Download - Concept Paper on the Taj Protection Mission
ANNEXURE I
MONUMENT
CONCEPT PAPER ON TAJ PROTECTION MISSION
COHCCPT PflPCRc.\J PROTECTION MISSION
ByPrashantTrivedi, IASVice-Chairman, A.D.A. &
Member-ConvenerTaj Trapezium Zone Pollution
(Prevention & Control) Authority,Agra
CONTENTS
SL.NO.
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-
INDEX
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
Chapter -I - THE PROBLEMS
Chapter - II - THE INITIATIVE'
Chapter - III - THE TAJ PROTECTION MISSION
Chapter - IV - THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE
ANNEXURES
PAGE NO.
i
•
1-2
i2-16 i
!!
17-22 !t
23-48 IiI
49-56i
A - l
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
TTZ Taj Trapezium Zone
NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
UPPCB Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board
TERI Tata Energy Research Institute
UNESCO United Nation Educational. Social & Cultural Organisation
SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
TSP Total Suspended Particulates
SO2 Sulphur Dioxide
NOX Oxides of Nitrogen
RTO Regional Transport Officer
NATPAC National Transportation Planning & Research Center
DG Sets Diesel Generating Sets
PCL Power Corporation Limited
LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
YAP Yamuna Action Plan
APCD Air Pollution Control Device
CPHEEO Central Public Heath & Environmental Engineering Organisation
DPR Detailed Project Report
EFC Expenditure-Finance Committee
NOG No Objection Certificate
MM8 Mission Management Board
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
MUD Ministry of Urban Development
,MH National Highway
PV/D Public Works Department
MOEF
GOUP
GOI
CWG
NGO
KV
MVA
MLD
CWR
OHT
PLA
GSB
WMM
Lpcd
Ministry of Environment & Forests
Government of Uttar Pradesh
Government of India
Central Water Commission
Non Governmental Organisation
Kilo Volt
Mega Volt Ampere
Million Litres per Day
Clear Water Reservoir
Over Head Tank
Public Ledger Account
Granular Sub Base
Wet Mixed Macadam
Litres Per Capita Per Day
PREFACE
It had been desired for a very long time, that a Concept Paper on the Taj
Protection Mission be prepared which would document all the relevant aspects of
the efforts being undertaken to protect the Taj Mahal and other monuments in
Agra.
I am happy that Prashant Trivedi, the Vice-Chairman • of the Agra
Development Authority, who is also the Member-Convener of the Taj Trapezium
Zone Pollution (Prevention & Control) Authority, has prepared such a document.
The Concept Paper describes the problems of the city of Agra and the
anxiety of the Hon'ble Supreme Court articulated in the various orders passed in
connection with the Writ Petition (Civil) No. 13381/84-M.C.Mehta Vs. Union of
India & Others. The Paper also goes on to describe the various projects of the
Taj Protection Mission. An attempt has also been made -to evaluate the present
achievements and some suggestions have also been made as to the 'direction of
the future efforts.
I am sure that the reader will find the Concept Paper extremely useful.
I would also like to compliment Prashant Trivedi, Vice-Chairman. Agra
Development Authority and his team of officers for their commendable effort in
compiling this document.
Sd/-
V.K. Sharrt.a. (ASCommissioner.Agra Division,
Agra
INTRODUCTIONf —•—•____^__M_«M«_iW^_^__
It is not often that the concept paper for a Mission is written when it is in
progress. Normally, it precedes the action phase and partially forms the basis for
project formulation.
This does not mean that there was no concept behind the Taj Protection
Mission. The sense of urgency that formed the backdrop of the efforts to protect
the Taj Mahal resulted in the projects being implemented without any further delay.
i' Originating as a result of the Writ Petition No. 13381/84-M.C.Mehta V/s the
Jnion of India & Others, the Taj Protection Mission refers to a group of projects
ntended to check the deterioration of the Taj Mahal on account of the
environmental pollution. The basic issues were discussed in the Hon'ble Supreme
ourt and most of the projept formulations were based on these discussions.
Studies of specialised agencies such as the NEERI, the Vardharajan
Committee, the CPCB and the UPPCB were taken note of by the Hon'ble Court.
It was felt however that a concept paper should be prepared which would
highlight the basic issues involved and outline the initiatives being taken by way of
the projects of the Taj Protection Mission.
I have, attempted to bring together all the aspects of the Taj Protection
Mission into this paper, namely, the problems of the environment vis-a-vis the Taj,
the concerns of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, the projects being implemented and
some basic suggestions.
As a word of caution, I would like to submit that this concept paper is very
elementary as I have gleaned information from various studies conducted by other
specialised agencies and have also drawn upon the collective experience of the
field agencies concerned with the project implementation.
. A more detailed understanding of the environmental dynamics and its
interaction with the developmental process of Agra would require specialised
treatment by a competent agency or a specialist such as the NEERI, TERI or the
CPCB.
Sd/-
(Prashant Trivedi)Vice-Chairman,
Agra Development Authority.Member-Convener.
TTZ Pollution (Prevention & Control) Authority.
CHAPTER-I
THE PROBLEMS
\e city of Agra is well known for having been the capital of the Mughal
Empire, which flourished in the period between 1526 to 1707 A.D. It houses the
Taj Mahal, the world famous monument which is notified in the World Heritage list
of the UNESCO.
The city is beset with problems that plague just about any average city of
India, except that it has attracted attention and aroused concerns in context of the
environmental pressures on the Taj Mahal and other historical monuments in the
region.
Agra can be considered to be the focal point of the Taj Trapezium, which
represents an area of 10,400 sq.km. covering portions of Uttar Pradesh and
Rajasthan. It includes the twin cities of Mathura and Vrindavan and also the city of
Firozabad. In Rajasthan the notable area is the town of Bharatpur in which the
Keoladeo National Park is situated.
The city of Agra is spread over an area of 120 sq.km. and has a population
of about 1.2 million. This is projected to double by about 2031. On account of a
large influx of domestic and international tourist and also on account of a daily
influx of labour force from nearby areas, the city is estimated to have a floating
population of about 20,000. This constitutes a tremendous pressure on the city
infrastructure which has not been able to keep pace with the population growth.
Consequently, the pressure has spilled on to the environment.
An attempt to list the problems of city is made below but, in the final
analysis, it stems from the pressure of a fast growing population which engages in
economic and social activities to sustain itself often at the expense of the
environment on which it is dependant for its existence.
ENVIRONMENT
INPUT
The City• Household• Industries• Commercial• Institution• Agriculture
ENVIRONMENT
OUTPUT
FIG.-1
To understand better the problems that beset the city, it would help to
envisage it as a dynamic system that is interacting with its environment in order to
sustain its host population as is depicted in the Fig.-1. The interaction is two fold. It
draws resources from it in order to carry on the various socio-economic activities
and produces unavoidable wastes. The broader issue of sustainability would
analyse both these input and output processes in the context of the limitation, that
they should not exceed the regenerative and absorptive/assimilative capacities of
the relevant environment sector. Presently, however, we are confined to the output
i.e. the "waste" production. The terrri "waste" is being used with caution as the
latest thoughts in environmental economics tend to classify the conventional
wastes as resources, which should further be used for the production of goods and
services having utility. For the purpose of this paper, however, "waste" denotes
the conventional wastes having substantial resource value.
