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Continental Drift
Chapter 10 Section 1
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Continental Puzzle
• Do the continents fit together perfectly?• What continents fit the best?• What other information would you look for to
provide evidence that continents may have once been part of one large continent?
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Alfred Wegener & Continental Drift
• 1912 proposed supercontinent–Pangaea–Continents separated and drifted apart
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Evidence
• Coastline similarities• Fossils• Rock formations• Climates
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Coastline Similarities
• Continents on either side of Atlantic ocean seem to fit together– Contours of eastern coast of South America fit along the contours of
the western coast of Africa
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Coastline Similarities
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Fossils
• Mesosaurus – reptile fossils found only in southern South America and western Africa
• Glossopteris – plant fossils found in South America, southern Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica (Southern Hemisphere)
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Mesosaurus Fossils
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Fossil Evidence
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Rock Formations
• Mountain ranges of eastern South America (Brazilian Highlands) and western Africa (Cape Mountains) are the same
• Mountain ranges in north eastern North America (Appalachian Mts.), Greenland, Scotland and northern Europe (Caledonian Mts.) are the same
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Rock/Geologic Formation Evidence
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Climates• Glacial evidence in South America, Antarctica,
India, Australia and Africa – When viewed separately, glacial evidence on these
continents suggests that the entire earth was covered with glaciers at one time, but this is contradicted by other evidence from sedimentary rocks
– When continents are placed together, like a puzzle, glacial evidence is not world-wide, which coincides with other evidence
• Tropical plant fossils in Antarctica– No plants currently grow in Antarctica, so plant fossils
found there indicate warmer temperatures at one time
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Climate Evidence
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Antarctica Fossils
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Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift
• Despite the evidence that seemed to suggest Pangaea, Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis was rejected by the scientific community– If the continents were moving apart, why wasn’t the
Earth expanding?– Continents don’t plow through oceanic rock, so how
can they move?• There was no evidence for the mechanism of
tectonic plates or their movement
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Evidence for the Theory of Plate Tectonics
• In the mid part of the 20th Century, discoveries were made as a result of Naval technologies that enables the mapping of the sea floor– Hitler had gotten very close to the U.S. in WWII,
via submarines (in the coastal waters of the eastern seaboard)
– U.S. raced to learn more about the ocean floor in order to develop better submarine capabilities
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Mid-Ocean Ridges and Rift Valleys
• 1947 mapping project– sonic technology enabled the mapping of the sea
floor– Rift valleys and mid-ocean ridges were discovered
• Rift valley – a rip, or rift, in a tectonic plate at which volcanic activity is found
• Mid-ocean ridge – the mountain ranges found on either side of a rift valley, formed from magma building up on either side of a rift
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Mid-Ocean Ridge/Sea-Floor Spreading
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Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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Features of Mid-Ocean Ridges
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Paleomagnetism• Magnetometers developed during WWII to detect
submarine hulls also discovered that Earth’s rock record contains magnetic reversals– Normal magnetism and reverse magnetism alternates
in rocks during specific periods– Magnetic symmetry – magnetic bands (reverse and
normal) are mirror images on either side of mid-ocean ridges
• Suggests that magnetism of Earth changes – Metals in molten magma align with the magnetism at
the time of crystallization– Igneous rocks (basalt) retain the magnetic orientation
at time of formation
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Paleomagnetism
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Additional observations of Ocean Floors
• Ages of ocean floor features increase in age as distance from the ridge increases– Sediments are thinner and younger nearer ridge– Fossils are younger nearer ridge– Rocks are younger nearer ridge
• All this suggests that new oceanic crust is forming at the rift valleys
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Tectonic Plate Boundaries
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=volcanoes+and+earth+quakes&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=0F70E0C062BAAA8F5BCE0F70E0C062BAAA8F5BCE
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Earth’s Active Volcanoes
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“Ring of Fire”
• Area of high seismic and volcanic activity outlining the Pacific Ocean
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“Ring of Fire”
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Conservation of EnergyAccording to the law of conservation of energy, energy can’t be created nor destroyed.
•What is the source of energy that drives volcanoes?
•What energy source produces earthquakes?
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Quick Review
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Lithosphere
• Crust and upper portion of mantle
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Lithosphere
• Broken into blocks called tectonic plates– Each plate may include continental crust,
oceanic crust, or both•Continental crust thicker and less dense than
oceanic crust
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Lithosphere• About 15 major tectonic plates
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Lithosphere
• Tectonic plates “float” on Asthenosphere – solid, putty-like (“plastic”) rock below lithosphere
• Asthenosphere flows very slowly
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Asthenosphere
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Tectonic Plates Interact
• The tectonic plates of Earth’s lithosphere form the pieces of a very tightly-fitting puzzle.
• Since plates move over the asthenosphere, they are bound to interact with each other
• Plates interact at their boundaries in 3 major ways
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Types of tectonic plate boundaries
• Divergent Plate Boundaries• Convergent Plate Boundaries• Transform Plate Boundaries
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Types of tectonic plate boundaries
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Divergent Plate Boundaries
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2q4Yqctq6nE
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Divergent Plate Boundaries
Boundary between tectonic plates that are diverging (moving apart)•Common features– Mid-ocean ridges– Rift valleys– Seafloor spreading– Volcanic activity– Seismic activity
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Divergent Boundary
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Examples
1. Mid-Atlantic Ridge2. Red Sea – separation of African and
Arabian plates
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Transform plate boundary
• Boundary between plates that slide past each other
• Common features– Earthquakes– Faults– Example: San Andreas Fault
– Offset surface features
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Types of Plate Boundaries
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Transform Fault Boundary
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Offset Surface Features
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Offset Surface Features
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Fault
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Fault and Offset Features
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Convergent plate boundary
• Boundary between tectonic plates that are converging
• Three types of collisions1. Oceanic-continental collision2. Oceanic-oceanic collisions 3. Continental–continental collisions
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Oceanic-Continental Collisions
•Continental crust collides with oceanic crust•Oceanic crust subducts – dives
beneath the continental crust
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Oceanic-Continental Collisions
•Common featuresa) Subduction zones – areas where one
tectonic plate dives beneath another tectonic plate
b) Oceanic trenches – area in the ocean where oceanic plate subducts
– deepest points in Earth’s oceans– Peru-Chile Trench
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Oceanic-Continental Collisions, continued
•Common featuresc) Volcanic activityd) Mountain building – volcanic mountain
ranges such as Rocky Mountains– Oceanic plate re-melts and rises to the
surface inland from the boundary, creating mountains
e) Earthquakes
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lithosphere
Volcanicmountains
Subduction zone
Ocean trenchOceanic crust
asthenosphere
Continental crust
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Oceanic-oceanic collisions
• One plate subducts• Common features– Subduction zones– Oceanic trenches – Mariana Trench (Challenger
Deep – deepest point in the Earth’s ocean)– Volcanic activity– Island arcs – Japan, Aleutian Islands, Mariana
Islands (volcanic mountains)– Earthquakes
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Lithosphere
Subduction zone
Oceanic crustOcean trench
Volcanic island arc
Volcano Continental crust
Asthenosphere
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Continental-Continental Collisions
• Neither plate subducts• Common features– Mountain building – Uplifted mountain ranges – Himalayan
Mountains– Earthquakes
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Continental crust
Uplifted mountain range
Lithosphere
4Asthenosphere
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Himalayan Mountains