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Consumer Buying Behaviour
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The most The most important thing is important thing is to forecast where to forecast where customers are customers are moving, and be in moving, and be in front of them.front of them.
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Chapter 4 Version 3e 3
Consumer Behavior
Processes a consumer uses to make purchase decisions, as well as to use and dispose of purchased goods or services; also includes factors that influence purchase decisions and the product use
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Types of buyer
• Individual buyer• Business buyer
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Influence of Social science on buyer behaviour studies
• Economics: Human is a rational buyer who wants to take maximum utility out of fixed/minimum price.
• Psychology: Acc. To psychology any human activity is directed towards meeting certain needs. ( maslow`s Need Hierarchy)
• Sociology & anthropology: Effect of reference group, society, role in society, etc.
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Buying Behaviour Model
• The Economic Model: A man divide his fixed income in a certain rational way.
• Learning model: Behaviour can be manipulated by the drives, stimuli etc.
• Psychoanalytical model: Consumer has the set of deep rooted motives that drives him to purchase or not to purchase
• Sociological Model
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• Nicosia Model: This Model establish the link between consumer and the firm.
• --- Advertising message of the firm influence the predisposition of the consumer
• The consumer develops the attitude for the product
• Search for the information• If all these activities have positive impact,
purchase the product.
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• All the activities are divide into four basic fields:
• Field one—it has two subfields: Firm & consumer
• Advertising message by the firm• Depending upon the situation consumer
develops the attitude.
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• Field two: Search & evaluation• Field three: Act of purchase• Field four: use of purchase item• Feedback of field is used to know the sales
result
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The Howard-Sheth Model
• Inputs in the form of stimuli• Output beginning with the attention given to
stimulus & ending with purchase
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Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior
Cultural
Culture
Cultural
Culture
Social
Reference Groups
Family
Roles & Status
Social
Reference Groups
Family
Roles & Status
Personal
Age & Life-Cycle Stage
Occupation
Economic Situation
Lifestyle
Personality & Self-Concept
Personal
Age & Life-Cycle Stage
Occupation
Economic Situation
Lifestyle
Personality & Self-Concept
Psychological
Motivation
Perception
Learning
Psychological
Motivation
Perception
Learning
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Maslow’s Hierarchyof Needs
Psychological needs(food, water, shelter)Psychological needs(food, water, shelter)1
Safety needs(security, protection)
Safety needs(security, protection)
2
Social needs(sense of belonging, love)
Social needs(sense of belonging, love)3
Esteem needs(self-esteem, recognition)
Esteem needs(self-esteem, recognition)
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Self-actualization
(self-developmentand realization)
Self-actualization
(self-developmentand realization)
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Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior
Perception is the process by which people select, organize, and interpret information to form a meaningful picture of the world from three perceptual processes– Selective attention– Selective distortion– Selective retention
Psychological Factors
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Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior
Attitudes describe a person’s relatively consistent evaluations, feelings, and tendencies toward an object or idea
Psychological Factors
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Buying motives
• Product motives (emotional & rational)• Patronage motives
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Buying habits
• Buying habits vary according to the type of goods-----
• Convenience goods• Shopping goods• Specialty goods
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Buying process
• Problem recognition• Awareness• Comprehension• Attitude• Legitimization• Trial ( depend on the product category)• Adoption• Post purchase behaviour
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Chapter 4 Version 3e 19
Five stage Consumer Decision-Making Process
Postpurchase BehaviorPostpurchase Behavior
Purchase Purchase
Evaluation of Alternatives Evaluation of Alternatives
Information Search Information Search
Need Recognition Need Recognition
Cultural, Social, Cultural, Social, Individual and Individual and Psychological Psychological Factors Factors affect affect all stepsall steps
Cultural, Social, Cultural, Social, Individual and Individual and Psychological Psychological Factors Factors affect affect all stepsall steps
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High involvement & low involvement situations
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Classification of Business buyers
• Buyers in agriculture sector• Buyers in industrial sector• Buyers in service sector• Resellers• Buyers in govt. sector• Buyers in non profit business
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The Buyer Decision Process for New Products
Adoption process is the mental process an individual goes through from first learning about an innovation to final regular use.
• Stages in the process include:
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Classification of consumer according to their readiness to try new products
• Innovators• Early adopters• Early majority• Late majority• Laggards
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Business Buyer: buying patterns
• Goes through long negotiation• Frequency of purchase• Size of order• Several participants in buying decision• Distribution channel
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Speciality due to characteristics of Market/product
• Buying clout• Concentration of Buyer• Direct, one to one Relation with buyer• Technical support to buyer• New product diffusion is slower• Buyer may buy through intermediaries• Closer monitoring of supply sources/ prices of products• Derived demand• More of rational buyer• Business buying is partnering
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The Indian consumer
• Demographics• Size of population• Literacy rate• A vast educated manpower• Diversity, the hallmark--- religious, linguistic,
dress & food habits• Geographic Spread
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Favourable shift in consumption in past liberalization years
• According to Centre for monitoring Indian Economy :
• Food and beverage account for large part of consumption expenditure. But share of food has declined from 50.37(1998-99)% to 45.68( 1993-94)
• Share of transport and communication: 11.26---14.51
• Medical and health care—3.38-4.25
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• Consumption of furniture and household appliances- 3.05-3.25
• 50 percent increase in education expenditure
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Changes in life style and buying habits
• Ready to eat food are popular now• Vacuum cleaner and cooking ranges have
entered into households• Shift in woman`s attitude towards cooking• Yesterday`s luxuries are becoming necessities
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Classification of Indian consumers based on economic status
• The affluent group• The middle class• The relatively poorer section• The BPL section
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The middle class explosion
• Size--300 million• As The consumption community• Not confined to big cities• Constructive discontentment• The phenomenon of second• Voting for credit purchase
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The main segment in middle class
• The middle class male• The middle class woman• The middle class teenager
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The middle class male
• A security seeking class• A blend of traditional and non-traditional • Middle class male prefer ready-made• Travel on increase• Prestige conscious• Strong family ties• He is not the sole decision maker
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The middle class woman
• Cautious, but not averse to change• Quality conscious as well as cost conscious• Leisure seeking• Aware of new technology• Good sense of grooming• New self concept