The city can be thought of as comprising of the household, industrial,
commercial, institutional and agriculture sectors. Each of these sectors produces
"waste". The environment is conventionally classified into air. water and land,
which receive the wastes as pollutants. There is lateral interaction, as pollution of
any part of the environment would have a spill over effect on the other.
It is now proposed to categorise the problems by grouping them into
categories based on the environmental components, which bears the brunt of the
pollution load.
A- AIR
We confine ourselves to the primary pollutants i.e. SPM, SO2 and NOX. The
National Ambient Air Quality Standards are as follows :—
Annual Average —
Industrial Residential Sensitive
SPM 360ug/m3 140 ug/m3 70 ug/m3
SO2 80 ug/m3 60 ug/m3 15 ug/m3
NOX 80 ug/m3 60 ug/m3 . 15 ug/m3
The entire TTZ has been notified as a sensitive zone irrespective of location
specific space use. Thus, even an industrial area in the TTZ would be required to
maintain an ambient air quality standards of a sensitive zone.
With respect to the -ambient air quality standards in the city, the data
relating to the lavel of primary pollutants has been obtained from the Regional
Office of the UPPCB and is graphically reproduced below. The readings have
been averaged on an annual basis >
SPM (ug/m3)
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
FIG.-2
so,
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
FIG.-3
NOK
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20CO
FIG.-4
The annual average level of SO2 was as high as 21 ug/m3 in the year 1991,
as against a prescribed normative limit of 15 ug/m3 for sensitive area. In the year
2001, this has come down to 11 ng/m3. Similarly for NOX, the level in the year
1991 was 12 ug/m3. This has come down to a level of 10 ug/m3 in the year 2001.
N The SPM levels remains a cause of concern. As against the permissible
limit of 70 ug/m3, the ambient levels have remained well above 400 ug/m3. It would
be pertinent to point out that even the background levels of SPM assuming the
complete absence of industrial, vehicular and SPM emitting domestic activity,
would be above the prescribed levels of 70 ug/m3. These are due to certain natural
conditions that are prevailing in the vicinity such as :-
(I) proximity of the Thar desert in Rajasthan
(II) ' agricultural activity such as tilling, & ploughing and barren land
coupled with blowing winds generate SPM
(III) pollen of crops, and flowering plants contribute to the levels of SPM
(IV) The river Yamuna which reduces to a trickle in the lean season
exposes vast stretches of sand on its beds and banks which forms a
substantial source of SPM
(V) The low humidity prevalent in this region also promotes formation ofSPM.
Other than natural conditions, these pollutants are derived mainly from
energy sources and combustion activities. The sources can be classified into thefollowing categories :-
(i) Transport
(ii) Domestic
(iii) Industry
(iv) Power
The status with respect to the above sectors is as follows :-
(I) TRANSPORT
There is substantial pollution on account of the vehicular traffic. The numberof registered vehicles has shown an average annual growth rate of 5.5%. Thetable below shows the number and category of vehicle registered :•
7
Year
11994
X995
1996
1997
1998
1999
20002001
Car
29890
10418
11344
1255614162
157881849020890
Jeup
31766
1914
1841
844
1148
1349
1644
1920
Taxi
4
202
232
352
389
482
565
639
717
2 Wheeler
5
148210
158521
168179181110195455
211243226669245664
3 Wheeler
63454
3651
37544714
5462
8589967010512
Bus
7
973
1047
1181
1187
1257
1338
1396
1400
Truck
83183
3247
3418
45884680
473349255082
Others
921147
21670
203462169522514
•215312238323356
Total
10
188825
200700
210415227083245160
2651362858163C9541
Source : RTO Office
The demand in the transport sector is generated mainly from three sources.
• from the inhabitants of the city
• tourist influx
• inter city through traffic
The public transport system is inadequate and meets only 8% of the traveldemand (NATPAC). The Intermediate public transport system comprising of auto,a tempo and cycle rickshaw is a major mode of intra city movement. Thepersonalised mode comprising of cars and two wheelers have shown a markedincrease in recent years, as people are forced to use them due to the inadequacyof the public transport system.
Apart from an inadequate public transport system, there are several otherfactors, which cause traffic congestion. These are mainly :-"
(A) Choking of the capacity of the existing road network. The M.G. road is themain spinal road of the city from which other important roads fork out such asthese going to Bharatpur and Fatehpur-Sikri. The traffic between Gwalior andDelhi also has to pass through the city using the M.G.road. Similarly, trafficbetween Gwalior and Kanpur has to enter the city and go through using theYamuna Kinara Road. Thus, the existing network has to bear the load of intra city,inter city and tourist traffic and their capacity has been exceeded leading tocongestion, vehicular idling and pollution.
(B) Although the Agra Development Authority has developed a Transport Nagaron the Agra-Mathura Bypass, the transport agencies still continue to function fromthe Yamuna Kinara road leading to traffic hazards.
(C) The inter city bus terminal are operating from Bijlighar and Idgah, therein/.forcing the inter city buses to pass through the city.
It is estimated that for the district of Agra alone the emissions from thetransport sector are as follows :-
Year 1995-96
4,683 tonnes/year
501 tonnes/year
836 tonnes/year
(II) DOMESTIC SECTOR
NO,
SO2
TSP
Another major source of emission of the primary pollutants is the domesticsectors. The proportion of population consuming various types of cooking fuelshas been enumerated in the census of India 1991. This is as follows :-
District
AGRA Rural
Urban
Wood
68.9
41.1
Dung
28.7
8.5
Coal/Coke
0.1
7.1
Charcoal
0.4
5.0
Cooking gas
0.4
30.2
Kerosene
0.1
5.7
Others
1.2
1.3
Data on per capita consumption of cooking fuels is available, on the basisof which the emission from the domestic sector has been estimated as follows .-
NOX 71 tonnes/year
SO2 not significant
TSP 4,469 tonnes/yearV
The domestic sectors also releases pollutants on account of the use of DG
sets to meet the power deficit. This shall be dealt with separately.
(Ill) INDUSTRIES
The major groups of industrial units, which are air-polluting, is,as follows >
(i) FOUNDRIES (Agra)
(ii) GLASS MANUFACTURING (Firozabad)
(iii) BRICK KILNS (TTZ)
(iv) MATHURA REFINERY
There are about 136 cast iron foundries in Agra. Although, efforts are on to
technologically restructure their operations by basing them on gas, most of them
still continue to use coal for their manufacturing process. The Mathura refinery is
also a source of SO2 emissions. The total emission load has been estimated as
follows :-
Tonnes/year«
District Industry SPM SOj NOx
Agra Foundry 119 5
Mathura Refinery 718 3418 ' 1021
Firozabad « Glass , 270 711 830
Manufacturing
Total 1107 4134 1851
(IV) POWER
The power sector has a direct bearing an air pollution. Due to the deficit in
the power supply, the domestic, commercial and industrial users resort to the use
of Diesel Generating sets to bridge the demand supply gap. It is estimated that
there are around 30.000 DG sets in operation in the city.
10
There is a peak load demand in the city of 280 MVA. There is no local
•generation of power (except for the DG set operation). Power is "imported"
through the transmission system. The table summarises the transmissioncapacities available.
