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Construction
SafetyHandbook
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Construction Saety Handbook
PERSONAL INFORMATION
All reasonably practicable steps in accordance to sae and soundpractices must be taken to ensure workplace health, saety and
welare o all personnel during every phase o construction.
Name:
Designation:
Company:
Contact No:
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All rights reserved. This publication is not or commercial purposes.It is intended or the use o the Land Transport Authoritys ofcers
and its Contractors. No part o this publication may be reproduced
or transmitted in any orm or by any means, in part or whole, without
the prior written permission o the Land Transport Authority.
Copyright September 2012
Land Transport Authority, Singapore
Published by Land Transport Authority
Enquires can be directed to LTA Safety Division
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CONTENTS
IntroductionConstruction Safety Indicators
Risk Management
Behavioural Based Safety (BBS)
Confined Space
Electrical InstallationsExcavations
Fire Safety
First Aid
Hazardous Substances
Housekeeping
Ladders
Lifting Operations
Lockout Procedure
Machinery Guarding
Scaffolding
Tunnelling
Working At Height
Works Train Operation
Personal Protective Equipment
References
13
5
13
17
3343
55
67
71
77
89
93
121
127
133
149
157
163
173
183
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Some o the subsidiary regulations o WSH Act which are applicableto the construction industry are as ollows :
WSH (General Provisions) (Amendments) Regulations 2011
WSH (Construction) Regulations 2007
WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006
WSH (First Aid) (Amendment) Regulations 2011
WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2011
WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006
WSH (Explosives Powered Tools) Regulations 2009
WSH (Conned Spaces) Regulations 2009
WSH (Operations o Cranes) Regulations 2011
WSH (Scaold) Regulations 2011
This revised Construction Saety Handbook aims to provide project
teams, contractors and consultants a better understanding and
emphasis o the updated WSH regulations, LTAs Saety & Health
requirements and encourage sae work practices in construction
sites.
INTRODUCTION
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Accident Frequency Rate (AFR) :
Accident Severity Rate (ASR) :
X 1,000,000
X 1,000,000
No o MOM Reportable Accident
Manhours Worked
No o Mandays lost due to
MOM Reportable Accident
Manhours Worked
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY INDICATORS
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Risk
Management
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RISK MANAGEMENT
WSH (Risk Management) Reg. 4 :The employer, sel-employed person and principal shall take all
reasonably practicable steps to eliminate any oreseeable risk
to any person who may be aected by his undertaking in the
workplace.
Where it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risk, theemployer, sel-employed person or principal shall implement :
a) such reasonably practicable measures to minimise the risk; and
b) such sae work procedures to control the risk.
The measures may include all or any o the ollowing :
a) substitution;
b) engineering Control;
c) administrative Control;
d) provision and use o suitable personal protective equipment.
Note: Elimination o hazards should take frst priority while use o PPEshould be the last line o deence.
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HIERARCHY OF RISK CONTROL
RISK MANAGEMENT
1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Engineering
Control
4. Administrative
Control
5. PPE
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RISK MANAGEMENT
Step 3:Risk Control
Step 2:Risk
Evaluation
Step 1:
HazardIdentifcation
Formulate control measures
according to the Hierarchy o
Controls
Analyse and evaluate residual
risks
Evaluate the risk levels o the
workplace hazards
Prioritise the hazards to becontrolled
Identiy hazards
Identiy potential accidents orincidents
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RISK MANAGEMENT
WSH (Risk Management) Reg. 2 :A hazard means anything with the potential to cause bodily
injury, and includes any physical, chemical, biological, mechanical,
electrical or ergonomic hazard.
A risk means the likelihood that a hazard will cause a specic
bodily injury to any person.
LTA General Specifcation :
The Contractor shall identiy all saety critical activities using the
risk matrix (please reer to next 2 pages) and ensure that a method
statement is prepared or each activity and accepted by the
Engineer beore commencement o such activities.
Likelihood Rating Description
Frequent I Likely to occur 12 times or more per year
Probable II Likely to occur 4 times per year
Occasional III Likely to occur once a year
Remote IV Likely to occur once in 5 year project period
Improbable V Unlikely, but may exceptionally occur
Accident Frequency (LTA General Specifcation)
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Consequences Rating DescriptionCatastrophic I Single or Multiple loss o lie rom injury or
occupational disease, immediately or delayed;and/ or
Loss o whole production or greater than 3days and/ or
Total loss in excess o $1 million
Critical II Reportable major injury1, occupational
disease1 or dangerous occurrence; and/ or Damaged to works or plants causing delayso up to 3 days; and/ or
Total loss in excess o $250,000 but up to $1million
Marginal III Reportable injury2, occupational disease2;and/ or
Damage to works or plants causing delays o
up to 1 day; and/ or,Total loss in excess o $25,000 but up to$250,000
Negligible IV Minor injury3, no lost time or person involvedreturns to work during the shit atertreatment; and/ or
Damage to works or plants does not causesignicant delays; and/ or
Total loss o up to $25,000
RISK MANAGEMENT
Note: (*) I more than one o the descriptions occurs, the severity ratingwould be increased to the next higher level. Applicable to item numbers2 and 3 only.1 For man-days lost greater than 7 days2 For man-days lost greater than 4 to 7 days3 For man-days lost greater than 1 to 3 days
Accident Severity (LTA General Specifcation)
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Risk Index Description Defnition
A Intolerable Risk shall be reduced by whatever
means possible.
