Download - consonants phonetics
Outline
Definition
Classification
Description
Phonemes and Allophones
Transcription
Allophonic rules
definition
Consonant sounds are the sounds in
the production of which two
articulators come together so that the
airstream is obstructed and can not
get out freely.
eg. /p, k, s, t, j/
Speech organs (articulators)
classification
24 English consonants are classified
according to 3 criteria:
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
Voicing
place of articulation
1. Bilabial (upper lip+lower lip)
/b, p, m, w/
2. Labiodental (lower lip+upper teeth)
/v, f/
3. Dental (tongue+teeth)
/D, T/
4. Alveolar (alveolar ridge+tongue)
/d, t, z, s, l, n/
place of articulation
5. Palato-alveolar (hard palate+alveolar
ridge+tongue)
/Z, S, dZ, tS, r/
6. Palatal (hard palate+tongue)
/j/
7. Velar (soft palate+tongue)
/g, k, Î/
8. Glottal (vocal cords)
/h/
manner of articulation
1. Plosive (complete closure+sudden
release)
/b, p, d, t, g, k/
2. Fricative (narrowing resulting in audible
friction)
/v, f, z, s, Z, h, D, T, S/
3. Affricate (closure+low separation)
/dZ, tS/
manner of articulation
4. Nasal (complete closure+air escape through nose)
/m, n, Î/
5. Lateral (closure in mouth centre+air escape at tongue sides)
/l/
6. Approximant (slight narrowing but not enough to cause friction)
/w, j, r/
voicing
Voiced Voiceless
b
v
D
d
z
Z
dZ
g
p
f
T
t
s
S
tS
k
Voiced Voiceless
m
n
Î
l
w
j
r
h
classification of consonantsbilabial
labiodental
dental
alveolar
palato-alveolar
palatal
velar
glottal
plosive + b- p
+ d- t
+ g- k
fricative
+ v- f
+D- T
+ z- s
+ Z- S
- h
affricate
+ dZ- tS
nasal + m + n + Î
lateral + lapproximant
+ w + r + j
Description of consonants
1.Plosives
2.Fricatives
3.Affricates
4. Nasals
5. Laterals
6.
Approximants
plosives
Features
Stages of plosives
Description
features of plosives
Place of articulation
Force of articulation
Aspiration
Voicing
place of articulation
/p, b/: bilabial
/t, d/: alveolar
/k, g/: velar
force of articulation
more muscular
energy, stronger
breath
less muscular energy,
weaker breath
/p, t, k/
FORTIS
/b, d, g/
LENIS
ASPIRATION
Voiceless plosives /p, t, k/
in syllable-initial position
ASPIRATE
D
voicing
Voiced plosives /b, d, g/
in word-medial position between voiced
sounds
FULL
VOICED
THREE STAGES OF PLOSIVES
Closing stage: articulating organs
move together to form obstruction
Compression stage: air compressed
behind closure
Release stage: compressed air escapes
abruptly
description of bilabial plosives
soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off,
closure by lips
lung air compressed
vocal folds wide apart: /p/
vocal folds vibrating: /b/
lip closure released, air escaped /p, b/
description of alveolar plosives
soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off,
closure by tip and rims of tongue, upper alveolar
ridge and side teeth
lung air compressed
vocal folds wide apart: /t/
vocal folds vibrating: /d/
alveolar closure suddenly separated, air escaped/t, d/
description of velar plosives
soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off
closure by back of tongue and soft palate
lung air compressed
vocal folds wide apart: /k/
vocal folds vibrating: /g/
linguo-velar closure suddenly separated,
air escaped/k, g/
description of glottal plosive
vocal folds closed
silence
no vibration of vocal cords
vocal folds suddenly separated,
air pressure below glottis released
eg. It’s empty. / /
fricatives
Features
Description
features of fricatives
Place of articulation
Force of articulation
Voicing
place of articulation
/f, v/: labiodental
/D, T/: dental
/s, z/: alveolar
/Z, S/: palato-alveolar
/h/: glottal
force of articulation
more muscular
energy, stronger
breath
less muscular energy,
weaker breath
/f, T, s, S/
FORTIS
/v, D, z, Z/
LENIS
voicing
Voiced fricatives /v, D, z, Z/
between voiced sounds
FULL
VOICED
description of labiodental fricatives
soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off