SU8-STN. TRANSMISSION INSTALLED EXPORT TOLEVEL
400 KV
220 KV
132KV
33 KV
RATIO
400/220
220/132
132/33
33/11
CAPACITY OUTSIDEAREA
980 MVA 180 MVA
(to Rajasthan)
500 MVA
360 MVA 80 MVA
(to rural)
300 MVA
NETAVAILABLE
800 MVA
500 MVA
280 MVA
300 MVA
The power demand of the various categories of consumers is summarisedin the table below:-
SI.No.
11-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-
8-
9-
Category
2Domestic(LFJLMV-1Commercial
•(LF.)IWV-ISmall &MediumPower LMV-5la<.je &Heavy HV-2JPublic UgMLMV-3Water Woru
S.T.W.
P.T.W.
Wy. Traction
i"
UDO-I
Noi.
3
21490
1630?
709
3
3
4
-
-
-
JJJ1J
CanntcedtortJikW
4
16375 "
1U3J
3159
912
1352
460
-
-
-
4«S9«
UOO-li
NCJ.
525494
3242
jy
20
4
•
2
-
34SJJ
CcwieCrtkMdnkW
6
4525
2S43J
10713
3«6
540
5<5
106
-
-
»ia
UDD-III
Nci
7
3342S
5152
1?23
9?
7
10
-
39
ConntCKlkjJfl n rtV
a61979
11199
27904
16655
4COO
2462
-
247
' | *
40CUJ I24U4
UDO-IV
Nci.
93J3C2
5736
570
11
4
J
1
457
-
15CW
CannsCM'CJd A V.V
10479:9
30133
5325
2047
750
<J6
:o
<rjfl
-
JJ4J7
UDD-V
.Vcs.
11
327!o
4320
5™
5
2
i
-
-
'
M!32
'cj: n tfV
12UC53
7JJ:
i:CC
;:o
•51
O5
-
-
JiO
55C-3
UDC
NCJ.
13
I5i:3i
4C257
4375
i;s
25
22
3
<«
Cc."fCM'C« ,1 i'.V
u2153J1
J4S-3 !
•••'''
237=0
;:a
4372
::s i
UJ77 :
! j JfJt
15<4«« 4iy:j
11
It is evident that for the city of Agra at the 132 KV level there is a net
transformation capacity available of 280 MVA. This is just equal to the peak load
demand and this is indeed a very tight fit. Normally, as per the norms of the PCL,
the substations should be loaded upto a level of 70% of the installed capacity. At
the same time there is no buffer supply to cater to the growth in demand. The
power demand is growing at the rate of 13% per annum and by the year 2010 itwould be about 560 MVA.
The distribution system is extremely weak and results in frequent
breakdowns. At the best of times, there would be a supply gap of two hours(average).
Due to a lack of availability of sufficient and assured power supply, there issubstantial operation of the DG sets.
The annual emissions of primary pollutants on account of DG sets areestimated as follows :-
SPM 255 tonnes/year
SO2 1776 tonnes/year
NOX 3567 tonnes/year
The proportional emissions of primary pollutants from various sectors canbe summarised as follows :-
12
(I) TSP/SPM
TSP
; a Transport!«DG sets;O IndustryQOomestig
Domestic81%
(II) S02
S02
Industry62!
Q Transport
• OG sets
O Industry
(Ill) NOx .
NO..
OG s«ti
: B Transport• • OG sets ji!D Industry i
•Q Domestic
Thus, it is evident that a$ regards the SPM, 81% of the total emissions
emanates from the domestic sectors due to the use of biomass as a cooking fuel
by the rural and urban population. This has major policy implications for the supply
of subsidised LPG and kerosene oii to the masses so as to prevent the use of
biomass.*
As regards SO2, 62% of the emissions is generated by the industrial sector
and 27% on account of the DG set operations. The transport sector is the major
source of NOX emissions.
B- WATER
Pollution of water bodies is a result of the generation of city sewage and^
industrial effluents and an inadequate infrastructural capacity to collect and treat
the same.
The city has a very poor sewerage cover. Only 20% of the city population
is covered by a sewerage system comprising of 20 km. of trunk sewer lines and
120 km. of branch sewer lines. Mostly, the residents have their ov/n soak pits or
are discharging the sewage into local ponds.
The drainage cover of the city is also extremely poor. Topographically the
city can be divided into seven drainage districts.
U
Area
"I) CITY DRAINAGE DISTRICT 1347
ii) WESTERN " " • 1320
iii) SOUTH " " 526
'iv) ' SOUTHERN " " 664
v) TAJGANJ " " 985
vi) NORTHERN " " 415
vii) TRANS YAMUNA " " 850
Total Area 6107
Drainage Cover
1347
470
185
80
310
90
572
3054
Thus, out of a total area of 6107 ha , only 3054 ha. has drainage cover.
Before the commissioning of the STP at Dhandhpura under the YAP, the
sewage was being pumped by a network of sewage pumping stations into sewage
farms without any treatment.
But now a sewage treatment plant of a capacity of 78 MLD has been
commissioned in the CIS YAMUNA area near Dhandhupura under the YAP. The
Trans Yamuna side of the city is mainly an industrial area wherein several small
and medium scale industries are operating. Many of those industries are
discharging their wastewater directly into the drainage without any pre-treatment.
Now a STP of 10 MLD has been commissioned in Trans Yamuna area near Pila
Khar under YAP for tapping sullage from open drains.
The system of the management of solid waste generated in a city has
implications for the pollution of land surface as also the water bodies and ground
water. Presently, the population of Agra city is about 1.2 million. Due to the daily
influx of tourist and labor force from nearby towns, the daily floating population is
estimated to be about 20,000 persons. Assuming a daily per capita waste
generation of 503 gms.. the total waste generation of the city is about 620 tonnes.
On the industrial side, the Petha manufacturing units are generating considerable
amounts of organic waste, which is getting, mixed with municipal waste.
15
The solid waste management of the city is the responsibility of the
Municipal Corporation. There are several deficiencies, some infrastructural and
others relating to management capacities. The local storage of waste is done in
iron bins of various capacities and dalao ghars (masonry structure). This capacity
is inadequate. As against a requirement of 3000 m3 , the availability is only 2300
m3. Consequently, waste is dumped outside the bins. There is no system of house
to house collection, which, results in people throwing their wastes into the streets,
or some unoccupied land or into the drains. There is no primary segregation of
waste into recyclable and compostable and inert categories. The transportation
capacity of the corporation is also not sufficient. The trenching ground at Shahadra
is presently full and the waste, which is being dumped, is spilling on to road side.
There is no system for recycling and composting which is resulting in a waste of
resources. Practices relating to dumping at the landfill site are not scientific. There
is no system of compacting the waste and covering it with inert material. As a
result of which, there is foul smell, and the presence of rodents, pests and birds.
There are also several unrecognised dumpsites in the city. Sweepers also often
resort to open burning of the wastes.
16
THE INITIATIVE
The problems facing the city of Agra, plagues just about any average city ofthe state. But what sets it apart is the fact that it is home to the most beautifulmonument of the "world", the Taj Mahal. Built in the 17th century by Shah Jahan,the Mughal Emperor, in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal, it is the mostimportant tourist destination of India attracting about 2.4 million tourists annually.