B Undesirable Risk shall only be accepted i urtherrisk reduction is not practicable.
C Tolerable Risk shall be accepted subject todemonstration that the level o risk isas low as reasonably practicable.
D Acceptable Risk is acceptable.
RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk CategoryAccident Severity Category
I II III IV
Catastrophic Critical Marginal Negligible
Accident
Frequency
Category
I Frequent A A A B
II Probable A A B C
III Occasional A B C C
IV Remote B C C D
V Improbable C C D D
Risk Index Matrix (LTA General Specifcation)
Defnition o Risk Index (LTA General Specifcation)
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Sa
etyandHealthHazard
Log(LTAGeneralSpecif
cation)
F:Frequency(I=Frequent,II=Pro
bable,III=Occasional,IV=Remote,V=Improbable)
S:Severity(I=Catastrophic,II=Critical,III=Margial,IV=Negligible)
R:RiskIndex(A=Intolerable,B=U
ndesirable,C=Tolerable,D=Acceptable)
RISK MANAGEMENT
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BEHAVIOURAL BASED SAFETY (BBS)
LTA General Specifcation :The Contractor shall implement a BBS programme based on the
training provided by the Engineer. The BBS programme shall be
approved by the Engineer beore implementation.
The BBS programme shall include :
a) conducting a Saety Culture Survey through questionnaires.
The Contractor shall ensure that the Saety Culture Survey is
conducted eectively and interpreters shall be appointed i
necessary;
b) training o management sta, site supervisory sta, workers
and the appointed observers;
c) assigning Observers to conduct observations o sae andunsae behaviours. The Observers appointed shall base on the
ratio o 1 Observer to 50 workers. Each Observer shall conduct
regular observations o at least twice a week, and each duration
shall be about 20 minutes each;
d) direct Observers to input observations into the Engineers BBS
Database System or monitoring and analysis;e) organise goal setting committees chaired by senior site
management and introduce intervention strategies to correct
the unsae behaviours or continual improvement.
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BEHAVIOURAL BASED SAFETY (BBS)
Based on the result o baseline observation, a goal-setting committeewas ormed to set achievable targets or sae behaviour improvement orthe critical behaviours and monitor intervention results according to theintervention cycle below.
BBS Intervention Cycle
Step 1 :Observation results and causes o unsae behaviours communicated tosupervisors
Step 2 :Train the trainers (supervisors) on methods to promote sae behaviour
Step 3 :
Discuss and set new goals or next observation cycle
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Confined
Space
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WSH (Confned Spaces) Reg. 4 :Where a xed and stationary conned space is sited in a actory, it
shall be the duty o the occupier o the actory to:
a) make a record o the description and location o the conned
space; and
b) inorm persons who are liable to be exposed to the hazards
o the conned space, o the existence and hazards o theconned space.
CONFINED SPACE
Warning signage to inorm workers beoreentering into confned space
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WSH (Confned Spaces) Reg. 13 :The authorised manager or a conned space may issue a conned
space entry permit in respect o entry into or work in the conned
space i the authorised manager is satised that:
a) the level o oxygen in the conned space is within the range o
19.5% to 23.5% by volume;
b) the level o ammable gas or vapour in the conned space isless than 10% o its lower explosive limit;
c) the levels o toxic substances in the atmosphere o the
conned space do not exceed the permissible exposure levels
as specied in the First Schedule to the Workplace Saety and
Health (General Provisions) Regulations;
d) the conned space is adequately ventilated;e) eective steps have been taken to prevent any ingress o
dangerous gases, vapours or any other dangerous substances
into the conned space; and
) all reasonably practicable measures have been taken to ensure
the saety and health o persons who will be entering or
working in the conned space.
CONFINED SPACE
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Real-time Gas Monitoring
System
Permit-To-Work displayedon site
Provision o ventilation an and duct
CONFINED SPACE
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CONFINED SPACE
SS 510: 2005 :Conned space with little natural ventilation and no easy means o
escape or personnel; where there may be danger
a) rom :
(i) excessive concentration o certain gases, such as oxygen,
that supports combustion;
(ii) the accumulation o ammable or explosive air-gas
mixtures;
(iii) gases harmul to health; or
b) rom a combination o such gases; or
c) rom deciency o oxygen
the space shall be purged o all ammable or toxic liquids, gasvapours, or dust beore any welding or cutting is done and beore
any man enters a conned space. Suitable tests shall be perormed
by competent persons to ensure that no such hazardous
substances are present and that the oxygen content o the space is
adequate but not excessive.
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SS 568: 2011:The conned space saety
assessor shall conduct the
test in the ollowing sequence
unless all are conducted
simultaneously :
a) level o oxygen content;b) level o ammable gas or
vapour;
c) concentration o toxic gas
or vapour.Confned space ventilation
Source o ree air is obstructed
CONFINED SPACE
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LTA General Specifcation:Gas monitoring shall be conducted by a competent conned
space assessor to certiy that the conned space is sae or workers
to enter and thereater at every four-hour intervals.