closure by inner surface of lower lip and edge of upper teeth
lung air compressed, friction
voiceless: /f/
voiced: /v/
air released
/f, v/
description of dental fricatives
soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off
closure by tip and rims of tongue and edge, inner
surface of upper front teeth and upper side teeth
air causes friction
voiceless: / T /
voiced: /D/
air released /T, D/
description of alveolar fricatives
soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off
closure by blade of tongue and upper alveolar ridge,
side rims of tongue and upper side teeth
air causes friction
between tongue and alveolar ridge
voiceless: /s/; voiced: /z/
air released /s, z/
description of palato-alveolar fricatives
soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off
closure by tip and blade of tongue and alveolar ridge,
side rims of tongue and upper side teeth
front of tongue raised
friction between extensive area
of tongue and roof of mouth
voiceless: /S/; voiced: /Z/
air released /S, Z/
description of glottal fricative /h/
Only in syllable-initial, prevocalic positions
Voiceless
no closure
air expelled from lung with considerable pressure
friction throughout vocal tract
features of affricates
beginning as plosives but ending as fricatives
the plosive and the fricative being homorganic
eg. church /tS Æ: tS/ (but breakfast)
description of palato-alveolar affricates
soft palate raised, nasal resonator shut off,
closure by tip, blade and rims of tongue, upper alveolar
ridge and side teeth
front of tongue raised
closure released slowly,
friction between blade of tongue and
alveolar palatal of roof of mouth
voiceless /tS/; voiced /dZ/ /tS, dZ/
nasals
Features
Description
features of nasals
Total closure within the mouth at some
point, air escaped into nasal cavity
No audible friction is produced
nasals are voiced
description of bilabial nasal
lips closed, mouth chamber
closed,
soft palate lowered
resonance of nasal cavity added
to those of pharynx
air released /m/
description of alveolar nasal
closure by tongue, tip ridge and
upper side teeth,
soft palate lowered
resonance of nasal cavity added
to those of pharynx and that
part of mouth chamber
air released /n/
description of velar nasal
closure by back of tongue and velum,
soft palate lowered
resonance of nasal cavity added to
those of pharynx and that part of
mouth chamber
air released
* Only after /I, e, {, ö, Á/ /Î/
description of lateral /l/
Clear /l/ & Dark /l/
soft palate raised, nasal resonators shut off,
closure by tip of tongue and upper teeth ridge
air escaped on both sides
CLEAR /l/ DARK /l/
before vowel and /j/:
look
other positions: feel
front of tongue raised
towards hard palate,
front vowel resonance
front of tongue depressed,
back raised towards soft
palate,
back vowel resonance
approximants
Palato-alveolar
approximant /r/
Bilabial approximant /w/
Palatal approximant /j/
description of
palato-alveolar approximant
soft palate raised, nasal
resonator shut off, tip of tongue
held near to but not touching
rear part of upper teeth ridge,
central part of tongue lowered
airstream escapes without
friction /r/
description of bilabial approximant /w/
soft palate raised, vocal folds vibrate
tongue in position for back close-mid
to close vowel, moving away
immediately to position of following
sound
eg. weather. which, twin
description of palatal approximant /j/
tongue in position for close-mid to
close vowel front, moving away
immediately to position of following
sound
eg. yawn, senior, use
Phonemes & allophones
PHONEMES ALLOPHONES
Definition the smallest
segment of sound
that can distinguish
two words
ideal object
different realisations of
the same phoneme
physical
manifestations
Features • abstract
• limited (44)
• Difference
between phonemes
is functional
difference.
• real and concrete
• unlimited
• Difference between
allophones is phonetic
difference.
