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CONSERVATION OF
WATER QUALITY OF RIVER
GANGA
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A SEGMENTAL APPROACH
A CONCEPT AND PLAN
“CONSERVATION OF WATER QUALITY OF GANGA”
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[A CONCEPT AND PLAN]
“CONSERVATION OF WATER QUALITY
OF GANGA”
“A SEGMENTAL APPROACH”
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FOREWORD
Restoration of Water Quality of river Ganga is high on the National Agenda. The
Government is committed to put its best effort to bring back the sanctity of the
river. The major cause of concern of river Ganga relates to disposal of un-
treated/partially treated sewage into the river and using the river-front for disposal
of garbage including plastic as well as open defecation. Sewage disposal resulting
in rather high presence of fecal coliform bacteria makes the river un-fit for bathing
and potable purpose.
The CPCB has made an attempt to evolve a segmented Action Plan which is based
on identifying sources of pollution and assessment of pollution load of each
segment of the river. With regard to industrial pollution Control, CPCB intends to
strengthen on-line monitoring and vigilance for ensuring compliance by the
industries. Besides, directions have also been issued towards promotion of
conservation of water and adoption of Zero Liquid Discharge system.
We hope that the suggestive/indicative action plan of CPCB would contribute
towards cleaning of Ganga.
(Arun Kumar Mehta)
Chairman
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[PART – A]
Contents
1.0 PREAMBLE ...................................................................................... 1
1.1 Governments’ Commitment ......................................................................... 1
1.2 Implemented Concept and Works Undertaken ............................................ 1
1.3 Results Achieved and Constraints ............................................................... 1
2.0 THE ISSUES .................................................................................... 2
2.1 The Problem of Conserving River Ganga ..................................................... 2
3.0 GANGA MOVEMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT ...................................... 2
3.1 Initiative at Government level .................................................................... 2
4.0 CONCEPT AND GANGA ACTION PLAN (2015)-CPCB ......................... 3
4.1 A Concept and Action Plan for Ganga Conservation ..................................... 3
4.2 Approach to Conserve River Ganga ............................................................. 3
5.0 SEGMENTAL APPROACH .................................................................. 3
5.1 (S-I): Ganga from Origin to Haridwar (Downstream) ................................. 3
5.2 (S-II): Haridwar down to Narora Barrage ................................................... 4
5.3 (S-III-A): Down Narora to Down Kanpur .................................................... 5
5.4 (S- III-B): Kanpur down to Allahabad down ............................................... 7
5.5 (S- III-C): Down Allahabad to Down Varanasi/ Ghazipur ........................... 7
5.6 (S-IV A): Down Varanasi to Rajmahal ......................................................... 7
5.7 (S-IV B): D/S of Rajmahal to Diamond Harbour .......................................... 8
6.0 SEGMENTAL POLLUTION LOAD ....................................................... 8
6.1 Uttarakhand (river Ganga from origin to Narora covering Segment I & II) ............ 8 6.2 Uttar Pradesh (Disposal of Sewage and Industrial Effluents to cover Segment III-
A, B and C) (down Narora to down Varanasi) ................................................. 11 6.3 Down Varanasi/Ghazipur to confluence of river Ganga to Sea (to cover Segment –
IV) ............................................................................................................ 16
7.0 SUMMARY OF SEGMENTAL POLLUTION LOAD ............................... 21
8.0 SEGMENTAL WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA ........................... 22
8.1 Assessment of water quality of River Ganga ................................................... 22 8.2 The detailed Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year 2010-2014) ................... 23 8.3 Primary Water Quality criteria ...................................................................... 23
9.0 BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF RIVER GANGA ............................... 24
10.0 FLOW IN GANGA ........................................................................ 25
10.1 Flow in Ganga – An Important Issue ......................................................... 25
10.2 Water Discharge and Its Utilization from Different Dams/ Barrages ......... 27
10.3 Findings .................................................................................................... 28
11.0 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY .................................................... 28
11.1 Proposed Concept and Features of Plan .................................................... 28
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12.0 PROPOSED PRIMARY WATER CRITERIA FOR BATHING WATER.. 31
13.0 PROPOSED STANDARDS FOR TREATMENT PLANTS (STPS)......... 34
14.0 CONCLUSION- KEY ACTIONS ..................................................... 35
Plate 1: Withdrawal of water from River Ganga from Haridwar to Kanpur. ............... 36 Plate 2: Segment wise status of River Ganga ...................................................... 37 Plate 3: Bio-mapping of River Ganga .................................................................. 38 Plate 4: The Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year 2010-2014) ......................... 39 Plate 5: Summary of Segmental Pollution Load and Proposed Action Plan ............... 41
[PART – B]
Ganga Action Plan – Segmental Approach ..................................................... 52
Tables
Table I Drains from origin to Hridwar (Segment –I) ........................................ 9
Table II Drains from Sukratal to Norora (Segment –II) .................................... 9
Table III Drains from Narora downstream to Varanasi .................................. 11
Table IV GPI of Uttar Pradesh ..................................................................... 14
Table V Contribution by Ramganga and Kali-east .......................................... 14
Table VI Drains from Bihar ......................................................................... 16
Table VII Drains of West Bengal meets in the left bank .................................. 17
Table VIII Drains of West Bengal meets in the Right bank .............................. 19
Table IX Segment wise Pollution load .......................................................... 21
Table X Segmental Water Quality of River Ganga .......................................... 22
Table XI Primary Water Quality Criteria for Bathing Water (Existing) ............... 24
Table XII Biological Water Quality in Ecological Segments of River Ganga ........ 25
Table XIII Water discharge and its utilization from different dams/barrages .. 27
Table XIV Proposed Primary Water Criteria for bathing water ......................... 31
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1.0 PREAMBLE
1.1 Governments’ Commitment
Cleaning of river Ganga has been the mission of the Government and
number of steps have been taken to prevent and control pollution of river
Ganga for restoring its sanctity.
1.2 Implemented Concept and Works Undertaken
The steps taken to restore water quality of Ganga included laying of sewers,
interception and diversion of sewage drains and setting up of sewage
treatment plants (STPs). The action plan for conserving Ganga has also
covered riverfront development programs, setting up of electric crematoria,
sanitation facilities for pilgrimage and construction of proper Ghats/bathing
facilities.
1.3 Results Achieved and Constraints
Despite many actions taken, the level of success achieved is being debated
and it has been a common understanding that, lot more is required to be
done. Installed sewage treatment facilities are not operated well and are
inadequate. There is a significant quantity of sewage still being disposed
into river Ganga.
The following achievements are listed out in-terms of Infra-structure and
improvement in water quality of river Ganga:
(i) Many Ghats (public worship places) have been constructed and
improved.
(ii) Public amenities have been setup to prevent direct contamination of
river.
(iii) Sewage treatment plants have been set-up on the concept of
interception, diversion and treatment of sewage.
(iv) In terms of water quality, there are no significant changes in last five
years in-terms of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and with respect
to Dissolved Oxygen contents in the river Ganga.
(v) Fecal coliform bacteria has however been a concern all along the
river.
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2.0 THE ISSUES
2.1 The Problem of Conserving River Ganga
(i) The main focus of conserving water quality of river Ganga has been
on setting up of sewage treatment facilities for the towns located on
the banks of river Ganga. This involves, providing sewage conveyance
system (Sewers) into city / town and followed by treatment. After
treatment, sewage is disposed into river. Setting up of sewage
treatment facilities and its operation and maintenance is the concern
which has raised many questions due to their poor performance.
(ii) The industries are only responding to the regulatory requirements.
Due to lack of proper infrastructure for catering basic needs and
particularly for waste management, the industries are finding an easy
option to dispose effluents into domestic storm water / sewage
carrying drains which ultimately meeting river directly or to the
tributaries of river Ganga.
(iii) Excessive abstraction of river water for human consumption and
irrigation, is resulting diminishing flow in river Ganga which is of great
concern. Though, water can be utilized but, how to augment and
replenish the river flow, has not been worked out.
(iv) Mass participation of public for their contribution with Government
and Non-Government agencies has not been on consistent or regular
basis. The programmes have been sporadic, event-basis or with
special drives.
3.0 GANGA MOVEMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT
3.1 Initiative at Government level
Among the initiatives and to re-look Ganga conservation as a fresh,
National Mission for Cleaning Ganga has been launched. A National
Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) has been set up under the
Chairmanship of Hon’ble Prime Minister with Chief Ministers of concerned
states (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West
Bengal).
The new Government (NDA) has set a prime agenda for conserving water
quality of river Ganga. A nationwide consultation “Ganga Manthan” was
convened on 07.07.2014 wherein significant input were received which
has given new movement for conservation of river Ganga.
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4.0 CONCEPT AND GANGA ACTION PLAN (2015)-CPCB
4.1 A Concept and Action Plan for Ganga Conservation
Under the new concept, a holistic approach and entire Ganga is covered
which now will be considered for implementation of new concept.
4.2 Approach to Conserve River Ganga
However, it might be emerging out that there may not be any new
technology or a concept to be implemented for conservation of Ganga. It
will be necessary to introspect and integrate efforts made so far and re-
place the modified action plan. It would not only to be financial resources
which will be important in river conservation but, other factors like
empowering of appropriate institutions to monitor and implement the
need-based programs, public participation and other actions depending on
use of Ganga water to link with national economy will be the important
issue
Based on understanding and assessing the hydrogeological status of river
Ganga and knowing the problem in-terms of pollution, there is need to
evolve segmented implementation plan under direct control of State
Governments. The benefit in-terms of revenue / economic gains, both
Central and State Governments to share and utilize them for public use and
taking more innovative approach. It is well known that the river Ganga
receives untreated sewage along with industrial effluents at various
locations throughout its length. The water quality of river is governed by
the water flowing in the river and quantity of sewage and trade effluents
being disposed. With this background, river Ganga has been divided into
following segments and suggested with action plan:
5.0 SEGMENTAL APPROACH
Segmental Characteristics and Approach
5.1 (S-I): Ganga from Origin to Haridwar (Downstream)
(i) Status
a) River in this stretch is clean, fast-flowing and having adequate quantity
of flow.
b) No significant industrial or sewage discharge except smaller towns
letting-out sewage and sullage.
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(ii) Approach to be followed- Proposal
a) Setting up of in-situ sewage treatment on sewage carrying streams.
b) Emphasis on elimination of fecal coliform bacteria.
c) Put-up bio-gas plant for small town for recovery of gas from municipal
solid waste.
d) Promoting Forestry programme to prevent erosion problems.
e) Look for acceptable hydro energy project without having any impact on
“ecology” and “flow”.
f) Any other programmes, as evolved based on local community
participation.
5.2 (S-II): Haridwar down to Narora Barrage
(i) Status
a) River is still fast flowing with good quantity and quality of water.
b) Two canals are drawn to divert water for public and agricultural
consumption from Haridwar and Narora. There is also provision
made for drawing canal from barrage at Bijnore.
c) No significant discharge in this segment by industries or sewage
except two drains that is Chhoiya Nala and Phuldera.
d) Barraging of river at Bijnore and Narora, needs review because of
diminishing flow in downstream effecting river water quality and
flow.
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Good quality of water available at Narora before
canal is taken out (Narora - Summer 2014)
(ii) Approach to be followed-Proposal
a) This segment would need attention for water apportioning and
utilization plan.
b) A strict vigilance of disposal of industrial waste water through
Chhoiya and Phuldera and other drain is to be kept under vigilance
and regulated by adopting cost – effective sewage treatment
plans.