Display o gas check
CONFINED SPACE
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CONFINED SPACE
WSH (Confned Spaces) Reg. 21:It shall be the duty o the responsible person o a person entering
into or working in a conned space to ensure, beore such entry or
work, that the person has rst received adequate saety and health
training or the purpose o amiliarising himsel with the hazards
associated with such entry into or work in the conned space and
the precautions to be observed.
Following courses are recommended or Confned Space works :
Saety Orientation Course (Manhole) or Workers
Saety Instruction Course (Manhole) or Supervisors
Confned Space Saety Assessor Course
Manhole Saety Assessor Course Occupational First Aid Course
Confned Space Entry and Rescue Course
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CONFINED SPACE
WSH (Confned Spaces) Reg. 22:An appointed conned space attendant shall remain outside the
conned space in order to :
a) monitor persons entering into and working in the conned
space;
b) maintain regular contact with the persons in the conned
space and when necessary assist them to evacuate should theneed arise; and
c) alert the persons appointed to carry out rescue work in the
event o an emergency.
Confned space attendant maintaining regularcontact with worker inside confned space
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CONFINED SPACE
WSH (Confned Spaces) Reg. 23:It shall be the duty o the responsible person o a person entering
into or working in a conned space to establish a written rescue
plan or the purpose o rescuing persons in the conned space in
the event o an emergency.
Emergency owchartprominently displayedon site
Emergency Escape Route and Assembly Area signs prominentlydisplayed on site
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CONFINED SPACE
WSH (Confned Spaces) Reg. 25:No person shall enter or remain, and no person shall require,
instruct or direct any person to enter or remain, in the conned
space or any purpose unless the person entering or remaining in
the conned space:
a) is wearing a suitable breathing apparatus;
b) has been authorised to enter by a competent person; and
c) when reasonably practicable, is wearing a saety harness with
a rope securely attached and there is a person keeping watch
outside who is provided with the means to pull him out in an
emergency.
Use o suitable breathingapparatus in confned
space
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CONFINED SPACE
SS 568: 2011:Forced ventilation:
The air supply shall be
rom a source ree rom
contamination.
Exhaust ventilation:
Exhaust air rom the
ventilation system shall
be exhausted to a location
outside the conned space.
LTA General Specifcation:In addition to the requirements
o the WSH (Conned Spaces)
Regulations and SS568:2011 (Code
o Practice or Conned Spaces),
the contractor shall also classiy
manholes, enclosed ormwork,culvert drains, excavations more
than 4 meters deep, partially
enclosed excavations and tunnels
as conned spaces and apply
all legislative requirements o
conned spaces.
Confned space ventilation
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CONFINED SPACE
LTA General Specifcation:The Contractor shall ensure that there is an certied man-riding
cage capable o taking a stretcher and two persons, together with
an identied crane equipped with rescue equipment, on standby
at all times whilst work is carried out in the conned space.
Where this is not reasonably practicable a stretcher which is
capable o being brought manually out o the conned spaceshould be located at a convenient point.
Example o man-riding cage which is capable o taking a
stretcher and two persons together
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CONFINED SPACE
SS 568: 2011:
Flowchart o procedures or confned space entry
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Electrical
Installations
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ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
WSH (Construction) Reg. 35:All electrical wiring in a worksite
shall:
a) be supported on proper
insulators; and
b) not be looped over nails or
brackets.
WSH (Construction) Reg. 35 :
No electrical wiring or cable shall be let or laid on the ground or
the oor o a worksite unless it is :
a) o the weather-proo type;
b) provided with adequate protection to withstand the wear and
tear to which it may be subjected; and
c) maintained in good and sae working order.
Hang cables on properinsulator, not let on wetground
Cables let lying on ground
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ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
WSH (Construction) Reg. 37:It shall be the duty o the occupier o the worksite where any
electrical installation is used in the worksite to ensure that:
a) eective residual current circuit breakers are installed or all
temporary electrical installations to provide earth leakage
protection; and
b) overcurrent protective devices with the appropriate ratings areinstalled in the distribution board to provide overcurrent or
short-circuit protection.
Distribution board with Residual Current Circuit Breaker
(RCCB) and other saety devices
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ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
CP 88: Part 1: 2001:All cables are to be installed without obstructing the passageways,
walkways, ladders, stairs, etc.
Proper cable management
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ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
CP 88: Part 1: 2001:All plugs, socket-outlets and cable couplers likely to be exposed
to the weather shall be contained in waterproo enclosures unless
they are o the weatherproo type.
Water-prooed electrical installations
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Excavations
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EXCAVATIONS
WSH (Construction) Reg. 77:Where the depth o any excavation in a worksite exceed 4 metres,
adequate shoring by underpinning, sheet piling, bracing or other
means o shoring shall be made or erected in accordance with
the design o a proessional engineer to prevent collapse o the
excavation, or any other structures adjoining or over areas to be
excavated.
Poling boards extend above
edges o excavation to act as
toeboards
Ladder secured to guardrail
or sae access and egress
Exposed services
are supported
Guardrails
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EXCAVATIONS
WSH (Construction) Reg. 77:The open side o any excavation in a worksite which exceeds 2
metres in depth shall be provided with adequate guard-rails to
prevent persons rom alling into the excavation.
Notices shall be put up at appropriate and conspicuous positions
to warn persons about the excavation in a worksite.
