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Definition
conservation tillage as any tillage and planting system in which at least 30 per cent of the soil surface is covered by residue after planting in order to reduce soil erosion. ( Whyte, 1987)
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Introduction
Conservation tillage was 1st developed in semi arid regions of USA ,Canada, Australia.
1-36% in the northern plains, 20% in the southern plains, 19% in the pacific region.
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Conservation tillage systems are currently adopted on nearly 100 million ha worldwide.
United States is the leading country, followed by Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Australia and Paraguay
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Zero tillage
Father of zero tillage is George McKibben.
Primary tillage is completely avoided and secondary tillage is restricted to seed-bed preparation in the row zone only.
It is also known as No-till.
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Extent of adoption of no-tillage system worldwide (2004-05)
Country
Area under no-tillage (million ha)
USA 25.30
Brazil 23.60
Argentina 18.27
Canada 12.52
Australia 9.00
Paraguay 1.70
India 1.90
Others (Estimate) 1.00
MODERN CONCEPTS OF AGRICULTURE Conservation Tillage
Dr. A.R. Sharma . Pages:1-42
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Advantages
Zero tillage significantly reduces cost of production.
Zero tillage increases the yield by 5-15% over the conventional system.
Zero tillage uses a seed and fertilizer drill and thus improves germination and plant stand over traditional broadcasting system
Improves fertilizer efficiency through better placement. Less water is used in zero tillage, and therefore, there is less leaching of nitrogen.
The organic matter content of zero-till soils may stay higher
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Zero tillage reduces diesel consumption by 40-70 litres per ha depending upon soil condition and thus, reduces the CO2 emission
in the environment (2.6 kg CO2 production/litre of diesel burnt).
Zero tillage reduces soil erosion and land degradation.
Saving in time in seedbed preparation.
Advancement in sowing time over conventional system by 2-4 weeks depending upon the type of soil.
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Disadvantages
Increase in soil density. Reduced infiltration rate and pore space. Increased incidence of broad-leaved weeds
(Rumex spp., Malva spp.), grasses (wild oat) and perennials (Cynodon dactylon, Paspalum distichum) .
The seedling establishment in zero tillage is 20% less than in conventional methods.
Require 20-30% more seed and fertilizer
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Tillage Weed growth (g/m2) Grain yield (t/ha) Control Metribuzin Control Metribuzin
Surface seeding 397.0 69.5 2.88 3.08
Zero tillage 288.0 37.8 3.97 5.09 Conventional tillage
257.2 28.3 4.64 5.09
Reduced tillage 393.8 49.8 4.31 5.13 CD (0.05) 61.4 0.22
Effect of tillage and weed management on weed growth and grain yield of wheat at Karnal
MODERN CONCEPTS OF AGRICULTURE
Conservation Tillage Dr. A.R. Sharma . Pages:1-42
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Grain yield (t/ha) Net returns (Rs./ha)
Treatment Zero tillage Conventional tillage
Zero tillage Conventional tillage
Early pigeonpea 1.15 0.90 13,900 8,181
Kharif maize 2.60 2.35 2,350 358
Rabi maize 4.25 3.66 8,213 4,215
Pea 2.28 1.95 21,840 11,850
Lentil 1.70 1.50 21,800 1,750
Chickpea 2.00 1.86 23,200 -
Lathyrus 1.45 1.31 12,050 20,830
Summer mungbean 0.45 0.39 3,738 10,030
Average yield and net return of crops under different tillage systems on farmers’ fields in eastern Uttar Pradesh Crops.
MODERN CONCEPTS OF AGRICULTURE
Conservation Tillage Dr. A.R. Sharma . Pages:1-42
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Effect of tillage energy output-input ratio and economics in maize
Treatment Total uptake by maize (t/ha)
grain yield (t/ha)
energy output-input ratio
Net return (Rs/ha)
B:C ratio
N P K 2004
Tillage method
Tilled 98.3 24.7 100.9 4.82 9.9 15901 1.50
No tilled 88.1 21.1 1.2 4.23 9.6 10756 1.09
Sem± 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.04
CD (P=0.05) 3.7 1.0 3.7 0.13
C.K. Sarma et. Al, , indian journal of agronomy 299-303 (dec 2010)
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Stubble mulch tillage
Stubble mulch tillage was first developed as a wind erosion measure by a coordinated research effort aimed at avoiding a repeat of the disastrous “dust bowl” calamity of the 1930’s in the central USA.
Crop residues are left on the soil surface by using subtillage equipment for loosening the soil and controlling weed growth.