5.3 (S-III-A): Down Narora to Down Kanpur
(i) Status
This stretch requires maximum attention because:
a) The stretch receives sewage from number of small, medium
and large towns and industrial effluent through drains and
tributaries.
b) The stretch, down Narora to Kanpur is sluggish and water flow
is reduced.
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90% of water diverted at Narora into Canal
(Summer 2014)
After Narora, Low and sluggish flow at Kachchla Ghat
(Summer 2014)
(ii) Approach to be followed-Proposal
a) Strict enforcement of law on industries with adopting approaches
like enforcing Zero liquid discharge, utilization of treated effluents
for irrigation and no disposal in drains.
b) Evolving time-bound plan for sewage treatment flowing in drains
joining river Ganga and its tributaries.
c) Regulating withdrawal of water from river Ganga at Haridwar,
Bijnore, Narora and Kanpur.
d) River front development activities with garbage management on
Ghats, removing floatables and maintaining cleanliness and
hygienic status.
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e) Attention on priority for ensuring no tannery effluent flows into
Ganga.
5.4 (S- III-B): Kanpur down to Allahabad down
(i) Status
i) This stretch gains water flow due to joining of 4 tributaries
namely East Kali, Ram Ganga and Garra at Kannauj and river
Yamuna at Allahabad. The river receives sewage with
industrial effluents from Allahabad and other towns.
(ii) Approach to be followed-Proposal
i) Setting up of comprehensive sewage treatment facilities for
towns.
ii) Enforcement of law on industries for compliance and
monitoring for prohibiting coloured effluents to protect water
quality at Allahabad and Varanasi.
iii) High priority for up-keep of sanitary condition on Ghats.
5.5 (S- III-C): Down Allahabad to Down Varanasi/ Ghazipur
i. Status
i) This stretch receives sewage and industrial effluents from
Varanasi town as well as other small and medium towns.
ii) The river flow increased due to joining of river Gomati.
ii. Approach to be followed-Proposal
i) There is need to up-grade sewage treatment facilities already
installed and improve the performance efficiency for bacterial
treatment.
ii) Install advance wastewater purification system and
emphasizing on use of treated water and discharging into the
river for maintaining flow of the river.
5.6 (S-IV A): Down Varanasi to Rajmahal
(i) Status
i) The river receives flow from the rivers originating from Nepal
and others, thereby increasing flow of the river.
ii) Though, sewage and industrial effluents are entering into river
but due to dilution, organic load is reduced on the river.
However, fecal coliform bacteria remains high.
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(ii) Approach to be followed-Proposal
i) The stretch receives domestic sewage and industrial effluents
but, not as significant when compared with Segment III-A, B
and C.
ii) Numbers of sewage treatment facilities have been installed in
Bihar and these sewage treatment facilities are to be improved
for their efficient performance.
iii) Efforts are required to maximize the use of the river water
before it joins the sea.
5.7 (S-IV B): D/S of Rajmahal to Diamond Harbour
i) Status
i) At Farakka barrage, in West Bengal significant amount of water
is diverted to Bangladesh through Padma River.
ii) Due to high population density, this stretch receives maximum
fecal contaminated sewage.
iii) Tidal effect of Bay of Bengal is also visible upto Kolkata.
ii) Approach to be followed-Proposal
i) Numbers of sewage treatment facilities have been installed in
West Bengal and these sewage treatment facilities are to be
improved for their efficient performance.
ii) Maximizing of water utilization before joining of River to Bay of
Bengal.
6.0 SEGMENTAL POLLUTION LOAD
Segment-specific plans will have to be prepared and implemented by the
State Agencies and to be monitored and technically coordinated by the
Central Government. Source based action plan is as under:
6.1 Uttarakhand (river Ganga from origin to Narora covering
Segment I & II)
(i) The estimated sewage entering into the river Ganga is 715 MLD through
26 drains with BOD load of 66 TPD. (In Uttarakhand, 14 drains
discharging 444.22 MLD and sewage with small rivers/steams with BOD
load of 42.80 tonnes per day. In UP from D/S of Haridwar to Narora,
there are 12 drains discharging 270.4 MLD of sewage with 23.11 tonnes
per day of BOD).
(ii) The towns discharging sewage into river Ganga directly or through the
drains are as under:
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Table I Drains from origin to Hridwar (Segment –I)
S.
No.
Catchment
Region
Drain in S-I Stretch
(Origin of River to
Haridwar)
Flow
(MLD)
Organic Load
Based on
BOD (TPD)
1. Uttarkashi
&
Devprayag
Storm Water Drain
Uttarkashi
1.73
2. Kodia nala Devprayag 1.73
Sub total 3.46
3.
Rishikesh
Triveni Drain/ Saraswati
Nala
11.5 0.83
4. Rambha River 152 0.15
5. Lakkar Ghat STP Drain 12 0.22
6. IDPL- STP Drain 3 0.01
7. Swarg Ashram STP Drain 2.5 0.06
8. Gadhi Shyampur Drain -
Sub total 187.92 1.27
9. Haridwar Jagjeetpur STP Drain 42 2.10
10. Kassavan Drain 11.7 1.36
11. Pandey wala Drain - -
12. Matra Sadan Drain 3.8 0.08
13. Rawlirao Drain 2.8 2.13
Sub-total 60.3 5.67
14. Laksar Laksar Drain 196 35.87
Total in Uttarakhand (Segment –I) 444.22 42.80
Table II Drains from Sukratal to Norora (Segment –II)
S.
No.
Catchment
area
Drain in S-II Stretch
(Haridwar to Narora)
Flow
(MLD)
Organic Load
Based on
BOD (TPD)
1. Sukratal Banganga River (at
confluence with river
Ganga)
- -
2.
Bijnor
Hemraj Drain - -
3. Bijnor Sewage Drian 7.6 0.44
4. Malan River (at confluence
with river Ganga)
16.5 0.08
5. Chhoiya Drain (at conf.
with river Ganga)
124 16.12
Sub-Total 148.1 16.64
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S.
No.
Catchment
area
Drain in S-II Stretch
(Haridwar to Narora)
Flow
(MLD)
Organic Load
Based on
BOD (TPD)
6. Gajrola
and
Babrala
Bagad River 1.8 0.35
7.
Garh
Garh Drain 14 0.22
8. Fuldehra Drain (at
confluence with river
Ganga)
32 3.49
Sub-Total 47.8 3.71
9. Badaun
Badaun Sewage Drain 29.9 1.38
10. Sot River 42 0.97
Sub-Total 71.9 2.34
11. Anupshar
Anupsahar STP Drain-1 0.85 0.01
12. Anupsahar STP Drain-2 1.75 0.05
Sub-Total 2.6 0.06
Upper Reach in UP (Segment -II) 270.4 23.11
Total for the Segment (I + II) 714.62 65.91
6.1.1 Action Plan (Proposed)
i. For treatment of sewage flowing in the drains and depending on site specific
conditions, simple and cost- effective options like in-situ treatment should
be attempted and the technologies which helps in reducing fecal coliform
bacteria need to be experimented based on physico-chemical or biological
methods.
ii. Towns generating MSW along with “NIRMALYA” and other worship materials
of bio-degradable in nature, should be subjected to the bio-gas generation
on the same lines of gobar gas plant. The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
(BARC) has developed “NISARGUNA” technology which can be implemented
in these towns or other similar type.
iii. Through Panchayats and other Voluntary Organizations, Community
participation can be sought involving local citizens represented by
Schools/Colleges, Women Groups, Senior Citizens and other NGOs. Their
role can be confined to support the government launched programmes and
also creating environment protection awareness to the tourists for
maintaining sanctity of the river.
iv. Emphasis to be laid on prohibiting open defecation along the river banks.
Communities, villages should be provided with adequate sanitation facilities
which should be hygienically maintained.
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6.2 Uttar Pradesh (Disposal of Sewage and Industrial
Effluents to cover Segment III-A, B and C) (down Narora
to down Varanasi)
(i) There are 39 drains joining the river main stem of Ganga directly. These
drains are discharging 3541 MLD of sewage along with industrial
effluents into the river. A total BOD load of 165 Tones per day is exerted
on this stretch. The details of towns and the number of drains
discharging sewage and industrial effluents with their flow and BOD level
are as under:
Table III Drains from Narora downstream to Varanasi
SL.
No
Catchment
region
Drain in S-III (Narora
to Varanasi)
Flow
(MLD)
Organic
Load
Based on
BOD (TPD)
1.
Bareilly –
Aligarh to
Kannauj
(III-A)
Nakatiya Nala 319.40 0.01
2. Chawari Nala 52.00 0.00
3. Deveranaiya Nala 192.53 0.06
4. Patta Nala, Kannauij 14.06 0.00
5. Kasganj drain at Amarpur Village,
47.21 0.00
6. Cherat Drain near KrisNigyan, Kentra,
Aligarh
32.38 0.05
Sub-Total 657.58 0.12
7.
Kanpur
(III-A)
Dabka Nalla-1 (Kachha
nala)
76.66 12.35
8. Dabka Nalla-2 (Pakka
nala)
6.01 7.58
9. Dabka Nalla-3 (Pakka
nala)
0.26 0.01
10. Shetla Bazar(Kachha
nala)
29.0 12.35
11. Wazidpur Nalla 11.23 7.58
12. Satti Chaura 1.43 0.10
13. Golaghat Nala 2.91 0.18
14. Bhagwatdas Nala 10.9 0.76
15. Sisamau Nala 141.33 11.92
16. Permiya Nala 186 11.49
Sub-Total 465.73 64.32
17. Unnao
(III-A)
Loni Drain 41.9 4.86
18. City Jail Drain 35.86 7.21
Sub-Total 77.76 12.07
Total (Segment III-A) 1201.07 76.51
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SL.
No
Catchment
region
Drain in S-III (Narora
to Varanasi)
Flow
(MLD)
Organic
Load
Based on
BOD (TPD)
19. Fatehpur to
Raibareilly
(III-B)
Pandu River 1,396 34.90
20. Seepage *
21. Arihari Drain 34.25 0.13
22. NTPC drain 60.29 1.12
Sub-Total 1490.54 36.15
23.
Allahabad
(III-B)
Rasulabad-1(Pakka nala) 29.8 20.26
24. Rasulabad-2(Pakka nala) 20.2 5.66
25. Rasulabad-3(kachha
nala)
14.2 1.32
26. Rasulabad-4(Kachha
nala)
48.5 2.38
27. Nehru Drain 26 0.38
28. Kodar Drain 32.70 0.32
29. Pongaghat Drain 8 0.16
30. Solari Drain 34.8 1.09
31. Maviya Drain 42.93 1.29
32. Mugalaha Drain 32.70 0.32
Sub-Total 289.83 33.18
Total (Segment III-B) 1780.37 69.33
33. Mirzapur
(III-C)
Ghore Saheed drain 86.4 4.12
34. Khandwa drain 62.21 5.35
Sub-Total 148.61 9.47
35.
Varanasi
(III-C)
Rajghat drain 16.19 0.81
36. Nagwa drain 66.45 4.06
37. Ramnagar drain 23.65 0.96
38. Varuna drain 304.5 3.78
39. Shivala Drain * ------
Sub-Total 410.79 9.61
Total (Segment III-C) 559.40 19.08
Grand Total (Segment III) 3540.84 164.92
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Chhoiya drain joining Ganga at Punjabi Dera (Jalilpur) (Summer 2014)
Status of drains carrying industrial effluents joining to
tributary of River Ganga
(ii) The drains along with domestic sewage also carries industrial effluents.