Proper guardrail around a shat
Notices and guardrailprovided at excavation zone
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EXCAVATIONS
WSH (Construction) Reg. 77:All reasonably practicable measures shall be taken during any
excavation work in a worksite to prevent any person rom:
a) being trapped by the collapse o the excavation;
b) being struck by an object, such as an excavating machine or by
any material dislodged by the machine;
c) alling into the excavation; and
d) inhaling, or otherwise being exposed to, carbon monoxide or
other impurity o the air in the excavation.
Working area o excavator was barricaded
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EXCAVATIONS
WSH (Construction) Reg. 79:It shall be the duty o the occupier o worksite where any excavation
work is carried out to ensure that:
a) sae access to and egress rom the excavation in the worksite is
provided where persons are required to work in the excavation;
and
b) the access and egress is sufcient in numbers and installed insuch locations so as to be readily accessible.
Provision o well maintained walkway and access into excavation
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EXCAVATIONS
LTA General Specifcation:Designated walkways along walers and struts shall be levelled,
ushed without tripping hazards and with rigid guardrails and toe
boards securely provided.
Toe boards and netting are added to preventloose material rom alling into excavation
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EXCAVATIONS
RFID Tag taped insideworkers helmet
RFID gantry waserected to trackaccess to and egressrom confned space
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EXCAVATIONS
LTA General Specifcation:Excavators within the excavation pit shall have suitably reinorced
cabin roos capable o withstanding impact rom alling objects
rom the top o the excavation and its movement coordinated
by one o its operator, who shall be appointed as a leader by the
Contractor.
Excavator with reinorced roo
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FIRE SAFETY
SS 510: 2005:Oxygen cylinders in storage shall be separated rom uel gas
cylinders or combustible materials (especially oil or grease), or a
minimum distance o 6.0 m or by a non-combustible barrier o at
least 1.5m high having a re-resistance rating o at least hour.
SS 510: 2005:
No welding, cutting, or other hot work shall be perormed on used
drums, barrels, tanks or other containers until they have been
cleaned so thoroughly as to make absolutely certain that there are
no ammable materials present or any substances such as greases,
tars, acids or other materials which, when subjected to heat might
produce ammable (or toxic) vapours.
Separation o oxygen and acetylene cylinders by a minimumdistance o 6.0m
6m
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FIRE SAFETY
SS 510: 2005:All equipments used (or welding, cutting and other operations
involving the use o heat) should be visually examined at the
beginning o the day, beore being used. All hoses must be
checked to ensure they are ree rom cuts, cracks and other deects.
Deective hoses and apparatus must not be used. The gas supply
must be shut o at the regulators beore any changing o torches,hoses or other parts is done.
Beore starting the burning operations, checks must be made to
ensure that there is no ammable or combustible material nearby.
Deective hose should not be used
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FIRE SAFETY
Welding area was kept reerom ammable materials.Fire-extinguisher wasprovided nearby in caseo fre
Flammable materials ound
around the welding area
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FIRE SAFETY
WSH (General Provisions)Reg. 37:
Means o extinguishing
re shall be provided and
maintained and shall be readily
accessible, adequate, suitable
and tested by a competentperson at regular intervals.
Fire extinguisher was notmaintained
Provision o
fre-extinguishers
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FIRE SAFETY
Fire point completewith sand bags,fre-extinguishers,shovel, and waterbucket
Portable HandCranking Alarm
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First Aid
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FIRST AID
LTA General Specifcation:An approved rst aid station shall be provided and maintained at
all times. The station shall be ully equipped to treat illness and
injuries which can normally be expected to occur in work o the
types required by this Contract. Medical supplies shall be stocked
in the types and quantities recommended by the designated
doctor.
Provision oproper First AidRoom
Medical supplies properlymaintained
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HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
WSH (General Provisions) Reg. 41:Adequate warning notices in languages understood by all persons
at work in a actory speciying the nature o the danger o the
hazardous substances shall be placed:
a) at all entrances to any workroom; and
b) at appropriate locations,
where the hazardous substances are used or present.
GHS Pictograms:
Sources: https://www.wshc.sg/ghs
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CP 79: 1999:The occupier shall establish a control program which shall include:
a) maintenance o a register o hazardous materials compiled
rom Saety Data Sheets (SDS);
b) appointment o a competent person to receive such materials
and ensure its sae storage and use;
c) establishment o procedures or labelling, issue, distribution
and use;
d) communication o the hazards by the competent person to the
users;
e) designation o storage areas secured against unauthorised
access; and
) procedures or disposal.
Proper chemicalstorage area
with warningsigns, hazardclassifcation, saework practicesand PPE neededprominentlydisplayed
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
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LTA General Specifcation:The Contractor shall assess the Saety Data Sheets (SDS) o all the
hazardous substances and chemicals or its suitability in terms o
SHE hazards and consider saer alternatives prior to its entry to site.
Saety Data Sheet displayed on notice board
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
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LTA General Specifcation:The Contractor shall ensure that all hazardous substance or
chemical containers are labelled, its movement is recorded and
returned to the designated storage areas when not in use.
The Contractor may store petrol up to a maximum volume o 5
litres on Site provided that it is kept in a suitably constructed store
which is licensed by the SCDF.
