CONTENTS• KEY LEARNINGS• BOND YIELD• BOND VALUATION AND
PRICING• CREDIT RATING• RISKS• YIELD CURVE• MALKEIL’S PROPERTIES
KEY LEARNINGSDebt instruments
Issuers of Bonds
Features of Bonds
Types of Debt Instruments
DEBT INSTRUMENTS
• A bond is a debt security, in which the issuer owes the holders a debt and, depending on the terms of the bond, is obliged to pay interest (the coupon) and/or to repay the principal at a later date, termed as maturity.
• Bonds provide the borrower with external funds to finance long-term investments, or, in the case of government bonds, to finance current expenditure.
ISSUER OF BONDS
Bonds are generally issued by
• Public authorities
• Credit institutions
• Companies
• The most common process of issuing bonds is through underwriting.
FEATURES OF BOND
• Nominal, Principal or Face amount
• Issue price
• Maturity date
• Coupon rate
• Indentures and Covenants
• Coupon dates
• Optionality i.e. callability, putability, call dates and put dates
• Security
Types of Debt Instruments
• Secured and unsecured debentures
• Convertible and Non-convertible debentures
• Zero interest fully convertible debentures
• Secured Premium Notes
• Callable and Putable Bond
Floating Rate Bonds• Coupon rate of these bonds is tied
to some benchmark
• Eg coupon rate =Bank rate +2%
• Not popular in India
Deep Discount Bonds• Type of zero interest bond
• Non convertible
• Redeemed after expiry of specific period at face value
• Return on these bonds is difference between issue price and maturity value
• No coupon rate and no interest during life of the DDB
Junk Bonds
• High risk bonds
• High yield bonds
• No or low credit rating
• Favourable for speculators
Municipal Bonds
• Issued by civic authorities of a city
• Objective is to raise funds for development
• Tax benefits may or may not be available
• Coupon rate is low
• Credit rating of issuing municipiality
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BOND YEILD• Percentage rate of return on the
amount invested.
• Benchmark for evaluating investment instruments.
• It may or may not be same as coupon rate.
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Bond Yield Depends on:-1. PAR VALUE – The principal amount of a
bond. Issue price and Redemption value may be > or < face value.
2. COUPON RATE (Normal yield) – Rate at which fixed annual monetary amount is payable to lender by borrower.
3. MATURITY – Period after expiry of which redemption repayment is made to investor.
4. MARKET PRICE – Return depends on the price paid for debt.
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TYPES OF YIELD
BOND YIELD
1. NORMAL YIELD
2. CURRENT YIELD
3. YIELD TO MATURITY
4. YIELD TO CALL
5. REALISED YIELD
PURPOSE
1. Coupon rate.2. Current year rate of
return.3. Annual rate of
return till maturity.4. Annual rate of
return till call5. Total return over
the holding period
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YIELD TO MATURITY• It is market rate of return on market
rate of interest.• CONDITIONS – 1. Bond is purchased today at current
market price.2. Bond is held by investor till maturity.3. Interest received are reinvested at
YTM itself.4. No interest default by the company.
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• P = Interest * PVAF(YTM,n) + RV * PVF(YTM,n)
P = Market Price
PVAF = Present Value Annuity Factor
PVF = Present Value Factor
YTM = Yield to Maturity
N = Life of the Bond in years
RV = Redemption Value
YIELD TO MATURITY
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BOND PRICING AND
VALUATION
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QUESTION
Investors are generally faced with the
question “To invest in a particular bond or not”
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ANSWER
• Compare the security’s market price with its “value”
• The security could be
Over priced
Under priced
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VALUE OF A BOND
• The value of a bond is defined as the sum of the present values of the future interest payments plus the present value of the redemption repayment.
• It is discounted at the required rate of return called the market interest rate
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VALUATION OF A ZERO COUPON BOND
Market price Face value of bond
of =
bond
Where, r = yield to maturity
n = maturity period of the bond
(1+r )n
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VALUATION OF FIXED INTEREST RATE BONDS
Market price = Interest * PVAF(r,n) + RV *PVF (r,n)
Where, RV = Redemption value
CREDIT RATINGS• Each of the agencies assigns its ratings based
on an in-depth analysis of the issuer's financial condition and management, economic and debt characteristics, and the specific revenue sources securing the bond.
Credit Risk Moody's Standard and
Poor's Fitch
Prime Aaa AAA AAA
Excellent Aa AA AA
Upper Medium A A A
Lower Medium Baa BBB BBB
Speculative Ba BB BB
Very Speculative B, Caa B, CCC, CC B, CCC, CC, C
Default Ca, C D DDD, DD, D
Credit Ratings
Debt InstrumentsType Typical Features
Central Government Securities Medium – long term bonds issued by RBI on behalf of GOI.
Coupon payment are semi annually
State Government Securities Medium – long term bonds issued by RBI on behalf of state govt.
Coupon payment are semi annually
Government – Guaranteed Bonds Medium – long term bonds issued by govt agencies and guaranteed by central or state govt.
Coupon payment are semi annually
PSU Medium – long term bonds issued by PSU.
51% govt equity stake
Corporate Short - Medium term bonds issued by private companies.
Coupon payment are semi annually
Risk Associated with Investing in Bonds
• Interest Rate Risk• The price of the bond will change in the opposite
direction from the change in interest rate. As interest rate rises the bond price decreases and vice versa.
• Reinvestment Income or Reinvestment Risk• The additional income from such reinvestment called
interest on interest, depends on the prevailing interest rate levels at the time of reinvestment.
• Credit Risk
• If the issuer of a bond will fail to satisfy the terms of the obligation with respect to the timely payment of interest and repayment of the amount borrowed.
• Inflation Risk
• Purchasing power risk arises because of the variation in the value of cash flow from the security due to inflation.
• Exchange Rate Risk
• Risk associated with the currency value for non-rupee denominated bonds. Eg: US treasury bond
• Liquidity Risk
Trading in bonds is very thin. Risk that the investor may not be able to sell the bond when he wants.
Term Structure Of Interest Rates
• It depicts the relationship between maturity and interest rates.
• Graphical representation known as the YIELD CURVE.
• The curve deals with the YTM and there is an implied assumption that all the interest received will be reinvested at a rate equal to the YTM.
NORMAL YIELD CURVE
YIELD
MATURITY
INVERSE YIELD CURVE
YIELD
MATURITY
YIELD
MATURITY
FLAT YIELD CURVE
YIELD
MATURITY
MALKIEL’S PROPERTIES
REQUIRED RATE OF RETURN (YIELD TO MATURITY)
As interest rate changes , the bond value also changes. The change in bond value due to change in interest rates is known as Interest Rate Risk.
Yield to maturity
Bond value
Coupon Rate, YTM, Bond Value, and Par Value
•If YTM =Coupon Rate ,then Bond value = Par Value
•If YTM < Coupon Rate,then Bond value > Par Value
•If YTM > Coupon Rate,then Bond value< Par Value
Bond Valuation and Time to Maturity
• The value of the bond approaches its par value as the time to maturity approaches its maturity date.
•Values of long-term bonds are more sensitive to interest rate variations than the short-term bonds.
BY:-Akanksha AilawadiAkanksha Sawant Akansha Agarwal Akshat Gupta Himanshi SachdevaPawan AgarwalSaahil ThukralTarandeep Singh SethiVaishali Jaiswal