In the stretch of UP, 687 Industries are discharging 269 MLD effluents
through drains into river Ganga. It has been a fact that majority of
industries ae discharging wastewater into drains and tributaries which
ultimately meets river Ram Ganga and East Kali. The, entire industrial
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pollution load in this region is carried by both these rivers and are
polluted. The details are as under:
Table IV GPI of Uttar Pradesh
Category of
Industry
Number of
Industry
Water
Consumption
(MLD)
Waste-water
Generation
(MLD)
Chemical 20 113.0 29.6
Distillery 29 69.2 33.0
Food, Dairy &
Beverage
15 6.3 3.8
Others 35 90.7 18.1
Pulp & Paper 33 96.3 68.1
Sugar 56 278.4 85.7
Textile,
Bleaching &
Dyeing
59 11.4 9.0
Tannery 440 27.4 21.6
Total 687 693 269
(iii) There are two tributaries of Ganga namely Kali-east and Ramganga
joining river Ganga on the East and West banks at Kannauj. Both the
tributaries are acting as a carrier for disposal of domestic sewage and
industrial effluents. It is to mention that industries like Pulp and Paper,
Distilleries, Sugar and others are discharging wastewater into these
tributaries. The details of disposal of industrial and domestic sewage for
both the tributaries are given below;
Table V Contribution by Ramganga and Kali-east
Ramganga
(11 tributaries + 4 drains)
Kali-east
(9 drains)
Industrial
(80 units)
Domestic Industrial
(67 units)
Domestic
235 MLD 227 MLD 50.47 MLD 544 MLD
462 MLD 594.47 MLD
6.2.1 ACTION PLAN (Proposed)
(i) There is a need to evolve a comprehensive sewage treatment plan for
78 drains (main stem 65, 26 in Uttarakhand and 39 in UP + tributaries
receiving sewage from13 drains) covering 8 Class-I and 9 Class-II
towns for sewage treatment facilities.
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(ii) After sewage treatment, the treated sewage effluents will have to be
polished to free them from pathogenic bacteria and color and then
discharging into the river for maintaining flow of the river. This will be
the cost intensive action but, would be necessary and essential for
maintaining water quality of the river.
(iii) It would also be necessary to review the quantity of water being
discharged from the Narora barrage and the released flow may be
increased say by 5 % for illustration to facilitate further flow of the river
which may enhance oxygenation and rejuvenation capacity of the river.
(iv) With regard to control of pollution from industries, strict enforcement of
law will be the only option. Industries in this region are highly water
consuming, generate significant organic load bearing effluents and
importantly color, which many times has been reported by downstream
villages and at religious centers like Varanasi and Allahabad.
(v) After setting up of effluent treatment facilities by the industries, further
attempts, would be required to polish the treated effluents and either be
re-cycled or re-use back into the industrial system.
(vi) For strict regulatory enforcement and at the same time, preventing
frequent inspection of industries, a self-regulatory mechanism will have
to be enforced which should include:
(a) Installation of Continuous Effluent Monitoring Devices;
(b) Direct the industry to provide effluent tapping point to be notified
for Pollution Control Boards and to the public at appropriate
location so that, samples can be collected for compliance
verification. This system would prevent un-necessary and un-
wanted visits to the industry and will create accountability within
the industry that, where sample can be drawn by any person for
compliance verification. It shall be the responsibility of an industry
and SPCB to ensure the disposal points if consented, should be
approachable.
(vii) Enforcing Action Plan for Textile, sugar, Pulp & Paper, Distillery and
Tanneries to implement Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system or treat the
effluent for irrigation standard and prohibiting them not to dispose
effluent into drains.
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6.3 Down Varanasi/Ghazipur to confluence of river Ganga to
Sea (to cover Segment –IV)
It has been estimated that 580 MLD of sewage is discharged into river Ganga
directly by 25 drains in the State of Bihar which carries organic load of
100TPD in terms of BOD. In the State of West Bengal 1779 MLD of sewage
is being discharged through 54 drains carrying BOD load of 95.5 TPD.
The details of drains are as under:
(a) Bihar
Table VI Drains from Bihar
S.No. City Drain Flow
(MLD)
Organic Load
Based on BOD (TPD)
1.
Buxer
Sidhharth Drain 7.5 1.00
2. Sati Ghat Drain 7.7 1.51
3. Nath Baba Drain 5.2 0.30
4. Tadka Drain 6.8 0.02
5. Sariupur Drain 6.7 1.58
Sub-Total 33.9 4.41
6.
Patna
Danapur Cantt Drain 10.1 1.99
7. Digha Ghat Drain 9.6 1.91
8. Kurzi Drain 120.4 31.93
9. Rajapur Drain 40.7 7.49
10. Bansh Ghat Drain 6.6 1.14
11. Collectriate Ghat
Drain 14.3
4.00
12. Mittan Ghat Drain 5.4 0.98
13. Mahavir Drain 5.4 1.08
14. Badshahi Drain 21.4 4.88
Sub-Total 233.9 55.39
15. Munger
ITC Drain 10.13 3.29
16. Lal Darwala Drain 8.5 2.10
Sub-total 18.63 5.39
17.
Bhagalpur
Jamunia Drain 82.61 17.03
18. Adampur Drain 11.75 2.65
19. Sarkikal Drain 6.62 1.98
20. Saklichand Drain 7.7 1.48
21. Hathiya Drain 11.8 2.72
22. Chama Drain 10.6 3.07
23. Barari Ghat Drain 9.7 2.87
Sub-total 140.78 31.80
24. Kahalgaon
Kowa Drain 147.28 0.93
25. KagziDrain 5.2 1.58
Sub-total 152.48 2.51
Total In Bihar (Segment IV-A) 579.69 99.51
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b) West Bengal (LEFT BANK) Table VII Drains of West Bengal meets in the left bank
Sl.
No.
Catchment
region
Drain Flow
(MLD)
Organic
Load Based on BOD
(TPD)
1 Babughat Circular Canal adjacent
to River Hooghly
320.3 7.05
2 Kalighat Tolly Nala adjacent to
Dahighata
380.2 26.99
3 Khidderpore Dhankheti Khal Near
CESE Intake Point
65.2 15.13
4 Budge Budge Akhra Food Ghar
Adjacent to Hooghly River
83.4 2.00
5 Khardah Khardah Municipal Drain Connected to Hooghly River
63.0 2.33
6 Ichapur Debitala Pancha Khal, Ichapore (Adjacent to
R.N.S Brick Field)
46.0 0.23
7 Kalighat Khal Near Nimtala
Burning Ghat
20.7 1.55
8 Shobhabazar MuniKhali Khal Adjacent
to Arun Mistri Ghat
19.4 0.05
9 Kamarhati Kashipur Khal Adjacent
to Khamarhati Jute Mill
16.1 6.31
10 Barrackpore In front of S.P Bunglow,
S.N Banerjee Road, Mistry Ghat, Barrackpore
22.7 3.63
11 Cossipore Adjacent to Cossipore ferryghat & gunshell
factory
19.8 1.27
12 Chitpur Chitpur Ghat, Dilarjung
Road
15.0 0.96
13 Kalyani Majher Char Khal &
Kalyani combined waste sewage near brick field
with foam near sluice gate
16.5 0.36
14 Fortwilliam (Drain Opposite to Fort William , Judges Court Ghat )
7.65 0.08
15 Garifa Adjacent to Garifa Rly.Stn., Patterson road,
adjacent to Ram Ghat
7.78 0.15
16 Garifa Adjacent to Garifa Rly.
Stn.(North side) on
9.68 0.48
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Sl.
No.
Catchment
region
Drain Flow
(MLD)
Organic
Load Based on BOD (TPD)
Patterson road (domestic)
17 Baranagar Baranagar Khal Adjacent to Ratan Babu Ghat
10.3 0.99
18 Halisahar Mohan Misra lane & crossing of Ghosh para road, Halisahar,
adjacent to Prabhat Sangha playground
10.7 0.24
19 Garden Reach Bagher Khal, adjacent to Hotel Dreamland, near
sluice gate, open pucca drain
11.1 0.18
20 Howarh Drain between Pratapnagar and Rajbari
4.19 0.73
21 Chandannagar By the side of Alliance jute mill, Jagatdal Jetty, opposite side of bank
Chandannagar Jetty
4.96 0.28
22 Barrackpore Adjacent to boundary
wall of Gandhighat & near Upashak Social
Welfare Organization, Gandhighat, South gate-1,Barrackpore
3.61 0.04
23 Khardah Balughat, Manirampur pucca drain
2.28 0.13
24 Titagarh Bishalakshmi Ghat, adjacent to CESC Power
House, Titagarh
4.01 0.26
25 Naihati Thanar Khal, adjacent to
Thana & over tank by Naihati Municipality
5.29 0.20
26 Naihati Sasan ghat 2.92 0.03
27 Ramaghat Open pucca drain carrying waste for ward nos. 9 & 10
1.20 0.14
28 Saidabad kunja Bhata(opposite to auto
center)ward no. 25
1.26 0.10
29 Shovabazar Shovabazar Canal Near
Shovabazar Launch Ghat
0.42 0.03
30 Open pucca drain flowing adjacent to Diamond club,
0.96 2.03
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Sl.
No.
Catchment
region
Drain Flow
(MLD)
Organic
Load Based on BOD (TPD)
31 Open Kuccha drain carrying domestic waste
for Ward 16
0.66 0.03
32 Jangipur Adjacent to boundary
wall of Jangipur College and B D Office
1.08 0.05
33 Bhairabpur Shasan (burning) Ghat,Bhairabpur,
Purbaparaword9 no16
0.54 0.02
34 Bhairabpur Radhar Ghat(Old
Ichagra shasan Ghat) Bhairabpur, Purbapara
0.48 0.06
Sub Total (WB left bank) 1179.37 74.10
C) West Bengal (RIGHT BANK)
Table VIII Drains of West Bengal meets in the Right bank
Sl.
No.
Catchment
Region
Drain Flow
(MLD)
Organic
Load Based on
BOD (TPD)
1 Serampore Bhagirathi lane, Mahesh,
Serampore
41.5 0.327625
2 Rishra Hastings Ghat road,
adjacent to Hastings jute mill, Rishra, Hooghly
42.0 3.56918
3 Sankrail Najerganj Khal, north side of Shalimar paint, near Hans Khali Poll, Sankrail
326.0 5.21614
4 Sankrail Singhi More Khal (Singhi mara Khal), Manikpur,
Sankrail, near brick field
26.1 0.06795
5 Serampore Chatra Khal, Beniapara,
Serampore, Behind Ganga Darsan, Raja K. L Goswami
street, Serampore
28.4 1.44585
6 Rishra &
Konnagar
Bagh Khal, border of Rishra
& Konnagar Municipality on G.T Road
18.4 1.030575
7 Howarh Telkal Ghat 21.9 3.02849
8 Howarh Ramkrishna Mullickghat Road
12.2 1.0874
9 Garden Reach
130 Foreshore Road Martin Burn
17.6 2.47539
10 Shibpur Shibpur Burning Ghat 13.3 0.70596
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Sl.
No.