Chemical containers properly labelled
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
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HOUSEKEEPING
Scattered construction materials
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HOUSEKEEPING
Improper storing and stacking o unused materials
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HOUSEKEEPING
WSH (Construction) Reg. 27 (b):Any sharp projection which is present in any passageway, stair,
platorm and other means o access or place o work in the
worksite and which may injure any person is removed or otherwise
made sae.
LTA General Specifcation:
The Contractor shall provide capping on all protruding starter
reinorcement bars with individual plastic/ rubber caps or with
hose/ tube.
Protruding objects at eyelevel
Protruding objects werecapped
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HOUSEKEEPING
LTA General Specifcation:The Contractor shall implement a 5S housekeeping method
approved by the Engineer. The method shall be based on a
Japanese quality management concept based on cyclical
methodology. The 5S shall consist o Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu
and Shitsuke.
1. SEIRI
(SORT/ ORGANISE)
2. SEITON
(SET IN PLACE/
ORDERLINESS)
5. SHITSUKE
(SUSTAIN/ DICIPLINE)
Maintain established proceduresand make it a custom
Put things in order &Clearly distinguish
needed itemsrom unneeded
and eliminatethe latter
4. SEIKETSU
(STANDARDISE)
3. SEISO
(SWEEP/ SHINE/
CLEANLINESS)
To arrange things
properly & Keepneeded items in
the correct place
to allow or easyand immediateretrieval
Keep the
workplace neatand clean
The method bywhich Sort, Set
in Place, and
Sweep/ Shinemade habitual
Sources :
1. http://www.lean.state.mn.us/photos.htm2. https://www.wshc.sg/wps/themes/html/upload/event/fle/3%205S%20MATL%20SKS.pd
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HOUSEKEEPING
Seiri (Sort/ Organise)Focus on sorting out unnecessary items and disposing them
away rom the site.
Seiton (Set in Place/ Orderliness)
Arrange the necessary items in a neat, proper manner or easy
retrieval and to return them to their original locations.
Seiso (Sweep/ Shine/ Cleanliness)
Thoroughly clean and inspect the site.
Seiketsu (Standardise)Maintain a high standard o housekeeping at site by keeping
everything clean and orderly at all times.
Shitsuke (Sustain/ Discipline)
Train people to ollow good housekeeping standards, and to
inculcate sel-discipline through continuous practice.
Thus, by adopting the 5S model, a site with good housekeeping
and maintenance will be ensured.
DEFINITION OF 5S
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Materials were segregated and stored in an organised andorderly manner
HOUSEKEEPING
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Materials were segregated and stored in an organised andorderly manner
HOUSEKEEPING
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Using vacuum cleaner to prevent dust
accumulation in the station box
HOUSEKEEPING
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Ladders
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LADDERS
WSH (Construction) Reg. 44:Every ladder in the worksite shall be positioned and securely xed
when used by any person carrying out any work so as to prevent
slipping, swaying or sagging.
Ladders should be securedduring use
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LADDERS
LTA GeneralSpecifcation:
No vertical access ladders
exceeding three meters in
length is allowed on site.
Landing was provided but atan interval exceeding3 meters
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Lifting
Operations
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
WSH (General Provisions) Reg. 21:Every liting appliance and liting machine shall be thoroughly
examined by an authorised examiner at least once every year
(once in every 6 months or LTA projects) or such other intervals as
the Commissioner may determine.
LM certifcate displayed on crane
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
WSH (Operation o Cranes) Reg. 16 (c):The crane operator need to ensure that any outrigger when it is
required is ully extended and secured.
Outriggers not ullyextended
Outriggers resting onplank
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
LTA General Specifcation:Steel plates o minimum dimensions 1m X 1m X 25mm shall be
placed under all the outriggers o any lorry mounted mobile crane
deployed or a liting operation unless that crane is entirely sited
on hard standing such as a reinorced concrete surace, with no
void underneath.
Correct placement o steel plates or outriggers (outriggers ullyextended)
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
Interlocking device or outriggers
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
WSH (Construction) Reg. 135:The capacity chart shall:
a) be posted and maintained in the crane which is clearly visible
to the operator;
b) set out the sae loads or various lengths o jib at various angles
and radial distances; and
c) be prepared and certied by an authorised examiner, unless it
is urnished by the manuacturer or builder o the crane.
Capacity chart displayed in language (Japanese) notcomprehensible to the crane operator and liting supervisor
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
Capacity chart in language (English) understood by the craneoperator and liting supervisor
Load capacity indicator
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
SS 536:2008:Hook block shall not be allowed to hit the boom tip. Operator shall
exercise care when hoisting up or telescoping out o the boom
to provide sufcient length o wire rope. Two-block damage-
preventing devices shall be tted.
Sensing devices toOver-Hoisting LimitSwitch
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
SS 536: 2008:Load hooks shall be provided with a swivel and saety latch.
The rated capacity o the liting hooks shall be clearly and
permanently marked on them.
The dead weight o the hooks shall also be clearly marked.
Load hooks with swiveland saety latch
No saety latch
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
SS 536:2008:For cranes with derricking jibs, the maximum boom angle shall be
80o to the horizontal except or tower arrangements and automatic
means shall be provided to stop the boom hoisting operation rom
exceeding the maximum allowable angle.
