDO IntegrationIntegrating RNAV, RNP, & Conventional Capabilities
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Decision MakingDecision Making
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Decision MakingDecision Making
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Decision MakingDecision Making
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FAF
Decision MakingDecision Making
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Decision MakingDecision Making
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Decision MakingDecision Making
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Decision MakingDecision Making
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Sequencing Using Structured Decision Points
Sequencing Using Structured Decision Points
Use equidistant points to judge distance
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Sequencing Using Structured Decision Points
Sequencing Using Structured Decision Points
PBN consistency allows equidistance for non linear paths
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CDO Design UsingStructured Decision Points
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CDO Design UsingStructured Decision Points
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CDO Design UsingStructured Decision Points
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CDO Design UsingStructured Decision Points
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CDO Design UsingStructured Decision Points
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Closed Path Sequencing: LAXClosed Path Sequencing: LAX
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RIIVR2
OLDEE1SEAVU2
LAX ILS
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LUVYN
26 miles
26 miles
26 miles
10 m
iles
10 miles10 m
iles
GRAMM 280 kts
KONZL 280 kts
LAADY 280 kts
Sequencing Using Structured Decision Points
Sequencing Using Structured Decision Points
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RIIVR2
OLDEE1
SEAVU2LAX ILS
Flow Integration Using Structured Decision Points
Sequencing UsingStructured Decision Points
Sequencing UsingStructured Decision Points
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RIIVR2
OLDEE1
SEAVU2LAX ILS
Sequencing UsingStructured Decision Points
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LUVYN
Example: aircraft at KONZL and LAADY
Aircraft depart LAADY heading 360 (same speed.)
NET SPACING – up to 8 MILES
KONZL
LAADY
Sequencing UsingStructured Decision Points
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Global PBN Task Force Go-Team
CDO SequencingCDO Sequencing
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✈ Implemented 25/09/08 – in use full time at LAX.Implemented 25/09/08 – in use full time at LAX.✈ ATC Issues descent and approach clearance on initial ATC Issues descent and approach clearance on initial
contact.contact.✈ ½ of all jet arrivals into KLAX fly CDO (over 400,000 ½ of all jet arrivals into KLAX fly CDO (over 400,000
CDO’s flown since inception).CDO’s flown since inception).✈ 50% reduction in radio transmissions.50% reduction in radio transmissions.✈ Average fuel savings.Average fuel savings.
13.7 million pounds of fuel saved per year.13.7 million pounds of fuel saved per year. = CO2 reduction of 41+ million pounds per year.= CO2 reduction of 41+ million pounds per year.
✈ Implemented 25/09/08 – in use full time at LAX.Implemented 25/09/08 – in use full time at LAX.✈ ATC Issues descent and approach clearance on initial ATC Issues descent and approach clearance on initial
contact.contact.✈ ½ of all jet arrivals into KLAX fly CDO (over 400,000 ½ of all jet arrivals into KLAX fly CDO (over 400,000
CDO’s flown since inception).CDO’s flown since inception).✈ 50% reduction in radio transmissions.50% reduction in radio transmissions.✈ Average fuel savings.Average fuel savings.
13.7 million pounds of fuel saved per year.13.7 million pounds of fuel saved per year. = CO2 reduction of 41+ million pounds per year.= CO2 reduction of 41+ million pounds per year.
LAX CDO Results
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CDO Fuel SavingsCDO Fuel Savings
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CDO Design Considerations
• Closed Path design improves predictability and efficiency.– STARs join/terminate at IF/IAF, path continues to touchdown.
• Open path may increase flexibility, but also increases workload.• Use speed control in preference to vectors. • 280kts provides opportunity for meaningful speed ATC
adjustments.• Minimize number of required windows.• Avoid specifying hard altitudes, make windows as large as
feasible. “at or above 7000” is preferable to “at 7000”. “above 7000, below 11000” is preferable to “above 7000, below 7500”.
• Structured Decision Points on radar scope gives ATC ability to judge control actions early.
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QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
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