Catchment
Region
Drain Flow
(MLD)
Organic
Load Based on BOD (TPD)
11 Sankrail Jagannath Ghat Road, opposite to China
pharmacy, by the side of Bijoy lakshmi rolling mill
17.3 0.44871
12 Howarh Combined of Swarasati Khal and Rajganj Khal,
near Sankrail Police station, near Pareshnath Hazra Ghat
2.77 0.01662
13 Khardah Champdany Ferry Ghat, opposite nabal garrage,
Champdany , Poura bhavan road, Pin-712222
4.15 0.15759
14 Bally South side of Dawnagazi Ghat, Bally Municipality,
Bally
1.31 0.03659
15 Belur Jagatnath Ghat, Ward No.-
14, Lalababu Saha Rd., South side of Kathgola Ghat
9.33 0.133
16 Howarh 101,Foreshore Road 6.24 0.167
17 Belur Kuthighat South Side of
Belur Math
5.76 0.946
18 Sankrail N.C.Pal Khal, Sankrail 3.87 0.266
19 Adjacent to bazarpara and Garighat (ward no. 18)
Kuccha drain
1.20 0.15
20 Shibpur Shalimar Coal Deposit No
1Naresh Kumar Ward
0.16 0.158
Sub-Total (WB right bank) 599.49 21.43
Total (West Bengal) (Segment IV-B) 1778.86 95.53
Grand Total (Segment IV) 2358.55 195.04
6.3.1 Action Plan (Proposed)
i. The Action Plan for down Varanasi to the end in West Bengal would focus
on sewage treatment and emphasizing on water utilization to a maximum
extent and only excess un-utilized water going to the sea.
ii. Special attention is required to maintain aesthetic water quality as this
segment is contaminated with high number of fecal coliform bacteria.
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7.0 SUMMARY OF SEGMENTAL POLLUTION LOAD
A segment-wise breakup of drains carrying sewage/sullage with industrial
effluents is river in Table IX.;
Table IX Segment wise Pollution load
Segment No. of Drains
Flow (MLD)
Organic Load Based
on BOD (TPD)
No. of GPI
Waste Water Genera
tion (MLD)
Organic Load Based on
BOD (TPD)
Segment-I
Gangotri to
Haridwar D/S
14 444.2 42.8 7 5 1.4
Segment-II
Haridwar D/S to
Narora D/S
12 270.4 23.11 12 13 3.9
Segment III-A
Narora D/S to
Kanpur D/S
18 1201.0 76.51 145 314 96.9
Segment III-B
Kanpur D/S
(Fatehpur) to
Allahabad D/S
14 1780.3 69.33 504 39 6.8
Segment-III-C
Allahabad D/S
(Mirzapur) to
Ghazipur (Varanasi)
07 559.4 19.08 61 26 5.3
Segment-IV-A
Varanasi D/S
/Ghazipur to
Rajmahal
25 579.7 99.5 13 17 2.0
Segment-IV-B
Rajmahal D/S to
Diamond Harbour
54 1779 95.5 22 87 15.6
TOTAL 144 6,614 426 764 501 132
According to the figures given in the Table, it is clear that the river Ganga
receives maximum quantity of sewage and industrial effluents between Narora
downstream to Varanasi Downstream in the State of U.P. It is also important
to note that flow in river is significantly reducing from down of Narora. Hence,
segmental approach and action plan is becoming essential. (Plate -2, showing
pollution load and water quality on each segment may be seen).
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8.0 SEGMENTAL WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA
(Plate 2 may be seen)
8.1 Assessment of water quality of River Ganga
The segmented water quality of river Ganga correspondingly matches with the
activities being observed in each segment. The finding of water quality of river
Ganga (2009-2013) indicates that;
(i) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) has never been critical at locations where water
quality is monitored. Water Quality of Ganga is being monitored at 57
locations. DO has always been more than 6.0 mg/l. However, monitoring
at the outfall of sewage drain and within dilution zone, levels of DO could be
critical.
(ii) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) which is an indicator of organic pollution
has been above 3.0 mg/l from Kanpur to downstream of Varanasi. As water
flow increases in the river from Kanpur to Varanasi because of tributaries,
the BOD is getting diluted and down Varanasi to Diamond Harbour (WB) the
BOD values recover.
(iii) Fecal Coliform bacteria are present throughout the river length and this is
only due to disposal of sewage. The number of bacteria keep on varying but,
their presence is the only raising question on sanctity (“Pavitrata”) of the
river. The water quality of river Ganga is summarized in Table X.
Table X Segmental Water Quality of River Ganga
Sl.
No.
Segment Dissolved
Oxygen (mg/l)
Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (mg/l)
Fecal Coliform
Bactria(MPN/100ML)
I Gangotri to
Haridwar Down
Stream (D/S)
Ranging
between 5.0
to 10.0
Less than 2.0
except location
D/S of Raiwala
and D/S of
Haridwar
< 1,60,000
II. Haridwar D/S to
Narora D/S
More than 6.0 Ranging between
1.0 to 5.0
< 14000
III.A Narora D/S to
Kanpur D/S
More than 6.0 Ranging between
2.0 to 9.0
High Numbers
III.B Kanpur D/S to
D/S of Allahabad
More than
6.0
Ranging between
3.0 to 6.0
High Numbers
III.C Down Stream of
Allahabad to D/S
of Varanasi
More than 6.0 Ranging between
3.0 to 9.0
High Numbers
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IV-A Varanasi D/S
/Ghazipur to
Rajmahal
More than 6.0 Ranging between
2.0 to 4.0
High Numbers
IV-B Rajmahal D/S to
Diamond
Harbour
Ranging
between 5.0
to 9.0
Ranging 3.0 to
6.0
Entire stretch is
having high no.
of FC and
particularly in
the stretch
from
Behrampore to
Diamond
Harbour
8.2 The detailed Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year
2010-2014)
(May be seen at Plate 4.)
8.3 Primary Water Quality criteria
CPCB and SPCBs /PCCs have been comparing water quality monitoring
results with primary water quality criteria evolved by CPCB. The water
quality criterion for bathing water is given in Table XI. Accordingly, water
quality will have to be maintained with respect to coliform and fecal coliform
criteria.
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Table XI Primary Water Quality Criteria for Bathing Water (Existing)
(Water used for outdoor organized bathing)
CRITERIA RATIONALE
1. Faecal Coliform (MPN/100ml): 500 (desirable)
2500 (Maximum Permissible)
To ensure low sewage contamination.
Faecal coliform and faecal streptococci
are considered as they reflect the
bacterial pathogenicity.
2. Faecal Streptococci(MPN/100ml): 100 (desirable) 500 (Maximum Permissible)
The desirable and permissible limits are
suggested to allow for fluctuation in
environmental conditions such as
seasonal changes, changes in flow
conditions etc.
3. pH :
Between 6.5-8.5
The range provides protection of the skin
and delicate organs like eyes, nose, ears
etc. which are directly exposed during
outdoor bathing.
4. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) :
5 or more
The minimum dissolved oxygen
concentration of 5 mg/l ensures
reasonable freedom from oxygen
consuming organic pollution
immediately U/s which is necessary for
preventing production of anaerobic
gases (obnoxious gases) from sediments
5. Biochemical Oxygen (mg/l) Demand 3 day, 27oC : 3 or less
The Biochemical Oxygen Demand of 3
mg/l or less of the water ensures
reasonable freedom from oxygen
demanding pollutants and prevent
production of obnoxious gases.
9.0 BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF RIVER GANGA
i) The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) based on the Saprobic and
Diversity Scores, has evolved a water quality classification. This
classification has been done based on benthic macro- invertebrates. It has
been observed that each segment of river Ganga is represented by a typical
set of benthos present in that stretch. A bio-mapping of river Ganga has
been done (Plate -2) and it has been inferred that by identifying organism,
water quality of the river from clean to severe pollution can be assigned
(Table XII).
ii) CPCB has got a study conducted in the year 2010-11 through Central Inland
Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI) to assess the status of fisheries. It has
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been concluded that fish species are changing and replacing sensitive
species by hardy ones. It will be an important aspect of a new concept that,
the river Ganga be studied on regular basis to assess its ecological/biological
status. It is important to mention that river without life, has no meaning
and therefore, ultimate object and to set of river cleaning should be to
conserve life.
Table XII Biological Water Quality in Ecological Segments of River Ganga
S.
no.
River Ganga
Segment
Saprobic
score
Diversity
score
Bio-
logical
water
quality
Bio-logical
water quality
class
Indicator
colour
1
Segment I 6.03 0.57
Slight
Pollution B Light Blue
2 Segment II 4.49 0.77 Moderate
pollution C Green
3 Segment III
A 5.01 0.7
Moderate
pollution C Green
4 Segment III
B 5.11 0.658
Moderate
pollution C Green
5 Segment III
C 4.8 0.75
Moderate
pollution C Green
6 Segment IV
A 5.378 0.667
Moderate
pollution C Green
7 Segment IV
B 5.444 0.641
Moderate
pollution C Green
10.0 FLOW IN GANGA
10.1 Flow in Ganga – An Important Issue
The River Ganga suffers from various problems and the most significant one being
the lean flow during dry season and dumping of untreated and /or partially treated
sewage into the river. River flow in the Ganga is low because of diversion through
Upper and Lower Ganga canals from Hardwar and further from Narora barrage
leaving virtually very little flow in the main river.
Ganga in Uttar Pradesh demands treatment of sewage and minimum
environmental flow for its survival as a river. Since a river is a living eco-system
and therefore, ultimate goal should be to protect the functioning of the river eco-
system.
It is important to note that un-abated discharge of treated sewage, even if after
100% treatment, with BOD level of 30 mg/l or less cannot bring the river water to
bathing quality level in lean season river flow. In order to achieve the goal, it is
important that minimum flow throughout the year is maintained to support eco-
system and other uses to maintain the wholesomeness of the river.
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90% of water diverted at Narora into Canal (Summer 2014)
For illustration (on 31.05.2014), at Narora Barrage, the total discharge of
river water was 7858 cuses/sec and the discharge into river was 355
cuses/sec and rest was diverted into the canal. As a result, there was little
water flowing down and it was seen that at Kacchla Ghat, people were just
crossing the river.
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10.2 Water Discharge and Its Utilization from Different
Dams/ Barrages
Information obtained (Irrigation and Water Resource department, Uttar
Pradesh) regarding water discharge and its utilization from different
dams/barrages constructed on river Ganga from Haridwar to Kanpur is given
table-XIII.
Table XIII Water discharge and its utilization from different dams/barrages
Name of
Dams/
Barrages
Average
Flow of
Ganga
River
(Cusec)
Name/Numbers
of Canals taking
water from such
dams/ barrages
Quantity of water Discharge
through Canals (cusec)
Use of
water
discharge
through
Canal
Max.
Discharge
Min.
Discharge
Average
Discharge
Bheem Gaura
Barrage,
Haridwar
30,527
Min.-9869
Max.-NA
1. Left side of Barrage: East Ganga Canal
2. Right Side of Barrage: Upper Ganga
Canal
2032
11290
161
1692
890
7663
For
Irrigation,
Electric
generation
& Drinking
Water
Ch. Charan
Singh
Barrage,
Bijnor
18,000
Min.-NA
Max.-NA
1. Left side of Barrage:
Madhya Ganga Canal
(Second Phase) Under Construction
2. Right side of Barrage: Madhya Ganga Canal (First Phase)
-
5,60,980
(In Year
2010)
-
600
-
5000
Madhya
Ganga
Canal (First
Phase)
Used for
Irrigation
of Kharif
Crop
Ch. Charan
Singh Ganga
Barrage,
Narora
Bulandsharha
r
13,000
Min.-
2783
Max.-
6,10,859
1. Lower Ganga Canal
2. Parallel Lower Ganga Canal
3. Narora atomic power plant channel
7443
6096
43
2653
0
27
5320
5307
38
For
Irrigation,
and Atomic
power
Plant
LUVKUSH
Kanpur
Ganga
Barrage,
Kanpur
4096
(May
2015)
Max.-
3,48,012
Min.-2430
No Canal is taking
water from this
Barrage
- - 80.20 To supply
drinking
water to
Kanpur city
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10.3 Findings
Based on data collected it can be inferred that significant quantity of water is
abstracted through three barrages. The average quantity of water abstracted from
i) Bheem Gaura Barrage, Haridwar is 8553 cusec; ii) Ch. Charansingh Madhya
Ganga Barrage is 5000 cusec; iii) Ch. Charan Singh Ganga Barrage, Narora is
10,665 cusec; and iv) Luv Kush Kanpur Ganga Barrage is 80.2 cusec.