•>Concerns regarding the environmental threat to this monument was voiced
in the Hon'ble Supreme Court through a Public Interest Litigation filed by the noted"Green" Advocate Mr. M.C.Mehta. The Writ Petition No. 13381/84-M.C.Mental V/sUnion of India & others raised several issues pertaining to the environmentalpressures on the monument as well as the socio-economic and physicalconditions of the city.
In this chapter, it is proposed to list a sample of observations of the Hon'bleSupreme Court, as also the findings of the various, expert committees in thisregard. For this would provide a vital insight into the concepts which guided theformulation of the Taj Protection Mission.
The concern regarding the environmental threat to the Taj has beenarticulated in the landmark judgement of Hon'ble Justice Shri Kuldeep Singh dated30/12/96, and is as follows :-
A- "The Taj is threatened with deterioration and damage not only by thetraditional causes of decay, but also by the changing social and economicconditions which aggravate the situation with even more formidablephenomena of damage and destruction."
This judgement also provides the conceptual underpinnings for the TajProtection Mission. Relevant-extracts from it are reproduced below :-
B- "According to the petitioner, the foundries, chemical/hazardous industriesand the refiner/ at Mathura are the major sources of damage to the Taj.The sulphurdioxide emitted by the Mathura Refinery and the industrieswhen combined with oxygen - with aid of moisture - in the atmosphereforms sulphuric acid called "Acid rain" which has a corroding effect on thegleaming white marble. Industrial/Refinery emissions, brick-kilns, vehiculartraffic and generator sets are primarily responsible for polluting the ambientair around the Taj Trapezium (1TZ). The petition states that the whitemarble has yellowed and blackened in places."
17
The judgement also quoted some of the findings of the Vardharajan
• Committee Report titled as "The Report on the Environmental Impact of Mathura
Refinery". One of them is given below :-
C- "There is substantial level of pollution of sulphur dioxide and particulate
matter in the Agra region. The possible sources are all coal users consisting
of two power plants, a number of small industries mainly foundries
i (approximately 250) and a Railway Shunting Yard. As far as suspended
particulate matters are concerned, because of use of coal, contribution will
be substantial. Even though the total amount of emission of sulphur dioxide
from these sources may be small, on account of their proximity to the
monuments, their contribution to the air quality of the zone will be
considerably high."
With respect to the Mathura refinery the judgement directed that the
recommendations of the NEERI be complied with. These were mainly :-
a) Use of natural gas
b) Improved Sulphur recovery unit
c) Setting up of a Hydro cracking unit
d) Chemo and biochemical sulphur recovery
e) Setting up of a green belt around the refinery
D- "The^Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, New
Delhi, published a report (Control of Urban Pollution Series CUPS/7/1981-
82) under the title "Inventory and Assessment of Pollution Emission in and
around Agra-Mathura Region (Abridged)". The relevant findings are as
under:- «iX
Industrial activities which are in operation in Agra city and its
outskirts could be categorised as (i) Ferrous Metal Casting using Cupolas
(Foundry); (ii) Ferro-alloy and Non-Ferrous Castings using Crucibles,
Rotary Furnaces etc. iii) Rubber Processing; (iv) Lime Oxidation andN
Pulverising; (v) Engineering; (vi) Chemical; and (vii) Brick and Refractory
Kilns (Table 4-1) The contribution of sulphur dioxide
through emission primarily from the combustion from the fuels comprising
hard coke, steam coal, wood and fuel oil is estimated as 3.64 tonnes per
day from industrial activities in the Agra city and its outskirts (Table 5-3).
18
The vehicular contribution as estimated from traffic census in 6 road
crossings is only 65 kg. a day or 0.065 tonnes a day and should beconsidered negligible for the present (Para 7.4)."
As regards other industries in the TTZ the judgement directed as follows :-
E- "Based on the reports of various technical authorities mentioned in this
judgement,* we have already reached the finding that the emissions
generated by the coke/coal consuming industrial units emit pollutants and
have damaging effect on the Taj and the people living in the TTZ. The
atmospheric pollution in TTZ has to be eliminated at any cqst. Not even onet
per cent chance can be taken when - human life apart - the preservation of
a prestigious monument like the Taj is involved. In any case, in view of the*precautionary principle as defined by this Court, the environmental
measures must anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environmental
degradation. The 'onus of proof is on an industry to show that its operation
with the aid of coke/coal is environmentally benign. It is, rather, proved
beyond doubt that the emissions generated by the use of coke/coal by the
industries in TTZ are the main polluters of the ambient air.
We, therefore, hold that the above-mentioned 292 industries shall as
per the schedule indicated hereunder change-over to the natural gas as an
industrial fuel. The industries, which are not in a position to obtain gas
connections - for any reason - shall stop functioning with the aid of coke/
coal in the TTZ and may relocate themselves."
With respect to the Brick Kilns, the Hon'ble Supre'me Court in its order
dated May 10, 1996 has ordered that "(i) All licenced brick kilns within 20 km.
radial distance from the Taj Mahal, other significant monuments & Bharatpur bird
sanctuary shall be closed and stop operating w.e.f. 15/8/96. Court directed the
State Govt. to render all possible assistance to licence brick kiln owners in
relocation beyond TTZ if owner so desire. The closure order is however
unconditional, (ii) Court directs the DM & SSP to close all unlicenced &»
unauthorized brick kilns operating in the TTZ with immediate effect. UPPCB shall* file a compliance report within 2 months, (Hi) No new licence shall be issued for theJ. . establishment of brick kiln within 20 km. radial distance from the Taj Mahal other
| monuments in TTZ & Bharatpur bird sanctuary".
i| ' 19
I
I
F- The Court in its judgement dated 30 December. 1996 spelt out the
following issues that it would monitor in order to control air pollution in TTZ
as follows :-
"This Court is separately monitoring the following issues for controlling air
pollution in TTZ :-
a) The setting up of hydrocracker unit and various other devices by the
Mathura Refinery.
b) The setting up of 50 bed hospital and two mobile dispensaries by the
Mathura Refinery to provide medical aid to the people living in the
surrounding areas (Court order dated Augsut 7, 1996).
c) Construction of Agra bypass to divert all the traffic, which passes
through the city. Under directions of this Court, 24 kms. stretch of the
bypass shall be completed by the end of December 1996 (Court order
dated April 10, 1996).<•
d) Additional amount of Rs. 54 Cr. sanctioned by the Planning Commission
to be utilised by the State Government for the construction of electricity
supply projects to ensure 100 per cent uninterrupted electricity to the
TTZ. This is necessary to stop the operation of generating sets which
are major source of air pollution in the TTZ (Court orders dated April 10,
1996. May 10, 1996, August 30, 1996, September 4, 1996 and
^September 10, 1996).
e) The construction erf Gokul Barrage, Water Supply works of Gokul
Barrage, roads around Gokul Barrage, Agra Barrage and Water Supply
of Agra Barrage, have also been undertaken on a time schedule basis to
supply drinking water to the residents of Agra and to bring life into river
Yamuna which is next to the Taj (Court order dated May 10. 19§6 and
August 30. 1996).
f) Green belt as recommended by NEERI has been set up around the Taj.