Boom angle indicator
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
LTA General Specifcation:Cranes tted with a load radius indicator (LRI) shall sound an
audible alarm in the crane cab i its sae working load is exceeded
on either the main or auxiliary hook. A second alarm connected to
the LRI, shall be tted external to the cab and shall emit a signal o
a sufcient volume to make it audible above the ambient site noise
levels during working hours. Visual warning shall also be providedexternally to indicate sae working range and overload conditions.
Externally fttedaudible alarm
Visual warning lightinstalled on crane ornight work :
Green (within SWL),Amber (reaching SWL)Red (exceeded SWL)
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
LTA General Specifcation:The Contractor shall ensure that no liting operation shall be
carried out on site using the auxiliary hook o a mobile crane
unless the SWL o this is shown on the LM certicate in addition to
that o the main hook block, and is not exceeded.
Craneinormation,including SWLo auxiliary lineprominentlydisplayed oncrane
The SWL o the auxiliary hook and the main hook is shown onthe LM certifcate
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
LTA General Specifcation:Minimum clearance o
600mm between the crane
and any xture or other
machinery.
n:
Provision o clearance more than 600mm
600mm
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
LTA General Specifcation:No excavator shall be used as a liting machine on site unless it is
originally designed and manuactured to also unction as a liting
machine and complies with all MOM stipulated requirements.
List o MOM requirements or excavator to perorm liting unctions :
a) the excavator has been originally designed and manuactured to
also unction as a liting machine;
b) the excavator shall be equipped with original hook(s) with saety
catch or hoisting purposes;
c) the excavator shall have a load capacity chart urnished by the
manuacturer or builder;
d) the excavator shall be equipped with an accurate indicator
which shows clearly to the operator, the working radius and the
corresponding sae working load at all times and gives a warning
signal when the radius is unsae; and
e) any other applicable requirements as stipulated in the WSH Act
and its subsidiary legislations.
Indicator with working radiusand corresponding SWL
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
LTA General Specifcation:All cranes without manuacturer tted data loggers operating on
LTA sites shall be retrotted with data loggers approved by the
Engineer.
All cranes with manuacturer tted data loggers shall have the
data loggers enabled when operating on LTA sites.
Crane Data loggers (Black Box)
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
LTA General Specifcation:When not in used, the Contractor
shall ensure that all items o the
LG/LA are stored in a rack sheltered
rom the weather and maintained
regularly. Should any LG/LA be
exposed to a corrosive material e.g.wet concrete, it must be washed and
re-greased.
Liting gears properly stored and maintained in good condition
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LIFTING OPERATIONS
LTA General Specifcation:The Contractor shall implement an inspection programme to
thoroughly check all LG/LA by a liting supervisor prior to its rst
use and thereater on a monthly basis. A monthly colour coding
system shall be adopted. Deective LG/LA shall be discarded.
Colour-coding system
GREEN
JanuaryMay
September
SLINGS MUST BE
DESTROYED AND
DISCARDED!
UNSAFE,
DO NOT USE!
WHITE
AprilAugust
December
BLUE
FebruaryJune
October
YELLOW
MarchJuly
November
RED
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LOCKOUT PROCEDURE
WSH (General Provisions) Reg. 14:The occupier shall ensure that all practicable measures are taken
to protect any person against the risks o electric shock arising
rom or in connection with the use o any electrical installation or
equipment.
Live switchgears locked with warningtags
Do notTamper tag
Danger sticker
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LOCKOUT PROCEDURE
WSH (General Provisions) Reg. 16:It shall be the duty o the occupier o a actory to establish and
implement lock-out procedures relating to the inspection, cleaning,
repair or maintenance o any plant, machinery, equipment or
electrical installation in the actory that, i inadvertently activated
or energised, is liable to cause bodily injury to any person.
SS 571: 2011:
Locks should be provided by the responsible person/ occupier
and should be the only authorised device(s) used or the lockout
o energy sources. They should be singularly identied and
specically approved or lockout.
Placement o a lockout device on anenergy isolating device
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LOCKOUT PROCEDURE
Keys to all work areas, padlocks, tags and signs
are kept securely by the Authorised Person
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LOCKOUT PROCEDURE
SS 571: 2011:Procedures shall be established or shit or personnel changes
to ensure the continuity o lockout or protection. It shall include
a procedure or the orderly transer o lockout or devices rom
departing to incoming authorised individuals to minimise
exposure to hazards.
Every room is kept with a logbook to record and monitor allactivities going on
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Machinery
Guarding
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MACHINERY GUARDING
SS537: Part1: 2008:The xed guard should be provided to prevent access to
the hazardous parts o the machinery. It should be o robust
construction, sufcient to withstand the stresses o the process
and environmental conditions.
Fixed guard installedto prevent workerrom coming intocontact with themachines hazardousmoving part
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Fixed guard installed to prevent worker rom coming intocontact with the machines hazardous moving part
MACHINERY GUARDING
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Scaffolding
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SCAFFOLDING
WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 10:Every scaold in a workplace shall be constructed, erected or
installed on structures or oundations o adequate strength.
In the case o a scaold in a workplace exceeding 15 metres in
height or being erected on poorly drained soil, base plates shall
bear upon sole plates that are :
a) o strength not less than 670 kg per square metre; andb) o a length suitable to distribute the load.
There shall be no cavity under the sole plate immediately below
any standard o a scaold in a workplace.