Considering this, it can be concluded that total quantity of water withdrawal from
Haridwar to Narora is 24,298 cusec, which is about 80% of average flow (30,527
cusec) of river Ganga at Haridwar The tributaries Ramganga and Kali east meets
with river Ganga at about 200 km downstream of Narora even though the average
water being discharged from Kanpur is only 4096 cusec in the month of May, 2014.
Plate -1 may be referred for details. However, these information’s need further
review for strategic actions.
11.0 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
11.1 Proposed Concept and Features of Plan
The proposed conservation plan will include following features which perhaps
were not taken into the previous action plans:
a) Evolving segmental action plans and assigning responsibility and
accountability on the concerned State Governments under the monitoring
and technical supervision of Central Government. There could be
Regional/Segmental Monitoring Authorities. This should not be viewed for
new staff, infrastructure or other facilities but, existing system available
with State Pollution Control Board and State Departments should be
utilized. Each state will ensure that when river water leaves from their
territory, should meet existing primary water quality criteria and
subsequently the proposed bathing water quality criteria (Table –XIV).
b) Feasibility to introduce low cost sewage options like in-situ sewage
treatment or other alternate methods as intermediary options till full-
fledged sewage treatment facilities are installed. A wide publicity should
be given to invite expression of interest from technology providers (private
and Govt. Institutions) that to treat waste water flowing in drains and bring
down pollution load. The Government may encourage action plans to this
effect and experiment such options on demonstration basis and costs can
be reimbursed only after demonstrating the results.
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c) Due to the circumstances and need, treated sewage effluents would
require further treatment to remove fecal bacteria and then use the
treated effluents for disposal in river.
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(d) Introducing physico-chemical and biological methods for reducing
pathogenicity for treated effluents so to maintain sanctity of the river.
[Fecal coliform bacteria]
(e) Enforcement of law on industries insisting for zero waste disposal
system, maximizing water recycling and re-using of treated effluents.
(f) Industries to be made responsible for providing sample collection points
to be duly notified for the regulatory bodies for collection of treated
samples to verify compliance with the standards.
(g) Constitution of voluntary groups under the coordination with States and
Central Agencies for keeping a watch on protection of river and to check
illegal activities relating to disposal of effluent in to river/drains.
(h) Networking with Academic and Research & Development Institutions for
undertaking R&D programs based on practical solutions for conserving
the river Ganga and its tributaries.
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12.0 PROPOSED PRIMARY WATER CRITERIA FOR
BATHING WATER
The proposed primary water quality criteria (Draft) for bathing water (fresh water)
(water used for organized outdoor bathing) to be implemented for Ganga and to
other rivers is given in Table XIV. (Readers may refer for final action)
Table XIV Proposed Primary Water Criteria for bathing water
CRITERIA RATIONALE
1. Total Coliform
(MPN/100ml)
50
Many glacial fed and spring fed rivers at
the upstream, are direct source of
drinking water. Contribution of Total
Coliform in such pristine water is mainly
through soil origin and may not be
harmful while bathing.
2. Fecal Coliform
(MPN/100ml)
<1.8
Fecal Coliform is considered as they are
indicators of the bacterial pathogenicity
through human origin and their presence
renders the river water to many water
borne diseases like urinary tract
infection, shigellosis, ear and eye
infection, cholera, skin diseases and
typhoid etc. thus, unsuitable for drinking
purposes while bathing.
3. Fecal Streptococci
(MPN/100ml)
<1.8
The Fecal streptococci are valuable
pollution indicators of rivers, streams,
lakes. The normal habitat of Fecal
streptococci is the intestine of humans
and animals. Ratio of Fecal Coliform/
Fecal streptococci may provide
information on possible sources of
pollution such as; human, duck, sheep,
chicken, pig, cow, and turkey. Their
presence renders the river water to many
water borne diseases like Impetigo,
meningitis, sinusitis, dental caries,
endocarditis, erysipelas and narcotizing
fasciitis, diseases of cattle and horses,
thus, unsuitable for drinking purposes
while bathing.
4. pH value 6.5-8.5 The range provides protection to the skin
and delicate organs like eyes, nose, ears
etc. which are directly exposed during
outdoor bathing
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5. Dissolved Oxygen
(mg/l)
5 or more
The maximum Dissolved Oxygen
concentration of 5 mg/l ensures
reasonable freedom from Oxygen
consuming organic pollution immediately
upstream which is necessary for
preventing production of anaerobic gases
(Obnoxious gases) from sediments.
6. Bio-chemical
Oxygen Demand 3 days, 270C
(mg/l)
3 or less
The Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand of 3
mg/l or less of the water ensures
reasonable freedom from oxygen
demanding pollutants and prevent
production of obnoxious gases.
7. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
(mg/l)
<10
COD often is used as a measurement of
pollutants in natural water to ensure no
contamination from industrial source
after treatment. Such levels of COD
ensure no contamination from industrial
source after treatment.
8. Colour ( Hazen ) 10-20 Specially caused by chemical compound like creosols, phenols, naphtha, pyridine,
and benzene, toluene etc. causing visible coloration of water, which is undesirable for drinking and bathing purposes.
9. Odour No noticeable offensive Odour
Odour is recognized as a quality factor
affecting acceptability of drinking water
(and food prepared with it) fainting of
fish and other aquatic organisms and
aesthetics of bathing waters. Most
organic and some inorganic chemicals
contribute odour. These chemicals may
originate from municipal and industrial
waste discharges from natural sources
such as decomposition of vegetable
matter or from associated microbial
activity, and from disinfectants or their
products which is undesirable for drinking
and bathing purposes.
10.Floating Matter
Nothing Obnoxious
or detrimental for use Purpose.
Floating material in bathing waters are of
two types, particulate matter that
includes grease balls and liquid
components capable of spreading as a
thin, highly visible film over large areas.
It is important because it accumulates on
the surface, is often highly visible, is
subject to wind –induced transport, may
11.a) Floating Materials, Oil, grease
and scum (including Petroleum
Products) mg/l
<1.0
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11.b) Sludge deposits,
Solid refuse floating solids, oil grease and scum
None except for
such small amount that may result from
discharge of approximately
treated sewage and or industrial waste effluents
contain pathogenic bacteria and / or
viruses associated with individual
particles, and can significantly
concentrate metals and chlorinated
hydrocarbons such as pesticides and
PCBs. Colloidally dispersed oil and grease
behave like other dispersed organic
matter and are included in the material
measured by the COD, BOD, tests.
12.Suspended Solids mg/l
<10 form sewage or
industrial waste origin
Water high in suspended solids may be
esthetically unsatisfactory for such
purposes as bathing. Solids analyses are
important in the control of biological and
physical waste water treatment
processes and for assessing compliance
with regulatory agency waste water
effluent limitations.
13.Turbidity NTU (Nephalo Turbidity
Unit)
30 Measured at 0.9 depth
Turbidity in water is caused by suspended and colloidal matter such as
clay; silt finely divided organic and inorganic matter, and plankton and other microscopic organisms.
14.Aquatic life of Benthic Macro invertebrates
Benthic macro-invertebrates are the best suitable indicators of surface water
quality. Their presence in bathing water with having high saprobic and diversity
score ensures suitability of water quality standards for protection of aquatic life in bathing waters.
14.a) Saprobic score range
6.0 -7.0
14. b) Diversity score range
0.5-1.0
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13.0 PROPOSED STANDARDS FOR TREATMENT PLANTS
(STPs)
CPCB has proposed following standards for notification and STPs will be required
to comply with these standards.
Standards For Treated Effluent Of Sewage Treatment Plants
Sl. No. Sector Parameters Standards for New
STPs (Design after
notification date)*
1. Sewage
Treatment Plant
pH 6.5-9.0
2. BOD, mg/l 10
3. COD, mg/l 50
4. TSS, mg/l 10
5. NH4-N, mg/l 5
6. N-total, mg/l 10
7. Fecal Coliform,
MPN/100ml
<230
8. PO4-P , mg/l 2
Note: (i) These standards will be applicable for discharge in water resources as well as for land disposal. The standards for Fecal Coliform may
not be applied for use of treated sewage in industrial purposes.
*Achievements of Standards for existing STPs will be within 05 years from date of notification.
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14.0 CONCLUSION- KEY ACTIONS
1. Immediate need is to commission in-situ treatment of the drains joining
river Ganga (144) or any other actions without waiting for full-fledged
sewage treatment plants as it may be a time taking process.
2. Invite Expression of Interest from Technology Providers
(Private/Govt./R&D) for demonstrating experiments to treat
sewage/industrial effluents flowing drains meeting river Ganga. Such
approach should be simple, cost-effective and should comply with standards
till STPs are set up. This will be short term and intermediary solution. Such
proposal should also include removal of pathogenic bacteria. The existing
and new STPs should essentially meet the bacterial standards.
3. Handover each Ghat on river Ganga to Religious, Private Institutes for
maintaining up-keep and hygienic conditions.
4. Need to release more water from Bijnor and Narora barrage.
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Plate 1: Withdrawal of water from River Ganga from Haridwar to Kanpur.