Pursuant to continuous monitoring of this Court, the Green belt has
become a reality.
g) This Court suggested to the Planning Commission by order dated
September 4. 1996 to consider sanctioning separate allocation for the
city of Agra and the creation of separate cell under the control of Central
20
Government to safeguard and preserve the Taj. the city of Agra andother national heritage monuments in the TTZ.
h) All emporia and shops functioning within the Taj premises have beendirected to be closed.
i) Directions have been issued to the Government of India to decide the
issue, pertaining to declaration of Agra as a heritage city within twomonths."
G- The Court has also directed in its order dated 4/2/98 that no pollutingvehicles of visitors and tourists should be allowed within 500 metres of the
monument. It also directed the Agra Development Authority to construct a parkingcomplex beyond 500 metres on the Western side.
The Court in its order dated 10/11/95 has also made the followingobservation regarding the construction of a Slaughter House :-
H- "The . construction of Slaughter House at Agra is most important forenvironmental protection, pollution control and tourism purpose. The Taj
Mahal at Agra attracts large number of tourists every year. The city has tobe kept clean and pollution free. We are of the view that the construction of
Slaughter House at Agra has to be taken up separately and with utmost
urgency. Top priority should be given to this project."
Rega/ding the need for a bypass to eare the problem of traffic congestion
and reduce vehicular pollution the Hon'ble Court in its order dated 1/3/1996
directed as follows :-
I- "It has been brought to our notice that about 14,000 trucks carrying about
64,000 tonnes of weight pass through the city of Agra every day. Accordingto the experts, the passage of such a large number of trucks through the
city of Agra every day causes huge lot of pollution. 'It has been suggestedby various authorities including the Agra Heritage Project that it is of utmost
urgency that a bypass be constructed for diverting the traffic from the city ofAgra "
"If this part of the bypass is constructed, almost 50% of the traffic can be
diverted "
"We are of the view that the above mentioned part of bypass should becompleted within six months "
21
' J- In its order dated 4/9/1998 the Court accepted the report jointly submitted
by the NEERI and the CPCB which inter-allia mentioned that "considering the
prevailing unhygienic conditions in the vicinity of the Taj Mahal due to Tajganj
drain in particular, and the entire city of Agra in general, it is recommended thatK
the city should be provided with scientifically designed, constructed and operated
sewerage system with high priority due to its international significance as a tourist
centre. The design will ensure that no pumping station is located within 500 m.
area of the Taj Mahal."
K- Regarding the parking of vehicles on the Western side of the Taj the Court
in its order dated 7/12/1998 stated "we directed the existing parking site at the
Western gate of the Taj Mahal shall be closed and alternative parking site shall be
developed at Amrood-Ka-Teela, as suggested by the Sub-Committee, as the
alternative site would be beyond 500 metres of the Taj Mahal. Since the
development of alternative site will take some time, we directed that the existing
site will be used for parking of vehicles for another 6 months. Thereafter, it shall be
closed.">
It is evident that the Hon'ble Supreme Court has passed several orders
pertaining to almost every aspects of the Taj Mahal and its inter-relatedness with
» the environment and the city of Agra. The above extracts from the various
judgements are intended only to explain the focus of the Taj Protection Mission.
22
CHAPTER - II!THE TAJ PROTECTION MISSION
In the previous chapter certain extracts from the various orders of theHon'ble Supreme Court have been quoted with a view to highlight the basicissues.
The efforts that were required to be taken can be categorised as follows :-
I) REGULATORY or ENFORCEMENT MEASURES
I!) DEVELOPMENTAL MEASURES
Under the regulatory measures, the Court directed the agencies concernedto taken certain action relating to pollution control. These actions were either of a"end of the pipe treatment" approach such as installation of APCD (Air PollutionControl Device) by the industries, brick kilns and the Mathura Refinery, or even achange of technology as in the case of the iron foundries and the glassmanufacturing units.
The Court has also directed that certain development initiatives be taken inorder to improve the environmental condition of the city. The Court had made thefollowing suggestion so as to make funds available in its order dated 4/9/96 >
"We have suggested to Mr.K.M.Lal that the Planning Commission shouldconsider having a separate planned allocation for the environmental protection ofthe Taj Mahal which is a world heritage and one of the wonders of the world. Lot ofmoney is required to protect the environment, save the Taj from pollution and forthe growth of tourism. For this purpose, it would "be advisable that a separateallocation should be made which should be utilised under the supervision of theCentral Government. Even a special cell can be created to look after the TajMahal. This is only a suggestion for the consideration of the Planning Commissionand the Government of Iridia.
This was the beginning of the Taj Protection Mission, which had thefollowing objectives :-
• environmental protection of the Taj
• improving the levels of sanitation and the physical condition of life in thecity
• promote the growth of tourism.
These objectives have guided the formulation of the projects of the TajProtection Mission and should be the criteria to judge its relevance.
It was also agreed in the Planning Commission that the CentralGovernment shall consider an allocation of Rs.300 Cr. during the Ninth Plan on afifty-fifty percent matching basis with State Govt. to cover the estimated cost ofRs.600 Cr. to implement the scheme for the protection of the Taj.
23
At the time of writing of the concept paper, the following projects are in theprocess of implementation :-
FOCUS AREA Rs. in Crores
V
«
A
B
BASIC GOAL
1
Improvement ofthe levels of sani-tation & physicalconditions of life
EnvironmentalProtection
DEPARTMENT
2
JAL NIGAM
NAGAR NIGAMIRRIGATION
P.W.O.
A.O.A.
U.P.P.C.L.
FOREST
CPCB
SL. NO
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8'
9
10
11
12
1314
15
16
PROJECTS APPROVED MM8 & GOI (EFC]
4
Water Supply Agra(i) Water Supply Mathura-Vrindavan (Phase 1 & II)(ii) Water Supply Mathura-Vrindavan (Phase-Ill)[MM8]
TOTAL (i & ii)Agra SewerageStorm Water Drainage System Agra-(i) Jal Nigarii(ii) Nagar Nigam
TOTAL (i & iiSUB-TOTAL
Solid Waste ManagementGokul BarrageAgra Barrage
SU8-TOTAL-Construction of One Part of Agra Southern Bypass(MM8)mprovement of 20 Agra City Roads
SUB-TOTAL-Widening of Agra Byepassmprovement of Master Plan Roads of Agra Citymprovement of Parking on Western Gate of Taj
SUB-TOTAL-mprovement of Electric Supply in Agramprovement of Electric Supply in the rural areas
of Agra & Fatehpur-SikriSUB-TOTAL-
i) Plantation "ii) Maintenance of Plantation (MMB]
SUB-TOTAL-
Set up of 4 Monitoring Station [MMB]GRAND-TOTAL
COST
5
72.8042.0019.69
61.6943.57
5.650.956.60
184.667.49
30.70120.47151.1726.51
27.4753.580.7622.970.94
24.67.9.1139.09
48.209.432.3811.81
0.71482.69
Promotion of tourism is an implicit goal and need not be taken up as an exclusive
head.
