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Concettina Sfienti
Concettina Sfienti, GSI Darmstadt
Isotopic Effects in Spectator Fragmentation at Relativistic Energies
Gross Features and Isotopic Effects
Limiting Temperature
Isoscaling and the Symmetry Energy
Conclusion & Outlook
The ALADiN Recipe
Physics Motivation
NUFRA2007International Conference on Nuclear Fragmentation From Basic Research to ApplicationsSeptember 24 - October 1, 2007, Kemer (Antalya)
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Concettina Sfienti
S.BianchinS.Bianchin, K.Kezzar, , K.Kezzar, A.Le FèvreA.Le Fèvre, J.Lühning , J.Lühning J.LukasikJ.Lukasik, U.Lynen, W.F.J. Müller, H.Orth, A.N.Otte, , U.Lynen, W.F.J. Müller, H.Orth, A.N.Otte,
H.Sann, H.Sann, C.SfientiC.Sfienti, C.Schwarz, A.Sokolov, , C.Schwarz, A.Sokolov, W.TrautmannW.Trautmann, J. Wiechula, M.Hellström, D.Henzlova, , J. Wiechula, M.Hellström, D.Henzlova,
K.Sümmerer, H.Weick, P.Adrich, T.Aumann, K.Sümmerer, H.Weick, P.Adrich, T.Aumann, H.Emling, Y.Leifels, R.Palit, H.Simon, H.Johansson, H.Emling, Y.Leifels, R.Palit, H.Simon, H.Johansson,
M.De NapoliM.De Napoli, G.Imme', G.Raciti, E.Rapisarda, , G.Imme', G.Raciti, E.Rapisarda, R.Bassini, C.Boiano,I.Iori, A.Pullia,R.Bassini, C.Boiano,I.Iori, A.Pullia, W.G.Lynch, W.G.Lynch,
M.Mocko, M.B.Tsang, M.Wallace, C.O.Bacri, M.Mocko, M.B.Tsang, M.Wallace, C.O.Bacri, A.Boudard, J-E.Ducret, A. Lafriakh, E.Le Gentil, A.Boudard, J-E.Ducret, A. Lafriakh, E.Le Gentil,
C.Volant, T. Barczyk, C.Volant, T. Barczyk, J.BrzychczykJ.Brzychczyk, J.Cibor, Z.Majka, , J.Cibor, Z.Majka, A.Mykulyak, A.Mykulyak, P.PawlowskiP.Pawlowski, A.Wieloch, B. Zwieglinski, , A.Wieloch, B. Zwieglinski,
B.Czech and B.Czech and A.S.BotvinaA.S.Botvina
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Concettina Sfienti
… … study nuclear matter under extreme conditions of study nuclear matter under extreme conditions of density (high and low), temperature, size , isospin…density (high and low), temperature, size , isospin…
… … study nuclear matter under extreme conditions of study nuclear matter under extreme conditions of density (high and low), temperature, size , isospin…density (high and low), temperature, size , isospin…
Spectators can be heated !
Advantages of the Recipe
Typical Incident Energy 1 AGeV
(almost) no flow
Source well localized in rapidity
Equilibrated System
Easy 4 coverage for fragments
Disadvantages of the Recipe
Varying Size of the system by varying Excitation Energy.
Disadvantages: Typical Incident Energy 30AMeV Flowcentralcollision 0 Overlap Participant & Spectators
Physics Motivation
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Concettina Sfienti
The ALADiN Program
UNIVERSALITY of Spectator Fragmentation
Physics Motivation
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Concettina Sfienti
The ALADiN Caloric Curve
J. Besprosvany and S. Levit Phys. Lett B 217 (1989) 1
Proton rich nuclei: vanishing limiting temperatures
J.B. Natowitz et al., Phys.Rev. C 65 034618 (2002)
Physics Motivation
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Concettina Sfienti
The ALADiN Spectrometer
HodoCHodoCTT
ALADiALADiN N MagneMagnett
TP-MUSIC TP-MUSIC IIIIII
TOF-TOF-WallWall
LANDLAND
TargetTarget
ALL Fragments (Z 2)
Isotope Resolution Protons...(but TOF)
124Sn,197Au,124La,107Sn
Einc = 600AMeV ( 1000 p/sec)
Secondary Beams Secondary Beams (Low Intensities!)(Low Intensities!)