Example ‘cat’ & ‘bat’
‘cat’ & ‘cot’
‘speak’ & ‘pick’
‘note’ & ‘teeth’
transcription
Broad transcription
Narrow
transcription
BROAD TRANSCRIPTION
NARROW TRANSCRIPTION
A transcription that uses a simple set of symbols.
A transcription that shows more phonetic details by using more specific symbols, or by representing some allophonic differences.
Also called phonemic transcription
Also called phonetic transcription
Consists of phonemic symbols between two slanting lines peak /pi:k/ twin /twin/
Consists of phonemic symbols and diacritics between two square brackets peak [phi:k] twin [twoin]
20 Allophonic rules
rule 1
eg. ‘pipped’: [phipot]
‘testy’: [thsti]
-voiced
+stop
/p,t,k/
+aspirated
when syllable-initial
rule 2
eg. ‘try to improve’
but ‘bad girl’
+voiced
+obstruent
partially voiced
when syllable-final
except when followed
by a voiced sound
Obstruents = plosives + fricatives
/b, d, g, v, D, Z, z/
rule 3
eg. bib, did
+consonantal
longer
when at end of
phrase
rule 4
eg. twin [twoin]
cue [kjou]
+approximant
/w, r, j/
-voiced
after
[+aspirated, +plosive]
rule 5
eg. spew [spoju:]
stew [stoju:]
-voiced
+plosive
/p, t, k/
-aspirated
after /s/ at the beginning of a syllable
rule 6
eg. cap /k{p/ but cab /k{b/
back /b{k/ but bag
/b{g/
+vowel shorter
before voiceless sounds
in the same syllable
rule 7
-voiced longer
at end of syllable
eg. cap /k{p/ but cab /k{b/
back /b{k/ but bag
/b{g/
rule 8
+plosive
/p,b,t,
d,k,g/
unexploded
before [+plosive]
eg. apt [{pot]
act [{kot]
but ape
/eIp/
rule 9
-voiced
+plosive
/p,t,k/
after vowel and
at end of syllable
eg. tip [ti p]
pit [pi t]
kick [ki k]
+glottal plosive
-voiced+plosive
rule 10
-voiced
+alveolar
+plosive
/t/
+glottal plosive
before nasal
in same word
eg. beaten [bi n]
but beaten
[bi:tn]
rule 11
+nasal
/m,n, Î/+syllabic
at end of word
and after obstruents
eg. garden /ga:dn/
chasm /k{zm/
but film /fIlm/
rule 12
+lateral
/l/
+syllabic
at end of word
and after another consonant
eg. paddle /p{dl/
channel /tS{nl/
but file /faIl/
rule 13
-voiced
+alveolar
+plosive
/t/
-voiced
+tap
between stressed vowel
and unstressed syllable
eg. fatty /f{ri/ (AE) but /f{ti/ (BE)
data /deI r@/ (AE) but /deI t@/
(BE)
rule 14
+alveolar
/d,t,z,s, n,l/
+dental
before dental (D, T)
eg. sixth [sIksT]
wealth [welT]
but well /wel/
rule 15
+velar
/g,k,Î/more front
before more front vowel
eg. cat /k{t/
kept /kept/
give /gIv/
Front vowel: /I, i:, e,
{/
rule 16
+lateral
/l/
velarised
after vowel and before another
consonant or end of word
eg. file /faIl/ but life /laIf/
talc /t{lk/ but lack
/l{k/
rule 17
+vowel
longer
in open syllable
eg. see /si:/ but seed /si:d/
rule 18
+vowel
longer
in stressed syllable
eg. cite /saIt/ but citation
/saI'teISFn/
rule 19
+vowel
+nasal
before nasal /m,n,Î/
eg. ban/b{n/ but bag /b{g/
rule 20
+front
+vowel
retracted
before
syllable-final /l/
eg. heel /hi:l/ but heed /hi:d/
pail /peIl/ but paid /peId/
outline
Definition
Classification
Description
Phonemes and
Allophones
Transcription
Allophonic rules
Exercise
insect
sudden
mother
market
gesture
effect
fishing
danger