2-1
As was required by the Planning Commission, the Government of U.P. has•constituted a Mission Management Board on 9th May, 1997 for overseeing theimplementation, and for monitoring and reviewing the various programmes/schemes formulated for the protection of the Taj Mahal. The constitution of theMission Management Board is as under :-
1. v Chief Secretary , Govt Of U.P. Chairman
2. Finance Secretary , Govt. of U.P. Member
3. Commissioner, Agra Division, Govt. of U.P. Member
4. • Secretary (Power), Govt. of U.P. Member
5. Secretary ( Environment & Forests), Govt. of U.P Member
6. Representative of Ministry of Environment & Forests. Member
7. Representative of Ministry of Power. Member
8. 'Representative of Ministry of Urban Development. Member
9. Representative of Planning Commission. Member
10. Representative of Ministry of Surface Transport. Member
11. Representative of Ministry of Water Resources. Member
At the divisional level the implementation is over seen and co-ordinated by
the TTZ Pollution (Prevention & Control) Authority, which was constituted by the
Ministry of Environment & Forests vide Notification No. 258, dated May 18. 1999
and having the following composition :-
1. Commissioner, Agra Division
2. Chairman, Uttar. Pradesh State Pollution Control
Board
3. Deputy Inspector General of Police, Agra Range
4. Member-Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board
5. A representative of the Ministry of Petroleum and
Natural Gas
6. A representative of Ministry of Environment and
Forests
7. A representative of Archaeological Survey of India
8. . Vice-Chairman, Agra Development Authority
Chairman
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member-Convener
A-
A brief description of the projects is a follows :-
WATER SUPPLY AGRA
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
As per the 1991 census the population of Agra was 9.48 lacs. Presently it isestimated to be about 12 lacs. At the end of the design period i.e. 2031, it isprojected to be 24 lacs.
Agra City has been divided into 25 water supply zones. 15 zones aredeveloped and are covered by a piped water supply system. The remaining 10zones are undeveloped.
As per CPHEEO norms the requirement of water is estimated to be 150Ipcd. Hence by the year 2031 the total demand of water will be 473 MLD. Theproject has been formulated to develop an efficient distribution system for water infor whole of the Agra City. The project components are as follows :—
S.No. NarteofWork Quantity of Work Approved cost(Rs. in lacs)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. .
7 "
Laying of Distrbn.System 25 zones
Ground LevelReservoir
O.H.T
Pump House
Zonal PumpingPlants
Rising. Mains
HeadWork PumpingPlants & Power Conn.
600 km (Appro.)
10 No.•
15 No.
8 No.
60 zonal42 No.
4 No.
Job
1808.34
217.76
1767.00
25.00
604.15
1329.49
185.00
8 Repair of Zonal 4 No.Ground level Reservoir
9. Renovation of works in water jobWorks i.e. Pump house, wasteWater drain e.t.c supply ofNew T& P
100.00
161.26
26
10. Land Acqn. 8 Nos. 480.00
Total 6678.35
Contingencies 2% 133.57
6811.92
* Less 5 % for work effecting .340.59
Total 6471.33
Centage12.5% 808.92
Total ^ 7280.25
PRESENT STATUS
The above project has been cleared by the EFC for Rs.72.80 crores. 31Detailed Projects worth Rs,73.73 crores had been cleared and works are underprogress.
Remaining 4 DPR have been prepared and are under appraised.
Rs.46.50 crores have been released and about Rs.41.30 crores have beenspent. The physical progress is as follows :—
1. 192 Km. of .pipe line has been laid in 19 zones namely Hariparwat,
Ghatwasan-l,H, Lohamandi, Kotwali, Tajganj-I, Shahganj-l.lll, Bodla-l.ll &
III, Rakabganj, Mafthan, Chhata, Khandari, Dayalbagh, Sikandra-l &
Bundukatra.
2. 2 Nos. filter beds'of W.W.I have been repaired and ready to use.
3. Repairing & rehabilitation works in W.W.I, such as wastewater drain, pump
houses etc. have been completed.
4. All the pumping plants of 11 old zones have been replaced.
5. Construction of Service reservoirs of Shahganj-l, Shahganj-lll and Tajganj-i
and Swami Bagh Dayal Bagh zones have been completed.
6. . Repair of CWR of Kotwali, Sikandra and Khandari have been completed.
7. Trunk rising mains in a length of 17.14 Km. from water works I & II to zonal
pumping stations have been laid.
8. OHT of Kotwali, Shahganj-lll, Bundukatra, Bodla-l! have been completed.
27
B- WATER SUPPLY MATHRA-VRINDAVAN
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Mathura-Vrindavan water supply reorganization scheme project hasbeen prepared in three phases i.e. Intake works, zonal reservoirs, feeder main anddistribution system. The population of Mathura and Vrindavan town is 2,26,157and 47,720 respectively as per 1991 census. It is projected to be 4,92,000 and1,20,000 in the year 2021. Rate of water supply has been taken as 150 Ipcd as perCHPEEO manual. Accordingly total requirement of clear water will be 91.80 MLD.
Estimates of works of phase I, if & III have been prepared amounting toRs. 1236.71 lacs, Rs.4336 lacs and Rs.2665 lacs respectively. Out of which stateEFC has approved the works of Rs. 1236.71 lacs, Rs.2669.78 lacs and Rs.1969lacs. Treatment plant of 101 MLD and 4500 KL Storage Reservoir will beconstructed in phase I. Feeder main from treatment plant to Mathura & Vrindavantown and zonal reservoirs & pumping stations will be constructed in phase-ll.Distribution system reorganisation is proposed in Phase-Ill.
The construction works of Intake well and clear water reservoir of 4500 KLhas been completed. The construction work of 101 MLD Water Treatment Plant isin progress and 2 filter beds are under trial run. Feeder main has been laid & is inprogress. Ground Level reservoirs of Bhuteshwar, Mukharjee Park, Jawahar Bag,Jai Singh Pura & Dampier Nagar area are under construction. Installation work ofraw water pumping plants at intake well and clear water pumping plant at 2 clearwater CWR/Pump House is completed. Power has been made available byU.P.P.C.L. Four Tubewells have also been constructed in Laxminagar locality,which is presently a tubewell zone. Partial benefits of these works will be availableto public by December, 2001. In Phase-Ill, work is in-progress in Jawahar Bagh,Bhuteshwar & Laxmi Nagar area of Mathura, which are named as zone-l, IV & IX.In these 3 zones 45 km. pipe line has been laid out of total 412 km. long pipe lineproposed in all the 14 zones of Mathura & Vrindavan towns.
Rs.44.32 crores have been released and about Rs.33.70 crores have beenspent.
*Estimate Approved by EFC
Phase-! - Rs.1621 lacs. Rs.1236.71 lacs
Phase-ll - Rs.4336 lacs Rs.2669.78 lacs
Phase-Ill - Rs.2665 lacs Rs. 1969.00 lacs
23
C- STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
JAL NIGAM
Agra Drainage
v EFC has sanctioned the construction of the following four new drains :—
COST Physical Progress(Rs.in Crores) (in %)
1. Nawal Ganj in Trans 2.54 DPR cost Rs.64.17 lacs. 100%Yamuna Area Approved by CPHEEO.
2. Bheem Nagar
3. Sikandra
4. Mustafa Quarterto Namner Nala
Total cost of project
Total expenditure incurred is
NAGAR NIGAM
0.41 DPR cost Rs.57.95 lacs 100%Approved by CPHEEO.
0.77 DPR cost Rs.70.34 lacs 100%Approved by CPHEEO.
1.93 Gravity flow not possible. -Hence, provisions of pumpingis being included. Constructionof sump well & drains have beenstarted.