The ALADiN Recipe
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Concettina SfientiThe ALADiN Recipe
The ALADiN Spectrometer
0
213.0
m
ZR
A
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Concettina SfientiGross Features and Isotopic Effects
124Sn
124La
107Sn
First N/Z Effects on Mass Spectra
Discriminant analysisJ. Łukasik et al., arXiv:0707.0598
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Concettina Sfienti
Charge Partition
Gross Features and Isotopic Effects
Searching for N/Z effects in...
N/Z of light-mass fragmentsIsotopic RatiosNeutron Emission
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Concettina SfientiGross Features and Isotopic Effects
N/Z Effects on Charge Partition
At low excitation energy neutron emission of
heavy residue suppressed for the
neutron-poor systems
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Concettina Sfienti
ZZ )(
Properties of Hot Fragments
Gross Features and Isotopic Effects
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Concettina Sfienti
R. Ogul and A.S. Botvina, PRC (2002)
B0 = 18 MeV
Gross Features and Isotopic Effects
Isotopic Inversion of Properties of Hot Fragments: the Surface term
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Concettina Sfienti
A.S. Botvina et al., nucl-th/0606060
centrality
B = aV · A - aO · A2/3 - aC · Z2/A1/3 - aS · (A-2Z)2 / A + aP· δ / A1/2
Gross Features and Isotopic Effects
N/Z Dependence of the Surface Term
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Concettina Sfienti
● ● ● SMM ensemble calculations for γ=14, preliminary
neutron initial(N/Z) projectile
(by P.Pawlowski)
Gross Features and Isotopic Effects
N/Z Effects on Neutrons Multiplicities
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Concettina Sfienti
238U
56Fe
FRS data
FRS data
W.Trautmann, NN2006
124Sn
107Sn 238U124Sn
56Fe
107Sn
close to expectation for hot fragments
Z=8
Odd-Even Effects Structure effects Memory Effects They may cancel in scaling plots
Odd-Even Effects larger for the proton-rich systems Strongly bound even-even nuclei attract a large fraction of the product yield in the secondary stage
Gross Features and Isotopic Effects
Light Fragments (inclusive)
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Concettina Sfienti
Odd-even effects
Gross Features and Isotopic Effects
Weak dependence on centrality
N. Buyukcizmeci et al, EPJA (2005)
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Concettina Sfienti
Comparison with SMM
Gross Features and Isotopic Effects
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Concettina SfientiLimiting Temperature
N/Z on Isotopic Ratios
extra yield in neutron poor case
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Concettina SfientiLimiting Temperature
N/Z on Isotopic Temperatures
SmallSmall
Smallsmall
smallsmall
effects
Small
smallsmall
small
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Concettina Sfienti
Isoscaling
Isoscaling and the Symmetry Energy
«systematic behavior of yield ratios following grandcanonical expectations»
T
)exp()()exp(),(
),(),(
p
1
212
T
ZNSZNCZNY
ZNYZNR
n
M.B. Tsang et al., PRC 64, 054615 (2001) M.B.Tsang et al. PRL123(2001)
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Concettina SfientiIsoscaling and the Symmetry Energy
Isoscaling
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Concettina SfientiIsoscaling and the Symmetry Energy
…from isoscaling to
22
22
21
214
A
Z
A
Z
Tn
p0 fit of individual Z fits
First experimental conclusion:The individual slopes are identical for Z≥3
Second experimental conclusion:The Isoscaling parameters continue to drop
Increase
in te
mpera
ture
does not c
ompensa
te
decrease
of
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Concettina SfientiIsoscaling and the Symmetry Energy
Comparison with existing data….