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Advantages
Reducing runoff and erosion. Reduced evaporation Improved soil moisture Improved nutritional status Reducing salinity Soil temperature
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Disadvantages
Reduced soil temperature
Sanitary problems
Weeds
Phytotoxic substances
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Effect of Tillage and Mulching on Yield of Corn in the Submontaneous Rainfed Region of Punjab, India
RAJAN BHATT, K.L.KHERA AND SANJAY ARORADepartment of Soils, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana .
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Effect of tillage and mode of mulch application on straw yield of corn (q ha-1)
Mode of application of Mulch
Tillage Mean
T m
Tc
Mw 41.4
39.1 40.3
M1/3rd 33.1
22.0 32.6
Ms 33.0 31.6 32.3Mv 25.6 25.0 25.3Mo 25.5 24.6 25.1
Mean 31.7 30.5
CD 1.04
(Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY 1560–8530/2004/06–1–126–128)
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Minimum tillage
Minimum tillage is aimed at reducing tillage to the minimum necessary for ensuring a good seedbed, rapid germination, a satisfactory stand and favorable growing conditions.
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Advantages
Improved soil conditions.
Higher infiltration
Less resistance to root growth due to improved structure.
Less soil compaction
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Disadvantages Seed germination is lower with minimum tillage.
In minimum tillage, more nitrogen has to be added.
Nodulation is affected in some leguminous crops like peas and broad beans.
Sowing operations are difficult with ordinary equipment.
Continuous use of herbicides cause pollution problems.
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Tillage and legume mulching effects on moisture conservation and productivity of rainfed maize – wheat cropping system.
A.R.SHARMA, RATAN SINGH, S.K.DHYANI AND R.K.DUBE
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Treatment Mean productivity (t/ha) Net returns (×10³ Rs/ha) Net benfit:cost ratio
Maize Wheat Total maize equivalent
Maize Wheat System Maize Wheat system
Tillage and weed control
CT-MW 2.29 2.41 6.15 4.40 17.66 22.60 0.352 1.54 0.92
CT-CW 2.41 2.55 6.49 5.96 19.94 25.90 0.49 1.846 1.136
MT-MW 2.09 2.21 5.63 3.50 15.76 19.26 0.292 1.446 0.841
MT-CW 2.31 2.51 6.33 5.66 19.72 25.38 0.49 1.91 1.16
A.R.Sharma et. al, indian journal of agronomy; 245-252(dec-2010)
System productivity and economic analysis as influenced by tillage and weed control:
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Effect of tillage and weed control practices on grain yield of wheat (t/ha)
Weed control
Zero tillage
ZT + chemical stale seed bed
Conventional tillage
Deep tillage mean
Weedy check 1.32 1.74 1.79 1.25 1.53
Isoproturon + 2,4-D
2.68 2.42 2.38 2.37 2.46
Clodinafop+2,4-D
4.84 4.46 4.71 4.20 4.55
Mean 2.95 2.87 2.96 2.61
NAMRATA JAIN et. al, , indian journal of agronomy; 131-134 (jun 2007)
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Yield, economics and energitics of maize and wheat as affected by different tillage practices (mean data)
Tillage practice
Plant populat
ion (×10³ /ha)
Cobs no.(×10³ /ha)
Grain yield (t/ha)
Net income(×10³ Rs/ha
B:C ratio
Energ input(×
10³ Mj/ha
Energy output (×10³ Mj/ha
Energy use
efficiency
Maize
ZT 65.7 36.5 2.3 13.4 1.14 12.6 85.1 6.75
CT 71.3 40.4 3.20 12.3 0.73 17.7 92.2 5.21
fresh raised bed
68 41.7 3.47 18.6 1.65 18.9 107.9 5.71
permanent raised bed
68.3 35.1 2.94 16.9 1.50 11.9 87 7.29
SEM 1.7 2.1 0.10 0.65 0.08 0.2 3.4 0.21
CD(P=0.05) NS NS .35 2.89 0.35 0.8 15 0.97
veer singh et. al, indian journal of agronomy 83-87(jun 2011)
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Tillage practice
Effective tillers
per sq . mt
Grain yield (t/ha)
Net income(×10³ Rs/ha
B:C ratio
Energ y input(×10³ Mj/ha
Energy output (×10³ Mj/ha
Energy use
efficiency
Wheat
ZT 379 3.04 39.3 2.81 18.6 105.6 5.67
CT 509 4.04 47.3 2.25 22.8 108.8 4.77
fresh raised bed
534 4.24 58.9 3.27 22.1 121.5 5.49
permanent raised bed
464 3.80 52.8 3.51 17.7 116.3 6.58
SEM 6 0.06 1.5 0.17 0.1 1.2 0.06
CD(P=0.05) 22 0.21 6.8 0.77 0.5 5.3 0.3
veer singh et. al, indian journal of agronomy 83-87(jun 2011)
Yield, economics and energitics of maize and wheat as affected by different tillage practices (mean data)
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conclusion
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