Rs. 5.65 crores
Rs. 2.20 crores.
EFC has also cleared the proposal for cleaning the following drains by theNagar Nigam :-
COST Physical Progress(Rs.in Crores) (in %)
1. Paliwal Park2. Mantola3. Bhairon4. ' Taj East Gate
5.92 Work has been completed. 100%31.27 Desilting work is in progress. 72%1.33 Work has been completed. 100%56.10 Work is in progress. Revised , 97%
project of Rs. 131.16 lacsapproved by MMB.
The above projects have been cleaied for Rs. 94.62 lacs
Hence the total cost of the project for the storm water drainage is Rs. 6.60
crores. Rs. 6.60 crores has been released and Rs. 2.88 crores spent.
29
D- SOLiD WASTE MANAGEMENT
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
To improve the solid waste management system in the city projects worth
Rs. 7.49 crores have been approved by the EFC. The funds have been released
to the Nagar Nigam.
The project proposes to procure equipments such as dumper placers,
wheel dozer, excavator loader, wheel barrows, tipping carts, and mud/sullage
pumps. Some works of civil construction have also been included such as the
construction of workshop shed and purchase'of workshop equipment.
Two trenching grounds are proposed to be made after acquiring suitable
lands. The land at Naraich is already in possession of Nagar Nigam and
boundry/fencing work has started.
Twenty community latrines and RCC platforms for placement of dumper
placer bins have been proposed.
PRESENT STATUS
Rs. 7.49 crores has been released and the expenditure reported till end of
October, 2001 is Rs. 7.43 crores.\d has been acquired at Naraich for the development a new trenching
ground. The land identified at Karbhana was fundable unsuitable, therefore
another land is being selected near the Gwalior road.
All the vehicles and implements for containerised handling of solid waste
have been purchased and nine out of ten covered tipper trucks have been
procured.
The implements for primary collection of wastes have been procured. A
new workshop shed has been constructed at Transport Nagar for maintenance
and upkeep of waste handling vehicles.
Eight sullage/mud pumps have been procured. 133 Nos. RCC platforms
have been constructed in various parts of the city for the placement of Dumper
Placer bins.
90% construction of community latrines is complete.
30
E- GQKUL BARRAGEPROJECT DESCRIPTION
The projec; began in 1990 and the estimates prepared on the basis of 1988prices were of Rs. 29.75 crores. Based on 1998 prices, the estimated cost of theproject is Rs. 93.64 crores. EFC has approved it for Rs.92.20 crores. Out of whichthe Vvorks component is about Rs. 82.98 crores. Rs. 61.50 crores were releasedby MUD and Rs.30.70 crores had been proposed to provide as a part of the TTZ.The entire amount has been released.
T»
The Barrage has been constructed on the river Yamuna near MurlidharGhat in Mathura. The submergence area of this Barrage is 25900 Sq. Km. and it isdesigned for a flood discharge at 9500 cusec. The proposed pond level is RL1.65.00 Mt. The net storage capacity is 13017 acre feet.
PRESENT STATUS
' Rs.30.70 crores has been released as a part of the TTZ scheme.Expenditure incurred is Rs.21.64 crores. The project is now complete &commissioned.
F- CONSTRUCTION OF ONE PART OF AGRA BYPASS
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Runakta
DELHI
NH2 KANPUR
4.1 Km.
KirawaliNH11
To Jaipur NH3To Gwalicr
Canal Road
Proposed Parallel Bypass Rcac
31
The southern bypass takes off from NH-2 at Runakta and proceeds alongthe Kirawali road for as abqut 4.1 Km. It then runs along the canal for about 19.9Km., cutting NH-11 and joining NH-3. The bypass thus seeks to bypass thevehicular traffic between Gwalior and Delhi.
This project has been cleared by the EFC for Rs. 10.65 crores. The workhas been taken up in a two phase manner. In the first phase, the existing canalservice road has been widened and strengthened. From an initial width of 3 Mt., itwas widened to 3.7 Mt. Subsequently, Agra Development Authority widened theroad to 4.7 Mt. Phase-ll was cleared by EFC for Rs. 8.00 crores released althoughRs. 5.45 crores has been spent by the PWDV
In the second phase, a road parallel to the existing canal road of 4.7 Mt.width is proposed to be made to serve as a bypass of NH standards.
This has been necessitated due to frequent traffic congestion that aretaking place on account of the trees that line the canal road, and the orders of theSupreme Court banning their felling.
EFC has cleared Phase-ll for Rs. 8.86 crores. The total cost of Phase-l andPhase-l! is Rs.10.65 crores.
The traffic load being more than 1500 vehicles/24 Hr's period (about 2400),has led to a change in specification.
The estimate has been revised as per National Highway norms. Provisionfor two lane (7.0 m wide) mechanical compaction, Granular sub-base, WMM hasbeen included. The revised estimate stands at Rs 26.91 crores and has been
• submitted to the State EFC for clearance. MMB has approved the revisedspecifications in principle, subject to examination by State EFC.
PRESENT STATUS
Rs.10.65 crores has been released upto 10/2001 and about Rs. 5.45 croresare reported to have been spent upto OctobeV, 2001.
Out of 19.90 Km.s, 18.02 Km. land is purchased by personal negation andRs.183.00 lacs has been disbursed as compensation 16.2 Km. of earth work hastaken place and mechanical compaction is in progress.
GSB-l.in 15.23 Km. and GSB-II in 2.6 Km. has been completed.
Remaining works is in progress.
G- WIDENING OF AGRA BYPASSP
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Agra Development Authority had widened the Southern bypass along
the canal from the existing width of 3.7 Mt. to 4.7 Mt. MMB had approved the
projects worth 0.76 crores. Rs.0.76 crores have been released by the Environment
Ministry. Agra Development Authority has executed the works incurring an
expenditure of 0.72 crores and the work is complete.
H- IMPROVEMENT OF MASTER PLAN ROAD OF AGRA CITY
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
To complete the missing links in 16 Master Plan roads, projects worth
Rs.7.59 crores has bee.n approved by the EFC.
Projects worth Rs. 6.61 crores have been cleared for the strengthening cf
10 existing Master Plan roads.
Provision of Rs. 2.04 crores has been made for street lighting and about%
Rs.4.97 crores has been made for land acquisition.
Tetal project cost cleared is about Rs. 22.97 crores.4
PRESENT STATUS
i
Rs.18.60 crores has been released as of date and an expenditure of
Rs.14.90 crores have been reported. Land acquisition through negotiations is in
progress. Out of 10 strengthening components. 7 Master Plan roads are rearing
completion and out of 16 missing gaps, 7 roads are nearing completion and wcrkso
on 3 roads are in progress and work on another one road in Dayal Bagh is to start.
A revised project for 7 roads for strengthening components and 11 reads
as missing links and 2 new roads in the proximity of Taj with a total outlay cf
Rs.22.97 crores has been approved by State EFC and the MMB.
33
I- IMPROVEMENT OF ELECTRIC SUPPLY IN AGRA
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Rs. 9.11 crores has been approved by the EFC for the installation of a 315MVA transformer at the 400 KV sub station at Pilipokhar.
v
PRESENT STATUS
Rs.9.11 crores has been released. Rs.6.47 crores has been spent. Thetransformer has been commissioned.