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Plate 2: Segment wise status of River Ganga
Origin
Haridwar
Narora
Kanpur
Allahabad
Varanasi
Diamond Harbour
Segment - I
Segment - II Segment – III A
Segment – III B
Segment – IV A
Segment – III C
Segment – IV B
Rajmahal
1. Sewage Drains : 14
a. Flow : 444.2 MLD
b. BOD : 42.8 TPD
2. No. of GPI : 7
a. Effluents : 5 MLD
b. BOD : 1.42 TPD
3. Water Quality
a. DO (mg/l) : 5.0-10.0
b. BOD (mg/l) : .0.0-7.0 (<2.0 at
most of the locations U/s
Rishikesh)
c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :4-160000
Segment - I
1. Sewage Drains : 12
a. Flow : 270.4 MLD
b. BOD: : 23.11 TPD
2. No. of GPI : 12
a. Effluents : 13 MLD
b. BOD : 3.93 TPD
3. Water Quality
a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0
b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-6.0
c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :<2500
Segment - II
1. Sewage Drains : 18
a. Flow : 1201.07 MLD
b. BOD: :76.51TPD
2. No. of GPI : 145
a. Effluents : 314 MLD
b. BOD : 96.94 TPD
3. Water Quality
a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0
b. BOD (mg/l) :2.0-9.0
c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml):high at
Kanpur
Segment – III A
1. Sewage Drains : 14
a. Flow : 1780.37 MLD
b. BOD: : 69.33 TPD
2. No. of GPI : 504
a. Effluents : 39 MLD
b. BOD : 6.79 TPD
3. Water Quality
a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0
b. BOD (mg/l) :3.0-6.0
c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high
Segment – III B
1. Sewage Drains : 7
a. Flow : 559.4MLD
b. BOD: : 19.08 TPD
2. No. of GPI : 61
a. Effluents : 26 MLD
b. BOD : 5.3 TPD
3. Water Quality
a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0
b. BOD (mg/l) :3.0-9.0
c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high
Segment – III C
1. Sewage Drains : 25
a. Flow :580 MLD
b. BOD :100 TPD
2. No. of GPI :13
a. Effluents :17 MLD
b. BOD :2 TPD
3. Water Quality
a. DO (mg/l) : >6.0
b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-4.0
(<3.0 at most of the
locations)c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :<9,000
Segment – IV A
1. Sewage Drains : 54
a. Flow :1780 MLD
b. BOD :95.04 TPD
2. No. of GPI :22
a. Effluents :87 MLD
b. BOD :15.6 TPD
3. Water Quality
a. DO (mg/l) : >6.0
b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-6.0c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high 3000-65x104
Segment – IV B
Distillery 1Pulp & Paper 3Sugar 3
Distillery 5Pulp & Paper 1Sugar 6
Chemical 9Distillery 1Food &dairy 8Other 23Pulp &Paper 2Sugar 2Tannery 404Textile 55
Chemical 10Distillery 20Food & dairy 4Other 8Pulp & Paper 53Sugar 48Textile 2
Chemical 1Distillery 1Food & dairy 2Other 3Pulp & Paper 1Tannery 2Textile 3
Chemical 1, Distillery 5Food & dairy 3, Other 4Pulp & Paper 4, Sugar 6Tannery 36, Textile, 2
Chemical 7Distillery 2Food & dairy 4Other 3Pulp &Paper 3Sugar 2Textile 1
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Plate 3: Bio-mapping of River Ganga
Origin
Haridwar
Narora
Kanpur
Allahabad
Varanasi
Diamond Harbour
Rajmahal
Segment – IV A
Segment – IV B
Bio Mapping of River Ganga
9
311
1
1
6
91
1
8
2
1
2
1
Segment – III A
Average Saprobic Score - 5.01
Average Diversity Score - 0.66
Biological Water Quality Class - ‘C’
Biological Water Quality -
Moderate Pollution
Indicator Colour - Green
Segment – IV A
Average Saprobic score –5.378
Average Diversity score – 0.677
Biological Water quality Class – ‘C’
Biological Water Quality – Moderate Pollution
Indicator Colour - Green
Segment - I
Average Saprobic Score - 6.03
Average Diversity Score - 0.57
Biological Water Quality Class - ‘B’
Biological Water Quality - Slightly Polluted
Indicator Colour - Light Blue
Segment - II
Average Saprobic Score - 4.49
Average Diversity Score - 0.774
Biological Water Quality Class - ‘C’
Biological Water Quality -
Moderate Pollution
Indicator Colour - Green
Segment – III B
Average Saprobic Score - 5.11
Average Diversity Score - 0.658
Biological Water Quality Class - ‘C’
Biological Water Quality -
Moderate Pollution
Indicator Colour - GreenAverage Saprobic Score - 4.861
Average Diversity Score - 0.564
Biological Water Quality Class - ‘C’
Biological Water Quality -
Moderate Pollution
Indicator Colour - Green
Segment – III C Segment – IV B
Average Saprobic score –5.4444
Average Diversity score – 0.6418
Biological Water quality Class – ‘C’
Biological Water Quality –
Moderate Pollution
Indicator Colour – Green
9
1
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Plate 4: The Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year 2010-2014)
Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year 2010-2014)
Sl.
No.
LOCATION DO (mg/l) B.O.D (mg/l) FECAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Water Quality Criteria
1 BHAGIRATHI AT GANGOTRI 8.8 8.5 8.6 8.6 0.0 - - 12 - - 220 -
2 ALKANANDA B/C MANDAKINI AT RUDRA PRAYAG 9.2 9.6 9.7 8.8 8.5 0.3 - 0.7 0.9 0.8 310 2500 5000 790 -
3 MANDAKINI B/C ALKALNADA AT RUDRAPRAYAG 9.3 8.8 8.9 8.6 8.8 0.3 - 4.6 0.6 0.7 325 1800 1100 -
4 ALKANANDA A/C MANDAKINI AT RUDRAPRAYAG 8.7 9.3 8.9 8.4 7.9 0.3 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.0 470 16650 78 -
5 ALKANANDA B/C TO BHAGIRATHI AT DEVPRAYAG 9.1 9.1 9.4 8.9 8.2 0.3 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.0 600 5100 160000 -
6 BHAGIRATHI B/C WITH ALAKNANDA AT DEVPRAYAG 8.2 8.6 7.0 9.0 8.6 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.2 0.9 457 650 17000 40 -
7 ALKANANDA A/C WITH BHAGIRATHI AT DEVPRAYAG 9.1 8.7 9.0 8.6 8.1 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.6 1.0 863 27650 45 -
8 GANGA AT RISHIKESH U/S 9 9.1 8.4 8.6 8.5 1.0 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.1 4 - - -
9 GANGA A/C OF RIVER SONG NEAR SATYANARAYAN TEMPLE D/S RAIWALA 8.1 7.8 6.0 6.7 7.0 3.2 4.5 6.2 5.5 6.7 - 800 -
10 GANGA AT HARIDWAR D/S 6.3 6.7 7.2 6.5 5.0 6.7 5.6 5.3 5.2 5.2 20 1150 -
11 UPPER GANGA RIVER D/S ROORKEE 8.6 8.3 7.9 6.7 7.8 2.8 2.5 2.6 5.5 2.0 - 8 -
12 GANGA AT GARHMUKTESHWAR 8.1 8.2 8.6 9.0 9.1 4.2 3.4 3.4 2.9 2.8 1517 1162 920 767 725
13 GANGA U/S, ANOOPSHAHAR 8 8.4 9.2 2.7 2.8 3.1 2.6 - 673 352 -
14 GANGA D/S, ANOOPSHAHAR 7.9 8.3 9.2 2.9 3.6 3.2 2.5 - 783 428 -
15 GANGA AT NARORA (BULANDSAHAR) 8.2 8.7 9.3 2.8 3.1 2.6 2.4 - 420 595 -
16 GANGA AT KACHHLA GHAT, ALIGARH 7.8 8.3 9.0 3.0 3.7 2.7 2.4 - 840 732 -
17 GANGA AT KANNAUJ U/S (RAJGHAT) 7.2 7.9 8.6 8.2 7.8 4.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 2.8 1058 3042 4673 1210 3500
18 GANGA AT KANNAUJ D/S, U.P 7 7.8 8.3 7.9 5.8 5.0 5.5 4.8 4.3 3.0 1667 3508 6045 1517 4000
19 GANGA AT BITHOOR (KANPUR) 7.5 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.1 3.6 4.0 4.1 3.2 3.3 1067 1700 4845 1233 3500
20 GANGA AT KANPUR U/S (RANIGHAT) 8.1 8.6 8.7 8.3 7.8 3.3 4.3 4.3 3.4 3.5 1083 6667 6245 1358 4200
21 GANGA AT KANPUR D/S (JAJMAU PUMPING STATION) 6.3 6.9 6.6 6.7 7.3 6.1 8.4 8.3 6.8 7.7 8558 38942 23927 13567 40000
22 GANGA AT DALMAU (RAI BAREILLY) 7.5 7.8 7.7 8.3 9.1 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.4 5367 5300 4642 4645 7600
23 GANGA AT KALA KANKAR, RAEBARELI 7.5 7.7 7.8 8.4 9.2 3.5 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.3 5375 4980 4400 4400 7200
24 GANGA AT ALLAHABAD (RASOOLABAD), U.P. 7.7 7.2 7.4 8.5 9.0 4.4 4.2 5.6 3.6 3.5 3367 3358 3058 5033 22000
25 GANGA AT KADAGHAT, ALLAHABAD 7.8 7.6 7.8 8.4 8.7 3.9 3.6 4.8 3.4 4.1 - 2492 2600 16100 24000
26 GANGA AT ALLAHABAD D/S (SANGAM), U.P. 7.3 7.2 7.1 8.2 8.6 4.6 4.0 5.1 3.6 3.8 - 3408 3450 6475 26000
27 GANGA U/S, VINDHYACHAL, MIRZAPUR - 8.7 8.5 8.8 8.6 2.7 3.7 2.8 2.6 3.0 - 332 813 1441 4600
28 GANGA D/S, MIRZAPUR - 7.7 7.8 8.4 8.4 3.1 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.5 - 2377 2133 2808 6300
29 GANGA AT VARANASI U/S (ASSIGHAT) 8 7.6 7.9 8.4 8.3 3.9 3.9 3.2 3.0 2.9 8730 8000 6783 5500 2200
30 GANGA AT VARANASI D/S (MALVIYA BRIDGE), U.P 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.9 7.7 8.9 8.0 5.0 4.6 4.4 44400 40000 31667 34500 34000
31 GANGA AT TRIGHAT (GHAZIPUR) 7.6 7.3 7.6 7.9 7.7 4.3 4.3 3.7 3.7 3.9 13800 13000 14167 15167 14000
32 GANGA AT BUXAR,BIHAR 8.6 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.3 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 1889 3122 2350 1913 2400
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33 GANGA AT BUXAR, RAMREKHAGHAT 8.5 8.4 8.1 7.9 8.2 2.9 2.9 3.2 2.7 2.7 7889 7500 6167 4925 1100
34 GANGA AT KHURJI, PATNA U/S 8.5 8.4 11.7 8.0 8.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.3 1720 2767 2209 2356 1750
35 GANGA AT INDRAPURI, DEHRI ON SONE 8.4 8.3 8.0 8.0 - 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.2 - 911 1188 960 650 -
36 GANGA AT THE CONFLUENCE OF SONE RIVER DORIGANJ, CHAPRA 8.2 8.5 8.3 8.3 8.3 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 1367 1922 1406 1613 2100
37 GANGA DARBHANGA GHAT AT PATNA 8.2 8.4 8.2 7.8 8.2 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 7711 9000 7250 7378 6100
38 GANGA AT PATNA D/S (GANGA BDG) 8.3 8.4 8.2 7.9 8.2 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 4278 5667 5167 5222 5200
39 GANGA AT PUNPUN, PATNA 7.1 7.3 7.7 7.7 6.6 2.8 2.7 2.6 4.0 2.4 1333 1589 1308 1713 1900
40 GANGA AT FATUHA 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.1 8.3 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2089 2675 1600 2300 1950
41 GANGA AT MOKAMA (U/S) 8.5 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.3 1978 2575 1840 1410 1595
42 GANGA AT MOKAMA (D/S) 8.1 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.6 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.6 6775 7638 5973 5000 2960
43 GANGA AT MUNGER 8.4 7.8 8.0 7.6 7.6 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2900 2178 2067 1646 2050
44 GANGA AT SULTANGANJ, BHAGALPUR 8.3 7.8 8.0 7.8 7.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2033 1943 1778 1418 1670
45 GANGA AT BHAGALPUR 8.5 7.7 7.9 7.6 7.7 2.9 2.8 4.7 2.7 2.6 1933 3686 4410 2673 3350
46 GANGA AT KAHALGAON 8.3 7.9 8.1 7.8 7.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 1989 5611 3809 3055 3200
47 GANGA AT BAHARAMPORE 7.7 8.3 7.6 7.8 6.7 1.6 2.2 3.4 5.6 4.4 63333 105364 41817 17317 592500
48 NABADIP ON GANGA,GHOSHPARA NEAR MONIPURGHAT 7.6 8.5 7.6 7.4 7.5 1.4 2.1 2.4 3.4 3.1 21250 13573 28975 16208 651500
49 TRIBENI ON GANGA, NEAR BURNING GHAT 7.8 8.2 7.4 7.0 7.3 1.8 1.7 1.6 2.0 3.3 27500 3064 12925 29782 56000
50 GANGA AT PALTA WEST BENGAL 7.4 7.7 7.0 7.2 6.9 1.6 2.1 3.1 3.6 4.8 87500 84667 156417 131000 256500
51 GANGA AT SERAMPORE 7.9 7.8 7.0 6.1 6.6 2.1 1.9 2.4 3.7 5.4 41750 66667 128667 233417 258500
52 GANGA AT DAKSHINESHWAR 6.8 7.8 6.1 5.9 6.7 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.4 238333 270333 493750 443333 592500
53 GANGA AT HOWRAH-SHIVPUR 6.9 7.3 6.0 6.0 6.7 2.1 4.0 2.9 3.5 3.4 107500 130750 131250 238333 127000
54 GANGA AT GARDEN REACH 6.2 6.8 6.2 6.2 6.6 2.2 4.1 3.3 4.2 3.0 200000 164833 198333 328750 632500
55 GANGA AT ULUBERIA 6.6 5.9 5.5 5.6 6.4 3.2 2.8 3.3 3.3 3.2 19583 32500 30333 63833 67000
56 GANGA AT DIAMOND HARBOUR 6.9 7.1 6.7 6.4 6.7 4.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3.8 12500 20333 25500 33167 122000
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Plate 5: Summary of Segmental Pollution Load and Proposed Action Plan
Segment No. of
Drains
Flow
(MLD)
Organic
Load
Based on
BOD
(TPD)
No.
of
GPI
Waste
Water
Generation
(MLD)
Organic
Load
Based
on BOD
(TPD)
Proposed action plan
Segment-I
Gangotri to Haridwar
D/S
14 444.2 42.8 7 5 1.4 Afforestation to prevent silting.
