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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
Chapter 1 Lecture
Contemporary Human
Geography3rd Edition
Chapter 1: This is Geography
Marc Healy
Elgin Community College
Contemporary Human
Geography3rd Edition
Chapter 1: This is Geography
Marc Healy
Elgin Community College
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.1 Welcome to Geography
• Geography and History– Immanuel Kant compared geography to history.
• Geographers identify places and explain why activities are found near each other.
• Historians identify dates and explain why activities follow each other chronologically.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.1 Welcome to Geography
• Geographers Explain Where and Why– A geographer’s most important tool is a map.
– Place and region explain why every place is unique.
– Scale, space, and connection explain why different places are interrelated.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.1 Welcome to Geography
• Geographers Explain Where and Why
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.2 Ancient & Medieval Geography
• Geography in the Ancient World– Thales of Miletus applies principles of geometry
to measure land area.
– Anaximander made an early map based on information from sailors.
– Pythagoras may have been the first to propose a spherical world.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.2 Ancient & Medieval Geography
• Geography in the Ancient World– Hecataeus may have produced the first
geography book.
– Aristotle was the first to demonstrate that the earth was spherical.
– Eratosthenes invented the word geography and accurately calculated the circumference of the earth.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.2 Ancient & Medieval Geography
• Geography in the Ancient World– Ptolemy codified the basic principles of
mapmaking.
– Yu Gong is a book chapter representing the earliest Chinese geographic writing.
– Pei Xiu is the father of Chinese cartography.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.2 Ancient & Medieval Geography
• Geography in the Ancient World
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.2 Ancient & Medieval Geography
• Geography’s Revival– Scientific mapmaking resumed during the
Middle Ages.
– Al-Idrisi built upon Ptolemy’s map.
– Ibn-Battuta wrote a book about travels throughout much of the known world.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.2 Ancient & Medieval Geography
• Geography’s Revival
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.2 Ancient & Medieval Geography
• Geography’s Revival– Waldseemuller produced the first map to use the
label “America.”
– Ortelius created the first modern atlas and proposed the hypothesis of continental drift.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.2 Ancient & Medieval Geography
• Geography’s Revival
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.3 Reading Maps
• Map Scale– Map scale can be presented as a ratio (fraction),
as a written scale, or as a graphic scale.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.3 Reading Maps
• Projection– Transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat
map is called projection.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.3 Reading Maps
• Projection– Drawing the Earth on a flat piece of paper can
cause distortion in shape, distance, relative size, and direction.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.4 The Geographic Grid
• Latitude and Longitude– Lines of longitude are humanly-created arcs
known as meridians.
– Lines of latitude are scientifically-derived circles known as parallels.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.4 The Geographic Grid
• Latitude and Longitude
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.4 The Geographic Grid
• Time Zones– Longitude plays an important role in calculating
the time.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.5 Contemporary Geographic Tools
• GPS– Smart phones and computers use Global
Positioning Systems that determine precise positions on Earth.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.5 Contemporary Geographic Tools
• Mashups– Mashups are maps that overlay data from one
source on top of data provided by a mapping service.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.5 Contemporary Geographic Tools
• GIScience– Geographic Information Science analyzes
data acquired though satellite and other remote-sensing technologies.
– Geographic Information Systems capture, store, query, and display geographic data.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.5 Contemporary Geographic Tools
• GIScience
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.6 Place: A Unique Location
• Place Names– Toponyms may be derived from the name of a
person, religious names, ancient history, or earlier inhabitants, among other things.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.6 Place: A Unique Location
• Site– The physical characteristics of a place, such as
climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation comprise the concept of site.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.6 Place: A Unique Location
• Situation– Situation helps us find an unfamiliar place by
comparing its location with a familiar one.
– It also helps us understand the importance of a location.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.7 Region: A Unique Area
• Formal Region– A formal region is an area within which
everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.
– It is also called a uniform region or a homogeneous region.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.7 Region: A Unique Area
• Formal Region
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.7 Region: A Unique Area
• Functional Region– A functional region is an area organized around
a node or focal point.
– It is also called a nodal region.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.7 Region: A Unique Area
• Vernacular Region– A vernacular region, or perceptual region, is
an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.8 Scale: From Global to Local
• Globalization of the Economy– Globalization of the economy has been led
primarily by transnational corporations.
– Every place in the world is part of the global economy, but globalization has led to more specialization at the local level.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.8 Scale: From Global to Local
• Globalization of the Economy
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.8 Scale: From Global to Local
• Globalization of Culture– Globalization of culture
produces uniform “global”landscapes of material artifacts and of cultural values.