Stacked timber pieces as
oundation is not acceptable
Absence o base plate
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SCAFFOLDING
Scaold erected on a proper oundation
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SCAFFOLDING
WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 13:Ensure that stairs or ladders are provided to enable persons to gain
access rom one level o any scaold in a workplace to another
level and so ar as is reasonably practicable, are installed within
the scaold.
No proper access provided
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SCAFFOLDING
WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 18:Work platorms in a workplace shall be provided:
a) at any place o work which does not aord a proper and secure
oothold; and
b) in the case o a building under construction, around the edge
o the building at every uppermost permanent oor which is
under construction.
Scaold without proper working platorm, access and edgeprotection
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SCAFFOLDING
WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 19:Signboards stating the maximum permissible weight o tools and
materials and the maximum number o persons permissible on
each bay shall be prominently displayed at suitable locations on
the scaold in a workplace.
Sae Working Load prominentlydisplayed
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SCAFFOLDING
WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 21:Any board or plank which orms part o a work platorm shall
project beyond its end support to a distance o not less than 50
millimetres and not more than 4 times the thickness o the board
or plank unless it is eectively secured to prevent tipping or uplit.
End o board was eectively secured
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SCAFFOLDING
WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 21:All board, planks or decking used in the construction o work
platorm shall:
a) be o uniorm thickness;
b) be capable o supporting a load o 670kg per square metre
with due regard to the spacing o the supports; and
c) be ushed along their lengths and secured.
Work platorm not ushed along their lengths and
secured
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SCAFFOLDING
WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 22:Every side o a work platorm or workplace rom which a person is
liable to all more than 2 metres shall be provided with toe-boards
and 2 or more guards-rails.
Toe-boards and guard-rails were provided along the workplatorm
> 2.0 m
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SCAFFOLDING
WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 26:Ensure that no scaold is used unless it has been inspected by a
scaold supervisor:
a) upon completion o its construction, erection or installation, as
the case may be;
b) thereater, at intervals o not more than 7 days immediately
ollowing the date o the last inspection by the scaoldsupervisor; and
c) ater exposure to weather conditions likely to have aected
strength or stability or to have displaced any part.
Erected scaold was inspected by scaold
supervisor
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SCAFFOLDING
WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 27:Scaold supervisor who carries out the inspection o a scaold
under regulation 26 shall immediately ater such inspection,
display a notice or label indicating whether the scaold is sae or
use or otherwise.
Scaold inspected and tagged Sae to Use
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SCAFFOLDING
Mobile Tower Scaold
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SCAFFOLDING
WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 31:Every alternate lit and every uppermost lit o an independent
tied metal scaold in a workplace shall be eectively tied to the
building or structure by means o ties.
Reveal tie Edge protection withtoeboards
Distribution
board
Eyebolt Through tie
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Tunnelling
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TUNNELLING
WSH (Construction) Reg. 83:In a worksite where tunnelling works are carried out:
a) all areas in the tunnel shall be adequately illuminated; and
b) emergency generators are provided to ensure adequate
illumination o the tunnels and work areas in the event o a
ailure in the power supply.
Well illuminated tunnel
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TUNNELLING
WSH (Construction) Reg. 84:In a worksite where tunnelling works are carried out:
a) proper control o ingress and egress o persons to and rom any
tunnel under construction in the worksite shall be exercised;
b) a chart listing the names o persons working in the tunnel and
their location o work shall be displayed at the main entrance to
the tunnel and be regularly updated; andc) notices to warn persons against unauthorised entry shall be
displayed at all points o entry to the tunnel.
Tally board placed near excavation opening
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TUNNELLING
WSH (Construction) Reg. 85:No diesel engine shall be used in a tunnel unless it is so constructed
that no air enters the engine without rst being cleaned, and no
umes or sparks shall be emitted by the engine:
a) oil, grease or uel stored in the tunnel shall be kept in tightly
sealed containers in re resistant areas at sae distances rom
explosives, magazines, electrical installations and away rombottom o shats;
b) gasoline or liqueed petroleum gases or other ammable
substances shall not be used in the tunnel without the approval
o the project manager o the worksite.
Tunnel kept ree o combustiblematerial Provision o fre
point in tunnel
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TUNNELLING
WSH (Construction) Reg. 95:No oxy-acetylene shall be used in the compressed air environment
in the worksite.
WSH (Construction) Reg. 104:
Where work in a compressed air environment in a worksite is
carried out:a) no person shall consume alcohol or smoke while at work in the
compressed air environment;
b) no person shall carry cigarettes, cigarette lighters, matches or
other sources o ignition into the compressed air environment;
and
c) no person who has consumed alcohol shall be allowed to
undergo compression in any lock in the worksite other than in
a medical lock.
No smoking sign at entrance into
excavation
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Working At
Height
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WORKING AT HEIGHT
WSH (General Provisions) Reg. 23:Any person who has to work at a place rom which he would be
liable to all:
a) a distance o more than 2 metres; or
b) into a substance which is likely to cause drowning or
asphyxiation
shall be provided with a secure oothold and handhold at a place
so ar as is reasonably practicable or ensuring his saety.
Provision o secureoothold and handhold
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WORKING AT HEIGHT
WSH (General Provisions) Reg. 23:Where it is not reasonably practicable to provide a secure oothold
or handhold, other suitable means such as saety harness or saety
belt shall be provided or ensuring the saety o every person
working at such places.