A. Le Fevre et al., PRL 94(2005) 162701
D.V. Shetty et al.,
PRC 76(2007) 024606
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Concettina Sfienti
22
22
21
214
A
Z
A
Z
Tn
Discussion (I)
S.Albergo et al. Il Nuovo Cimento A (1985)
T
Decrease in confirmed Apparent Saturation could depend on T
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Concettina SfientiIsoscaling and the Symmetry Energy
22
22
21
214
A
Z
A
Z
Tn
Discussion (II)
22
22
21
21
A
Z
A
Z
A. Le Fèvre et al., PRL 94, 162701 (2005)
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Concettina Sfienti
In the grand-canonical approximation:
22
22
21
21
2
1
21
2
1
4ln
expexpexp
A
Z
A
Z
Y
YT
TTY
Y
TY
n
n
nn
n
neutronneutron
Conclusion & Outlook
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Concettina Sfienti
Isotopic Effects Global N/Z effects are small Isotope distributions exhibit memory and
structure effects Temperature invariant with N/Z in
contradiction to limiting temperature assumption
Isoscaling Isoscaling data extended into the
vaporization regime Reduced symmetry term at freeze-out
…something….
Conclusion & Outlook
What have we learnt?
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Concettina SfientiConclusion & Outlook
…need to be answered…
•Why does the limiting temperature approximation seem to work so well for the masses but not for the isospin?
• Isoscaling...why does it work so well?
•Does really remain constant?
Unique Chance: NEUTRONS!
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Concettina SfientiConclusion & Outlook
S.BianchinS.Bianchin, K.Kezzar, , K.Kezzar, A.Le FèvreA.Le Fèvre, J.Lühning , J.Lühning J.LukasikJ.Lukasik, U.Lynen, W.F.J. Müller, H.Orth, A.N.Otte, , U.Lynen, W.F.J. Müller, H.Orth, A.N.Otte,
H.Sann, H.Sann, C.SfientiC.Sfienti, C.Schwarz, A.Sokolov, , C.Schwarz, A.Sokolov, W.TrautmannW.Trautmann, J. Wiechula, M.Hellström, D.Henzlova, , J. Wiechula, M.Hellström, D.Henzlova,
K.Sümmerer, H.Weick, P.Adrich, T.Aumann, K.Sümmerer, H.Weick, P.Adrich, T.Aumann, H.Emling, Y.Leifels, R.Palit, H.Simon, H.Johansson, H.Emling, Y.Leifels, R.Palit, H.Simon, H.Johansson,
M.De NapoliM.De Napoli, G.Imme', G.Raciti, E.Rapisarda, , G.Imme', G.Raciti, E.Rapisarda, R.Bassini, C.Boiano,I.Iori, A.Pullia,R.Bassini, C.Boiano,I.Iori, A.Pullia, W.G.Lynch, W.G.Lynch,
M.Mocko, M.B.Tsang, M.Wallace, C.O.Bacri, M.Mocko, M.B.Tsang, M.Wallace, C.O.Bacri, A.Boudard, J-E.Ducret, A. Lafriakh, E.Le Gentil, A.Boudard, J-E.Ducret, A. Lafriakh, E.Le Gentil,
C.Volant, T. Barczyk, C.Volant, T. Barczyk, J.BrzychczykJ.Brzychczyk, J.Cibor, Z.Majka, , J.Cibor, Z.Majka, A.Mykulyak, A.Mykulyak, P.PawlowskiP.Pawlowski, A.Wieloch, B. Zwieglinski, , A.Wieloch, B. Zwieglinski,
B.Czech and B.Czech and A.S.BotvinaA.S.Botvina
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Concettina SfientiConclusion & Outlook
...seems to...
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Concettina Sfienti
PreAmpPreAmp
Anode wiresAnode wires
Resistive chargeResistive chargedivision readoutdivision readout
Pad readoutPad readoutin groupsin groups
12 mm pad modulo-five connected
Reduces the number of readout ch. from 80 to 17
Fine position determination from PAD readout Rough
position from charge-division method of the anode wires
Resolve the position ambiguity.
Anode & Pad Readout
The ALADiN Recipe