– Some local cultural beliefs, forms, and traits are threatened with extinction.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.8 Scale: From Global to Local
• Local Diversity– Globalization has not destroyed the uniqueness
of an individual place’s culture and economy.
– Cultural differences among places not only persist but actually flourish in many places.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.8 Scale: From Global to Local
• Unequal Access– Because of unequal access, geography matters
even more today than ever before.
– Economic inequality has also increased within countries.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.9 Space: Distribution of Features
• Distribution Properties: Density– The arrangement of a
feature in space is known as its distribution.
– Density is the frequency with which something occurs in space.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.9 Space: Distribution of Features
• Distribution Properties: Concentration– Concentration is the extent of a feature’s spread
over space.
– Geographers use concentration to describe changes in distribution.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.9 Space: Distribution of Features
• Distribution Properties: Pattern– Pattern is the geometric arrangement of objects
in space.
– Some features are organized in a geometric pattern, whereas others are distributed irregularly.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.9 Space: Distribution of Features
• Distribution Properties: Pattern
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.10 Space: Cultural Identity
• Cultural Groups in Space– Geographers take a range of approaches to
cultural identity and space.
– Poststructuralist geography examines • how the powerful in a society dominate less powerful
groups.
• how dominated groups occupy space.
• confrontations that result from domination.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.10 Space: Cultural Identity
• Cultural Groups in Space– Geographers take a range of approaches to
cultural identity and space.
– Humanistic geography emphasizes • different ways that individuals form ideas about place
and give those places symbolic meanings.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.10 Space: Cultural Identity
• Cultural Groups in Space– Humanistic geography
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.10 Space: Cultural Identity
• Cultural Groups in Space– Geographers take a range of approaches to
cultural identity and space.
– Behavioral geography emphasizes • understanding the psychological basis for individual
human actions.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.10 Space: Cultural Identity
• Cultural Groups in Space– Behavioral geography
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.10 Space: Cultural Identity
• Cultural Identity and Movement Across Space– Movement by sexual orientation
• A relatively high percentage of men being public on Facebook about their sexual orientation might be a measure of a place’s tolerance of gays.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.10 Space: Cultural Identity
• Cultural Identity and Movement Across Space
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.10 Space: Cultural Identity
• Cultural Identity and Movement Across Space– Movement by gender: Husband
• Spatial patterns typically revolve around the daily work commute.
• This may influence the selection of the location of the home.
– Movement by gender: Wife• Demands of work and child care typically create a
complex pattern of movement across urban space.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.10 Space: Cultural Identity
• Cultural Identity and Movement Across Space– Movement by ethnicity
• Movement across space varies by ethnicity.
• Concern and deep respect for cultural diversity lies at the heart of geography’s understanding of space.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.11 Interaction Between Places
• Relocation Diffusion– Relocation diffusion is the spread of a feature
through physical movement of people from one place to another.
– When people move, they carry with them their culture, including language, religion, and ethnicity.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.11 Interaction Between Places
• Relocation Diffusion
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.11 Interaction Between Places
• Expansion Diffusion– Expansion Diffusion is the spread of a feature
from one place to another in an additive process.
– It may result from hierarchical diffusion, contagious diffusion, or stimulus diffusion.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.11 Interaction Between Places
• Expansion Diffusion
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.11 Interaction Between Places
• Spatial Interaction– The farther away someone is from another, the
less likely the two are to have connections.
– Distance decay is much less severe today than in the past because of space-time compression.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.11 Interaction Between Places
• Spatial Interaction
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.13 Humans and Their Environment
• Possibilism: Adjusting to the Environment– Nineteenth century geographers argued for
environmental determinism, while modern geographers embrace possibilism.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.13 Humans and Their Environment
• The Netherlands: Sustainable Modification– The Dutch have modified their environment with
polders and dikes.
– Attitudes toward modifying the environment have changed, and the Dutch now advocate for reducing human actions that lead to global warming.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.13 Humans and Their Environment
• The Netherlands: Sustainable Modification
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.13 Humans and Their Environment
• South Florida: Unsustainable Modification– Much of the Everglades, a sensitive ecosystem,
has been destroyed by human action.
– Recent plans attempt to restore the inland ecosystem in South Florida, but climate change threatens the barrier islands.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein
1.13 Humans and Their Environment
• South Florida: Unsustainable Modification