Massive awareness campaigns to discourage the use of plastic and other non-biodegradable materials.
Installation of bio-toilets to prohibit practice of open defecation.
Installation of bio-gas plants/composting for utilization of domestic solid waste as well as
“Nirmalya”. In-situ sewage treatment for drains
carrying sewage and sullage
Segment-II
Haridwar D/S to
Narora D/S
12 270.4 23.11 12 13 3.9 Afforestation to prevent silting
Massive awareness campaigns to discourage the use of plastic and other non-biodegradable materials.
Installation of bio-toilets to prohibit practice of open defecation.
Installation of bio-gas plants/composting for utilization of domestic solid waste as well as
“Nirmalya”. In-situ sewage treatment for drains
carrying sewage and sullage Bio- augmentation of existing STPs
to remove fecal coliform bacteria.
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Segment III-A
Narora D/S to
Kanpur D/S
18 1201.0 76.51 145 314 96.9 Implementing norms of zero liquid discharge for industries Distilleries, Tanneries and Textiles; and water
conservation and utilising treated effluent for irrigation in Pulp &
Paper and Sugar. Enforcing industries to re-cycle and
re-use treated effluents or permitting to discharge only after meeting with the standards and
industries discharging continuous effluents, to install on line effluent
monitoring devices. In-situ sewage treatment at
terminal point of the drains joining
river Ganga and tributaries till full-fledged sewage treatment plants
are installed. Improving performance of STPs to
achieve newly proposed standards
and polishing of treated effluents by adopting bio-augmentation to
eliminate total coliform and fecal coliform bacteria.
Install as per need, RO plants to
refine the treated sewage and then either dispose into the river or re-
utilize. Installing real time water quality
monitoring stations as envisaged
under the World Bank project and also adopting with early warning
biological system to have strict vigilance on water quality to river strict vigilance on water quality to
Segment III-B
Kanpur D/S
(Fatehpur) to
Allahabad D/S
14 1780.3 69.33 504 39 6.8
Segment-III-C
Allahabad D/S
(Mirzapur) to
Ghazipur (Varanasi)
07 559.4 19.08 61 26 5.3
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river Ganga and to keep watch on the discharges of both sewage and trade effluents.
Insisting rain water harvesting system for establishments along
the bank of river Increase quantity or water
discharge from Bijnor/Narora barrage.
Installation of
community/individual bio toilets. Installation of waste to
energy/compost plants for disposal of municipal solid waste and “Nirmalya”.
Segment-IV
Ghazipur D/S to
Diamond Harbour
79 2358.5 195.04 35 104 17.6 Emphasis on improving
performance of installed STPs and bio-augmentation followed by
polishing of effluents to eliminate fecal coliforms.
Maximizing of water utilization
before joining of river to bay of Bengal.
Implementation of zero liquid discharge for Pulp and Paper, Tanneries, Distilleries.
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PHOTO GALLERY
1. Water release from Narora barrage
2. Chhoiya drain joining Ganga at Punjabi Dera (Jalilpur)
(Summer 2014)
3. Flow diminished at Kachchla Ghat (Summer 2014)
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4. Drain carrying industrial effluents
5. Drain carrying industrial effluents
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6. Status of drains carrying industrial effluents
7. Industries discharging effluents into drains
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[Part – B]
GANGA ACTION PLAN
Segmental Approach
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“Ganga Action Plan — Segmental Approach”
1. River Ganga travels 2525 km crossing the States of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh
Bihar Jharkhand West Bengal
Total
Number of Districts along Ganga Main Stem
8 31 15 1 11 66
Number of Towns included in MoUD Priority List
15 31 26 2 44 118
Number of Gram Panchayats in MoDWS List
132 959 309 25 224 1649
2. The River Ganga in its total length of 2525 km receives 501 MLD of industrial
effluents from 764 grossly polluting industries (GPI) [GPI refers to industries
discharging effluent more than 100 kg/day of BOD or generating hazardous
Waste]. Besides, there are other industries discharging effluents into drains which
ultimately meets river Ganga. Industries exert about 131 tonnes of BOD load per
day on river Ganga through various drains.
Salient Features of River Ganga
Total Length 2525 kms
Uttarakhand 450 kms (upto Haridwar) Uttar Pradesh 1000kms (upto Varanasi) Sharing length between UP & Bihar 110 kms
Bihar 405 kms (Buxer-Manihari) Jharkhand 40 kms (Sahibganj-Rajmahal) West Bengal 520 kms (Farakka-Ganga Sagar)
Catchment Area Ganga Basin 8,61,404 sq km (26.4%) of India
Average Annual discharge 4,93,400 million cubic meters
Main Tributaries Yamuna, Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Damodar, Kosi & Kali-East
Main sub tributaries Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken, Tons (beyond five States), Sone & Kasia-Haldi
3. As per estimates of MoWR, sewage treatment capacity of about 7300 MLD is
required whereas, capacity of treatment created is 2100 MLD and under creation
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is 1200 MLD. According to assessment of CPCB (2014), 144 sewage drains are
discharging 6100 MLD of sewage effluents with BOD load of 294 tonnes per day.
4. Water quality of river Ganga is being regularly monitored on monthly basis at 57
locations. (UK-11, UP-20, Bihar-15, Jharkhand-1 and WB-10). Water Quality
Monitoring of last five years (2010-14) indicate that;
(i) At all the 56 monitored locations, pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) values
are in the acceptable range when compared with Water Quality criteria
required for bathing waters. Since, monitoring of river is carried out in day
time, the levels of DO were not critical.
(ii) Values of BOD more than 3.0 mg/l are considered to be critical for
requirement of bathing waters. In last five years in the State of Uttarakhand,
out of 11 location monitored, BOD was 4.6 mg/l at location Mandakini before
confluence Alaknanda at Rudrayprayag (2012). However, at location D/S
of Raiwala and D/S of Haridwar, BOD has been more than 3.0 mg/l. In the
entire stretch of UP, BOD remained higher than 3.0 mg/l wherereas in Bihar,
BOD remained below 3.0 mg/l except in one year at Ramrekha Ghat, Buxar;
Punpun at Patna and at Bhagalpur. In West Bengal, at all locations, BOD
has been higher than 3.0 mg/l. It can therefore be concluded that UP and
West Bengal requires to focus on treatment of sewage and particularly of
drains joining river Ganga.
(iii) Fecal coliform bacteria are present throughout the river. However, their
number varies. The presence of fecal coliform is directly linked with
disposal of sewage. It will be the challenging task to apply advance
treatment technologies of sewage treatment to remove the bacteria as well
as prohibiting disposal of fecal matter/ sewage into river.
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5. The Action Plan
For prevention and control pollution of river Ganga, CPCB has formulated a
segment wise strategy which is being implemented, under Section (16) and
18(1)(b) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Further,
delegated powers to Chairman, CPCB under Section 5 of EPA are being exercised
against defaulting industries and will further be extended against Local Bodies for
improving management of municipal waste (sewage and solid waste).
For implementation of Action Plan, river Ganga is divided into Four Segments and
for each segment, polluting sources and pollution load has been assessed. In each
segment, a group of Scientists have been assigned with the responsibility to keep
vigil on polluting sources like industries, drains, assessing status of disposal of
municipal solid waste (MSW) and survey of Ghats. The segments covers:
Segment Coverage
I Gangotri to Haridwar D/S. II Haridwar D/S to Narora D/S. III
A. Narora D/S to Kanpur D/S. B. Kanpur D/S to Allahabad D/S. C. Allahabad D/S to Varanasi D/S and D/S of Ghazipur.
IV
Ghazipur D/S to D/S of Rajmahal D/S of Rajmahal to Diamond Harbor
It has been observed that the distribution of industries varies in each segment as
well as the number of sewage carrying drains. Identified polluting sources and their
load along with water quality of each segment is depicted in a figure given as
Annexure I (Page 60) and summarized in a statement placed as Annexure – II.
(Page 61)
It is important to note that major pollution load of 145 industries (Chemical-10;
Distilleries-20; Food & Dairy-4; Others-8; Sugar-48 and Textile-2 and Pulp and
Paper-53) estimated to BOD load of 97 tonnes per day is getting drained into Kali
East and Ramganga tributaries which meets river Ganga near Kannauj. The
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Kanpur stretch is receiving sewage and industrial waste from 10 drains. (465 MLD
and 64 Tonnes of BOD per day).
5.1 Industrial Pollution Control
CPCB has drafted Action Plan for five industrial categories which includes; Sugar,
Distilleries, Pulp and Paper, Tanneries and Textiles. The Action Plan lays
emphasizes on water conservation by adopting best practices and not allowing
Sugar and Pulp & Paper industries to dispose their effluents into drains so they
become zero liquid discharge with reference to river. Both these Sectors after
treatment of waste water are required to be use for irrigation only. In case of
Tanneries, Textiles and Distilleries, these industries either individually or
collectively will have to set up the systems which would enable them to utilize
treated effluents back into the processing operations. However, there has been
concern amongst these three Sectors particularly in Tanneries and Textiles that,
such system being costly, will be prohibitive and their competition with other
domestic or international Companies. CPCB has issued directions under Section
18(1) (b) of the Water Act to the State Board of UK, UP, Bihar and West Bengal to
link the stipulated Action Plan for each sector with the consent conditions. The
action Plan stipulates following time lines;
Sl. No. Sector (No. of Units)
Timelines for Compliance.
1 Sugar (67) To be completed before Sept, 2016.
Reduce waste water discharge from 400 lit. to 200 lit per ton of cane crushed.
Estimated water conservation of 180 MLD and reduction in BOD load to river will be the expected outcome.
2 Distilleries (35) To be completed by Sept, 2016
24 MLD of Water saving by adopting ZLD system.
Terminal system for ZLD will have to be achieved either through incineration (Slope Fire Boiler) or utilizing concentrated spent wash for composting.
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3 Pulp and Paper (67)
To be completed by March 2017
The ultimate object is to prohibit black liquor discharge (Agro pulping permitted only with chemical recovery Plant) and conserve water and tertiary treatment system. This will help in water conservation and reduction in BOD load.
4 Tanneries (442) Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) with ZLD system is need for Jajmau. CETP and Unnao/ Banther to be attached with RO/MEE
5 Textiles (63) CETP is to be established at Farrukhabad and Bhadoi.
For clarify in the implementation of the action plans for the timelines of the said five
sectors the action Plan the timeline given are not prohibitive for taking action under
Section 5 of EPA against any sector of in case of non-compliance with existing
notified standards.
