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Conceptual/Theoretical Frameworks
Operational Frameworks
Jack Elliot
Professor and Head
Department of Agricultural
Leadership, Education, and Communications
Texas A&M University
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An operational
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Texas Tech
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Delineate among:• Theoretical Frameworks
• Conceptual Frameworks
• Operational Frameworks
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Framework
A framework is a model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships among several factors that have been identified as important to the problem. (Sekaran, 2001)
This slide is courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University
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Frameworks• Limit scope of inquiry
• Convey research importance to audiences
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Qualitative• Learn from the participants
• Framework locations•Orientation – chapter 1
•Theory – chapter 2
•Compare – chapter 5
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Conceptual Framework Components
• Dependent variable/primary characteristic
• Variables of influence or characteristics of interest
• Extraneous variables or characteristics
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Relationship Among Five Types of Relationship Among Five Types of VariablesVariables
Variables ofInfluence
ModeratorVariables
InterveningVariables
DependentVariables
ControlVariables
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
This slide is courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University
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Conceptual Framework Components
•Relationships (anticipated and predicted from the review of literature) among and between variables and/or characteristics
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Quantitative Framework Essentials
•Visually tells your story (research) – the big picture
•Identifies literature review categories
•Directs your objectives
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Framework Essentials
•Establishes your anticipated analyses (operational framework)
•Manages your research design•Directs your instrument
development
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Quantitative Framework Locations• Theoretical/Conceptual - end of
Chapter 2•A synthesis section explains the
relationships and the categories•A transition section leads to. . .
• Operational Framework•Beginning of Chapter 3•Tied to procedures/methodologies
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Conceptual Framework Operational Framework
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operational
1
2
3 4
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Conceptual Framework
Factors:
Social Capital Financial Capital Human Capital Natural Capital
Group Formation
Farmer associations form because farmers need greater market clout and need lobbying power for government service (FAO, 1998)
Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (FAO, Dilts, Bartlet & Pontius, 2001)
The next 5 slides are courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna & Cliff Bonzo, The Pennsylvania State University
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Research Questions
1. What is the demographic profile of the participants?
2. What are the group formation factors in the development of IPM farmers’ associations?
3. To what extent does knowledge acquisition impact group formation?
4. What demographic characteristics are related to group formation?
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Demographics:
Ethnicity Gender Education Land Holding
(Esman & Uphoff, 1984)
Group Formation
(Shaw, 1981; Tuckman & Jenson, 1977)
RQ 1RQ 4
Factors: Social Capital Financial Capital Human Capital Natural Capital (Bartlett, 2002; Scoones,
1998)
Knowledge Acquisition (Mathias, 1996)
RQ = Research Questions 1—4
RQ 2
RQ 3
Independent variables Dependent Variable
Operational Framework
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Research Questions
1. What is the demographic profile of the participants?
2. What are the group formation factors in the development of IPM farmers’ associations?
3. To what extent does knowledge acquisition impact group formation?
4. What demographic characteristics are related to group formation?
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Independent variables Dependent Variables
Demographics:
Ethnicity Gender Education Land Holdings (Esman & Uphoff, 1984)
Group Formation (Reasons to Join) [Land Rights]
Shaw, 1981; Tuckman & Jenson, 1977)
RQ 1 RQ 4
RQ 3
Factors:
Social Capital (r = 0.242) Financial Capital Human Capital (r = 0.278) Physical Capital Natural Capital (Bartlett, 2001; Scoones, 1998) [Knowledge Acquisition] (Mathias, 1996)
RQ = Research Questions 1—4
RQ 2
Relationships
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Theoretical Framework
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Research Framework or Agenda
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Conceptual Framework
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The program They are notdoes not meet included in
their needs the planning
Their values clash with that of program planners
Their level of innovativeness
is low
FROM NON-PARTICIPATION TO ENGAGEMENT
When people do not participate in programs, their perspectives are lost and do not inform the program - nor do they benefit from programs.
People do not participate because…
Based on…
Argued by…
Remedied through…
Resulting in…
Epistemology: Methodology:1. “Needs” contextualized to include values and interests Functional perspectives better
define2. Values and interests are made explicit people’s orientation to the
program
Points of divergence and convergence in people’s functional perspectives areidentified, resulting in the identification of:
Points of leverage to increase people’s participation in programs
Needs are “Participation”identifiable and means authentic
if met, inclusion in allpeople show up planning levels
Needs Assessment:Functionalists Empowerment
*Borich *Arnstein*Scissons *Freire
Congruent values lead to
participation
ResistanceTheory:*Quigley*Boshier
They respondto internal or
external forces
Personal and socialforces existand exertinfluence
Chain-of-ResponseTheory:*Cross
People possessa level ofadoptive readiness
Adoption andDiffusionTheory:*Rogers
Problem
Explanations
Assumptions
Theories &Theorists
“Solutions”
Result
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Texas Tech
Conceptual Framework
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Example of _____________ FrameworkExample of _____________ Framework
Location
Race
Attitude toward school
SmokingStatus of Youth
(smoker vs.non-smoker)
After HS plans
GPA
Type ofTobacco
The next 3 slides are courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University
Conceptual
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Example of ____________ FrameworkExample of ____________ Framework
Sex-role stereotyping
Advancementof women to
the top
Access to information
(Sekaran, 2001)
Operational
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Example of ______________ FrameworkExample of ______________ Framework
Hygiene factors(Job dissatisfaction)
Job satisfactionof faculty
Motivator factors(Job satisfaction)
Other variables
(Bowen and Radhakrishna study)
Operational
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An operational
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Framework CreationFramework Creation
IV
CV
MV
Interveningvariables
DV
Title
This slide is courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University
< 12 words; no articles & prepositions; debate each word
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Thank You