Saety harness should be provided
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Works Train
Operation
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WORKS TRAIN OPERATION
Point Numbers marked clearly to avoid conusion
Point secured with G Clamp & Point Scotch or a Sae Shunting
movement
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WORKS TRAIN OPERATION
Buer installed at the end o track to prevent overrun o train
Warning signage posted on Works Train
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WORKS TRAIN OPERATION
Ground Shunter using coloured ags to direct an approachingtrain
Sector Limit Board with ashing light is used by the Possession
Master who has ull control o a sector or demarcation purposes
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WORKS TRAIN OPERATION
Service Vehicle Load Gauge installed to ensure loads ormaterials on the train will not protrude beyond allowable limits
Materials are secured onto the wagon beore moving o to
avoid derailment caused by objects on the rails
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WORKS TRAIN OPERATION
Demarcation o Defned Areas
Warning signages posted or Defned Areas
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WORKS TRAIN OPERATION
Liting Operation at the Shat must be authorised by LitingEngineer
Providing proper access
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WORKS TRAIN OPERATION
Track trolley with scaold materials let unattended within theDefned Area and no sight o any working group within thevicinity
Access gate into theDefned Area unlockedand unattended by thePossession Master
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Personal
Protective
Equipment
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
WSH (Construction) Reg. 33:It shall be the duty o the employer o any person who carries out
any work in a worksite or the principal under whose direction any
person carries out any work in a worksite to provide and maintain
the appropriate personal protective equipment to the person.
The protection is as ollows:
a) eye protectionb) all protection
c) oot protection
d) hand protection
e) head protection
) hearing protection; and
g) respiratory protection.
Signage to remind sitepersonnel to put on PPE
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
LTA General Specifcation:The contractor shall provide, maintain and enorce the usage o
PPE or all the personnel on site at all times. The ollowing PPE shall
be compulsory in site:
a) saety helmets with chin strap conorming to SS98 showing the
contract number;
b) saety ootwear with steel toe cap and steel sole plateconorming to SS513;
c) high-visibility vest/clothing conorming to BS EN 471;
d) saety belts shall be provided or restraining alls or saety
harness or all protection. Saety belts and harness shall comply
with SS528 series (Personal all-arrest systems), SS541 (Restraint
belts) and SS570 (Personal protective equipment or protectionagainst alls rom a height Single point anchor devices and
exible horizontal lieline systems);
e) respirators / dust masks o the appropriate standard shall be
provided or activities generating dust or ume.
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Respiratory Protection
Dust Mask:
It is relatively comortable butoers minimal protection due toinerior sealing qualities.
Hal-ace respirators:
Relatively light-weight as well asoer good protection.
Full-ace respirators:
Heavier than hal-mask and lesscomortable but it oers moreprotection through its bettersealing qualities.
It also protects the eyes and acerom irritating vapours.
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Hearing Protection
Ear Plugs:
Ear plugs provide better noise protection i properly ftted intothe ear canal. Generally, NRR (Noise Reduction Rating) or ear
plug is higher than NRR or ear mu.
Ear Mus:
Ear mus provide lower level o noise protection as comparedto ear plugs. However, the wearer is most likely to get the ratedprotection due to its ease o providing proper ft.
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Hand Protection
Metal mesh gloves:
Protect hands romaccidental cuts andscratches rom workingwith cutting tools.
Leather gloves:
Guard against injuriesrom sparks or scrapingagainst rough suraces.
Note:
When selecting chemical resistance gloves, be sure to consult themanuacturers recommendations.
Latex-coated Kevlargloves:
Improve grip and protecthands rom cut andabrasion.
Chemical resistant gloves:
Protect hands romcorrosives, oils, andsolvents.
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Chart o cut resistance level
Sources:
Making Sense o Cut Resistance by National Saety, Inc. (USA)
www.nationalsaetyinc.com
Note:
Please reer to manuacturers recommendations and the above chartwhen selecting a pair o cut resistant gloves.
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Foot Protection
Saety boots
High heeled waterproosaety boots
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Fall ProtectionFall Arrest
Fall Restraint
Saety harness Stop the all (keep the wearer rom hitting theground ater a all rom the edge).
Saety belt Restraint wearer rom alling (keep the wearer away
rom the edge).
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REFERENCES
CP 79: 1999 : Code o Practice or Saety Management System orConstruction Worksites
CP 88: Part 1: 2001: Code o Practice or Temporary Electrical
Installations (Construction and Building Sites)
LTA General Specication Appendix A
Workplace Saety and Health Act
WSH (Conned Space) Regulations 2009
WSH (Construction) Regulations 2007
WSH (First Aid) (Amendment) Regulations 2011
WSH (General Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 2011
WSH (Operation o Cranes) Regulations 2011
WSH (Scaolds) Regulations 2011SS 510: 2005 : Saety in welding and cutting (and other operations
involving the use o heat)
SS 536: 2008: Code o Practice or The Sae Use o Mobile Cranes
SS 537: Part 1: 2008 : Sae Use o Machinery
SS 568: 2011 : Code o Practice or Conned Spaces
SS 571: 2011 : Code o Practice or Energy Lockout and Tagout
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NOTES