Download - Consequences By: Jamie Wolfe PBS Facilitator Sharon Klose & Sharon Manson Behavior Specialists
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ConsequencesBy:Jamie WolfePBS FacilitatorSharon Klose &Sharon MansonBehavior Specialists
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In nature there are neither rewards nor punishments; there
are only consequences.-
Robert B. Ingersoll
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Behavioral ConsequencesBalance of positive reinforcement
for appropriate behavior and logical consequences for inappropriate behavior
Research shows that a combination of using positive reinforcement and logical consequences is more effective than either approach used alone
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Consequences Key assumptions-
Consequences are used as a pause to get our students’ attention.
Consequences should be organized in a hierarchy, starting with the mildest first.
Consequences teach students that they have the power of choice.
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Consequences
Consequences need to be:RelatedRespectfulReasonable
- Nelson, 1985
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Choosing an Appropriate Consequence
Consequences should be arranged in a hierarchy: from a redirect, to a minor response, to a major response strategy.
All consequences should:Be natural and/or logicalProvide some wiggle room for the teacher
Be specific and concrete
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Natural ConsequencesConsequences that follow naturally from an event or situation.
Places responsibility where it belongs- on the child.
Require little or no involvement from the adult.
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Logical ConsequencesLogical consequences are
structured learning opportunities.Arranged by the adult,
experienced by the student, and logically related to the situation or misbehavior.
Have their greatest impact when they are immediate, consistent, temporary, and followed by a clean slate.
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Wiggle Room for the Teacher
Let students know your job is to do what will most help each student.
Fair is not everyone getting the same thing. Fair is everyone getting what they need. Your response can vary slightly from student to student and from situation to situation.
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Wiggle Room for the Teacher
Having a hierarchy of consequences allows us to make professional judgment calls while still being consistent.
Follow the PRIDE flow chart.
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Be Specific and ConcreteConsequences should be thought out in advance.
Consequences should be behavioral in nature.
Consequences should clearly delineate the actions that the student needs to take.
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Implementing ConsequencesBe consistent!Move up the hierarchy from a
redirect to a Major.Justifying the implementation of a
consequence.Keep it short and simple!Watch the volume of your voice.Recognize appropriate behavior.
Deliver a PRIDE paw ticket, as soon as possible.
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Logical Consequences vs. PunishmentLOGICAL
CONSEQUENCESTeachLeave the child with
feeling of control Use thinking wordsProvide choices within firm
limitsAre given with empathyAre tied to time and place
of the infractionAre similar to what would
happen to an adult in comparable situation
Emphasizes what a student should do
Teaches students to take responsibility for their choices
Increases self-esteem
PUNISHMENTControlLeaves the child feeling
powerlessUses fighting wordsDemands compliance Is given with anger Is arbitraryEmphasizes what a
students should NOT doResults in the student
focusing on the adult rather than on their choices
Decreases self-esteem
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Punishment RisksLeast effective response for reducing anti-
social behaviors Provides short-term outcomes, but may not
produce desired long-term outcomesDecreases positive attitudes-increases
withdrawal, aggression, vandalism, truancy, tardiness, drop out rate
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Risks of Misusing Negative ReinforcementInadvertently reinforcing inappropriate
behaviorsMissing the opportunities to teach coping
strategies and appropriate behaviorsLosing the opportunity to understand why
(function) the behavior occurred
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How Positive Reinforcement Can Be MisusedProviding a “reward” rather than a
reinforcer.Inadvertently reinforcing the wrong behavior.Reinforcing a present behavior, rather than
an intended (past) behavior.Providing too few reinforcers for too short of
period of time.
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It is possible, within the SAME interaction,for one person to be positively reinforcedand another person to be negatively reinforced.
Keep in Mind
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Menu of ReinforcersEscape/Avoid-tasks, situations, peoplePhysiological-food, touchTangibles-stickers, money, tokensClosure-completing a task, end of the yearPrivileges-line leader, free timeSocial Status/Recognition-star studentAttention-peer/adult, public/privatePraise-adults, parents, teachers/staff, peersBelonging/Acceptance-individual, groupsIntrinsic-self-satisfaction
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ReinforcementFrequency-how often given?Variety-how many choices?Power-how desirable?Immediacy-how soon?
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Rules for Using Positive ReinforcementEstablish yourself as a reinforcerBe sincereBe simple and clearTell people they are appreciatedAvoid using “but”Don’t reinforce and punish or ask for more at
the same time
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Responding to MisbehaviorHandle the misbehavior gently and in privateMove toward the student in an aura of
personal contactDevelop non-verbal cuesDirect student toward the desired behaviorDirect consequence to the individual
-Effective Strategies for Successful Teaching, Diana Browning Wright
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When Consequences do not Work
When students are not learning from the consequence, ask yourself:Was the consequence immediate?Was the consequence applied in a
consistent manner?Was the consequence temporary in
duration?Was the consequence followed by a
clean slate and forgiveness?
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Positive ReinforcementAll of us adapt our behavior depending on
how we are reinforced.Positive reinforcement encourages positive
behavior.Extrinsic reinforcement may be needed
until intrinsic reinforcement takes over.Allow students a choice of reinforcement.Only give reinforcement after it has been
earned.
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I have come to a frightening conclusion.I am the decisive element in the classroom.It is my personal approach that creates the
climate.As a teacher, I possess tremendous power to make
a child’s life miserable or joyous.I can be a tool of torture or an instrument of
inspiration.I can humiliate or humor, hurt or heal. In all situations, it is my response that decides
whether a crisis will be escalated or de-escalated, and a child humanized or dehumanized.
- Hiam Ginott Teacher and Child 1976 Avon Books
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“Since you change people everyday, make sure you change them for the better.”
-Aubrey C. Daniels