The Action Plan will be implemented by include deputing Teams of Scientist to
report on the quality of effluents being disposed and their compliance with
stipulated standards. In case of non-compliance, the concerned industry will be
communicated with show-cause notice under Section 5 of EPA and followed by
the proper direction as per laid down procedures.
5.2 Sewage Treatment System
o Monthly monitoring of sewage treatment plants will be carried out and the
reports will be communicated to the concerned STP Operator, Municipal
Authority and Secretary, State Urban Development.
o Monthly samples will be collected from sewage drains joining river Ganga.
The major cause of bacterial contamination of river Ganga is due to disposal of
sewage from drains. Presently, there is no documented Plan with time-lines
regarding interception, diversion and treatment of the drains. The process of
interception diversion and treatment though may be required but is a time taking
process. Till such time, it would be appropriate to adopt intermediary solutions. At
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the terminal point of drain, suitable technology should be installed which will
remove filthy material from drain, provide aeration and enhance mechanism for
biodegradation. This action is expected to reduce at least 50% of pollution load.
It will be an immediate need in future that STPs/ and drains at terminal points will
have to adopt technologies to eliminate pathogenic bacteria. Though such
technologies may be costly but, are unavoidable. Standards for STPs proposed
for notification to be complied are given in Annexure-III.
Proposals from different technology Providers can be called to select any one
drain (out of 144) and set up the facilities at the terminal point of drain and treat
and demonstrate compliance with BOD and fecal coliform bacteria. If they meet
with Standards, the cost of treatment per MLD can be reimbursed. The cost would
include Capital and O&M to be borne by the firms. As many proposals could be
taken up so to assess the performance of different technologies. The concerned
Local Authority where this treatment will be taken, are required to provide site and
securing the installation. CPCB with MoWR will monitor the projects involving
concerned SPCBs.
5.3 Municipal Solid Waste in Towns and maintenance of Hygienic conditions
on Ghats
Towns located on Ganga will be surveyed to assess the status of MSW
management. Each town will be directed to prepare action plan and implement it
and the information will be brought in public domain.
For maintenance of hygienic status of Ghats and river fronts, Local Body and the
Religious/Voluntary Organizations should prepare a Plan as well as for day-to-day
operation/maintenance. The Action Plan should include;
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(i) Management of left-over of Worship material, Pious, Flowers, Coconut and
other solid waste.
(ii) Removal/Scrapping-of floatables from river to aim for maintaining bathing
water quality criteria
(iii) Ghat cleaning — washing/sweeping.
(iv) Establishment and Maintenance of public amenities. No waste water to flow
into river.
(v) Setting up of Aeration devices
(vi) Scouts/Squads to vigil the Ghats
(vii) Awareness for pilgrims
CPCB under co-ordination of MoWR may implement such Plans. The
implementation of Plan will be on web-site of State Government and with MoWR.
5.4 Water Quality Monitoring
CPCB will continue to monitor Water Quality at 57 locations.
CPCB will ensure that monthly information on Water Quality of Ganga is placed
on its web-site.
More Water Quality Monitoring locations will be added to existing monitoring
network.
To assess the status of water quality for impacts of Agricultural runs-off and
industrial effluents, monitoring of micro-pollutants will be initiated from
November, 2015. This monitoring will be carried out during pre and post
monsoon seasons.
Biomonitoring of river at 113 location matching with locations of Real Time
Water Quality Monitoring will be taken up as this exercise will indicate biological
health of river.
Under the World Bank Project, 36 stations (RTWQMS) will be commissioned
and operated before March or June 2016 and simultaneously, the process for
setting up of remaining 77 stations will be taken up.
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5.5 Community Participation
CPCB will involve different communities (Schools, Colleges, Universities,
Institutes, Religious Organizations, Non- Government Organizations and
others) to test water quality of river at various locations. CPCB will develop an
“App for mobile” so that involved organizations can upload/forward the picture
and results to CPCB. Water Testing kits will be used for analysis.
6.0 Summary of Action Plan
S.No Action Points Action Plan Time-lines
1 Industrial Pollution Control.
(i) Vigilance on industries and action against defaulting industries. (segmental Actions) (ii) SPCBs to upload consents of all 764 industries on their web- site including linking Action Plan directed for Five Sectors by CPCB. (iii) Issuing Directions to those units who have not submitted Action Plans. (iv) Inviting Public observations to report disposal of black liquor, spent wash or coloured effluents by Textile, Chemical units or other industries. (v) Installation of on-line effluent monitoring devices and confirming Directions to each Unit with time-line/ or closure.
Monthly Review Urgently Legal Actions once in 3 months By 31.12.2015 with confirmed Directions
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2 Sewage Treatment (i) Monthly/Quarterly Monitoring the performance of 63 sewage Treatment Plants.
(ii) Monthly/Quarterly
monitoring of 144 sewage drains
(iii) Interaction with MoWRto
work-out proposal for setting up of terminal intermediary facility to treat sewage/sullage flowing in drain on cost reimbursement mode. Also introduce garbage traps/ scrappers on Drains.
Monthly monitoring Monthly monitoring Interaction with MoWR
3 Management of MSW and Maintaining Hygienic Status of Ghats
(i) Action Plan Preparation of Towns and Ghats in consultation with MoWR and involving concerned Local Bodies and Religious and Voluntary Organizations.
Plan by 31.03.2016 and implementation in 12 months (Before 31.12.2017)
4 Water Quality Monitoring
(i) Monthly/Quarterly monitoring at 57 location
(ii) Expanding monitoring network on Ganga.
(iii) Initiating monitoring of micro pollutants (Metals & Pesticides)
(iv) Continuing bio monitoring at 113 locations.
(v) Monthly monitoring of river Kali East and Ramganga
Monthly reporting of Water Quality data on web-site as E-News on Ganga. Starting from 01.01.2016 Starting from 01.12.2015 Once a year Monthly monitoring
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5 Community Participation
(i) Involving Voluntary Groups in daily reporting qualitative data on Ganga (Apps will be developed for uploading)
From 31.03.2016
6 River Cleaning Introducing surface boomers, removing floatables
In consultation with MoWR
7 R&D— Review (i) State-wise interaction with R&D Institutions to know the work done by them and likely areas for execution.
State-wise interaction
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Annexure-I
Segment wise status of River Ganga
Origin
Haridwar
Narora
Kanpur
Allahabad
Varanasi
Diamond Harbour
Segment - I
Segment - II Segment – III A
Segment – III B
Segment – IV A
Segment – III C
Segment – IV B
Rajmahal
1. Sewage Drains : 14
a. Flow : 444.2 MLD
b. BOD : 42.8 TPD
2. No. of GPI : 7
a. Effluents : 5 MLD
b. BOD : 1.42 TPD
3. Water Quality
a. DO (mg/l) : 5.0-10.0
b. BOD (mg/l) : .0.0-7.0 (<2.0 at
most of the locations U/s
Rishikesh)
c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :4-160000
Segment - I
1. Sewage Drains : 12
a. Flow : 270.4 MLD
b. BOD: : 23.11 TPD
2. No. of GPI : 12
a. Effluents : 13 MLD
b. BOD : 3.93 TPD
3. Water Quality
a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0
b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-6.0
c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :<2500
Segment - II
1. Sewage Drains : 18
a. Flow : 1201.07 MLD
b. BOD: :76.51TPD
2. No. of GPI : 145
a. Effluents : 314 MLD
b. BOD : 96.94 TPD
3. Water Quality
a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0
b. BOD (mg/l) :2.0-9.0
c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml):high at
Kanpur
Segment – III A
1. Sewage Drains : 14
a. Flow : 1780.37 MLD
b. BOD: : 69.33 TPD
2. No. of GPI : 504
a. Effluents : 39 MLD
b. BOD : 6.79 TPD
3. Water Quality
a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0
b. BOD (mg/l) :3.0-6.0
c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high
Segment – III B
1. Sewage Drains : 7
a. Flow : 559.4MLD
b. BOD: : 19.08 TPD
2. No. of GPI : 61
a. Effluents : 26 MLD
b. BOD : 5.3 TPD
3. Water Quality
a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0
b. BOD (mg/l) :3.0-9.0
c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high
Segment – III C
1. Sewage Drains : 25
a. Flow :580 MLD
b. BOD :100 TPD
2. No. of GPI :13
a. Effluents :17 MLD
b. BOD :2 TPD
3. Water Quality
a. DO (mg/l) : >6.0
b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-4.0
(<3.0 at most of the
locations)c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :<9,000
Segment – IV A
1. Sewage Drains : 54
a. Flow :1780 MLD
b. BOD :95.04 TPD
2. No. of GPI :22
a. Effluents :87 MLD
b. BOD :15.6 TPD
3. Water Quality
a. DO (mg/l) : >6.0
b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-6.0c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high 3000-65x104
Segment – IV B
Distillery 1Pulp & Paper 3Sugar 3
Distillery 5Pulp & Paper 1Sugar 6
Chemical 9Distillery 1Food &dairy 8Other 23Pulp &Paper 2Sugar 2Tannery 404Textile 55
Chemical 10Distillery 20Food & dairy 4Other 8Pulp & Paper 53Sugar 48Textile 2
Chemical 1Distillery 1Food & dairy 2Other 3Pulp & Paper 1Tannery 2Textile 3
Chemical 1, Distillery 5Food & dairy 3, Other 4Pulp & Paper 4, Sugar 6Tannery 36, Textile, 2
Chemical 7Distillery 2Food & dairy 4Other 3Pulp &Paper 3Sugar 2Textile 1
Po
llutin
g Sou
rces, Lo
ad an
d Q
uality
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64
Annexure-II Segment wise Pollution load
Segment No. of
Drains
Flow
(MLD)
Organic
Load Based on
BOD (TPD)
No.
of GPI
Waste
Water Generat
ion (MLD)
Organic
Load Based on
BOD (TPD)
Segment-I
Gangotri to Haridwar
D/S
14 444.2 42.8 7 5 1.4
Segment-II
Haridwar D/S to
Narora D/S
12 270.4 23.11 12 13 3.9
Segment III-A
Narora D/S to Kanpur
D/S
18 1201.0 76.51 145 314 96.9
Segment III-B
Kanpur D/S (Fatehpur)
to Allahabad D/S
14 1780.3 69.33 504 39 6.8
Segment-III-C
Allahabad D/S
(Mirzapur) to Ghazipur
(Varanasi)
07 559.4 19.08 61 26 5.3
Segment-IV-A
Varanasi D/S
/Ghazipur to Rajmahal
25 579.7 99.5 13 17 2.0
Segment-IV-B
Rajmahal D/S to
Diamond Harbour
54 1779 95.5 22 87 15.6
TOTAL 144 6,614 426 764 501 132
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Annexure –III
Standards For Treated Effluent Of Sewage Treatment Plants
Sl. No. Sector Parameters Standards for New
STPs (Design after
notification date)*
1. Sewage
Treatment Plant
pH 6.5-9.0
2. BOD, mg/l 10
3. COD, mg/l 50
4. TSS, mg/l 10
5. NH4-N, mg/l 5
6. N-total, mg/l 10
7. Fecal Coliform,
MPN/100ml
<230
8. PO4-P , mg/l 2
Note: (i) These standards will be applicable for discharge in water resources as well as for land disposal. The standards for Fecal Coliform may not be applied for use of treated sewage
in industrial purposes.
*Achievements of Standards for existing STPs will be within 05 years from date of notification.
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