J- IMPROVEMENT OF ELECTRIC SUPPLY IN RURAL AREAS OF AGRA &FATEHPUR-SIKRI
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The scheme to bring about an improvement in the power supply in the rural
areas in the TTZ has been cleared by the EFC. Projects totaling up to Rs.39 09
crores have been approved.
Rs. 29.09 crores has been earmarked for works in the distribution sector
and about Rs. 10.00 crores has been set aside for improving the transmission
system.*
(I) DISTRIBUTION WORKSt
In this sector, 11 new 33/11 KV substations are proposed to be constructed
(Abstract B). This project is costed at Rs. 9.48 crores
. The transformation capacities of 18 existing substations are to be
increased, and about 18 Km. of 33 KV lines have to be laid.
N.E villages falling within 20 Km radius of the Taj Mahal and 15 Km radius
of Fatehpur-Sikri have to be electrified. About 357 villages are to be taken up. The
transformation capacity of 50 LT substation in Mathura is to be increased About
95 slums/ villages within the municipal limits of Agra have to be electrified.
The distribution system of the town of Hathras. Mursan and Mendu is
proposed to be strengthened.
The above details are summarized in a tabular form as Abstract A. B & C.
(II) TRANSMISSION WORKS
In the transmission sector, a new substation of 132 KV is to be constructedat Bodla. Land had been offered by the Agra Development Authority atconcessional rates. The substation has been commissioned. Transmissioncapacity of 132 KV substation at Bah, Hathras and Shamshabad has beendoubled. Project worth Rs.10.00 crores have been approved in this sector.
PRESENT STATUS
Against an approved cost of Rs.39.09 crores, about Rs.29.11 crores hasbeen released. Expenditure incurred is about Rs.27.10 crores. Substation atSaiyan, Akola, Dhamota & Majahra have been constructed and work at PapriNagar, Karholi, Khairagarh, Kathras Junction is in progress.
In 110 Nos. out of 357 Nos. coded villages and 175 Hamlets electrificationwork has been completed.
ABSTRACT - "A"
S.NO. DESCRIPTION OF WORKS | QUANTITYDISTRIBUTION SECTOR1.
2.
3.
4. -
5.
6.
7.
Construction of 33/1 1 KV sub-stationIncreasing of transformation capacity ofexisting sub-stationConstruction of 33 KV lines
Electrification of N.E. villagesIncreasing capacity of 1 1/0.4 KV sub-stationElectrification of slums & villages withinmunicipal limitsImprovement works in the towrrofHathras, Mursan and Mendu
Sub-Total
TRANSMISSION SECTOR8.
9.
10.
11.
Construction of 132 kv substation atBodla (1X40 MVA)Increasing caoacity of 132 kv substationat BAH from 1X20 to 1X40 MVAIncreasing capacity of 132 kv substationat Hathras from 1X20 to 1X40 MVAIncreasing capacity of 132 kv substationat Shamshabad from 1X20 to 1X40 MVA
Sub-Total
11 No.18 No.
18 Km.
357 No.50 No.
95 No.
LS
1
1
1
1
GRAND TOTAL
COST( in lacs)
948.00394.77
54.00
1347.9925.00
95.00
45.00
2909.76•
700.00
100.00ii
100.00
100.00
1000.003909.76
35
ABSTRACT - "B1
DistrictsAGRA
HATHRAS
ETAH
FIROZABAD
Construction at 33/1 1 Kv S,S.DHANAOTAPAPRI NAGARRUNAKTASAIANMAJAHRAAKOU\l
HATHRAS TOWNHATHRAS JN.
Sub-TotalJALESAR
Sub-Total
Capacity1X3
1X3
1X51X3
1X3
1X3-
2X5
2X5-
Cost-
-
-
• •.
-
481.25-
-
278.001X3 |
-KHAIRGARH | 1X3KARKAOLI
Sub-Total j1X3
-
GRAND TOTAL
76.25-
-
152.50988.00
ABSTRACT - "C"
SI.NO
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.
13.
i
14
NAME OF 33/11 KVSS
AGRAFATEHBADBAHJARAR .BHADRAUL!SAMSHABADKAGRAOLFATEHPUR-SIKRI ROAD -BICHPURISIKANDRADAYAL BAGKIRAWALIBAMRAULI KATRA
HATHRASMURSAN !
!
MA THURA IBISAWAR (MAI &SAHPAU) i
EXISTINGCAPACITY
2X5+32X5+3
1X33+53+53+51X33+5
2X5+33+52X31X3
i2X3 i
1X5&2X3i
PROPOSEDCAPACITY. MVA
3X53X52X3 J2X52X52X52X32X53X52X53+53+5
3+5
5+3 & 3+5
COST
(Rs. in lacs)
276.75
13.50
33.75i
36
'
K- PLANTATION
Air Pollution Control through Plantation
One of the most effective, economical and useful remedies for control of
environmental pollution is tree plantation. Trees help in soil and water
conservation and are "Oxygen producing" industries to combat ever increasing air
pollution. Big foliage trees also help in reducing noise and dust pollution.
The characteristic property of the trees to retard the impact of the wind is
closely connected with their capability to achieve a filter effect, i.e. to filter out
gases and aerosol from the air. The aerosol, i.e. dust and other filthy solid and
liquid particles, which are being carried away by the wind are retained by the
leaves and branches. In addition to this a strong sedimentation takes place during
stillness of the wind. Hence, the filter impact of the trees extends both in horizontal
and vertical directions. There have been studies which indicate higher sulfur
content under trees because of the above mentioned filtering effect.» ''
The forests have also been/described as the "green lung" of the earth. The
underlying implicatiofi of this characterization is that these forests absorb more*
carbon dioxide during the daytime in the process of photosynthesis than they emit
at night through respiration.
. In view of the above it is imperative to go in for intensive and extensive
planting of trees in order to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide and other
pollutants.
37
From the above it is clear that the trees play a major role in controling the
environmental pollution in the following ways :-
(iii) By providing a filter effect whereby they filter out and arrest the dispersal of
harmful gases and aerosol (dust and other harmful solid and liquid
particles).
(iv) By acting as a very effective carbon'sink.
In the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) there are a number of centers which
generate the pollutants and can be termed as source. The pollutants generated by
these sources have been the major cause of damage to the great monuments
within the TTZ which can be termed as Receptors.
The most important receptor within the TTZ is undoubtedly the Taj Mahal
but there are other very important monuments within the zone which act as
receptors. Some of these are Agra Fort, Etmad-ud-Daula, Sikandra and Fetehpur-
Sikri (Fatehpur-Sikri is approx 40 km. from Taj).
It is a well established fact that the pollution level around the abovec
mentioned receptors is very high and requires immediate attention. The cause
(Sources) of this high pollution levels around the monuments, however, is not
necessarily located within the areas in close vicinity of the monuments but are
located over the entire Taj Trapezium Zone. Some of these sources are as
follows :-
1. Line Sources :
Excessive NO2 and other pollution buildup can be attributed to the heavy
vehicular traffic on various roads located within the Taj Trapezium Zone. The
pollutants generated on these roads disperse over the entire TTZ.
38
2. Industrial Sources :
There are a number of Industrial Sources within the TT Zone which emit
gaseous pollutants such as SO2 and HC during their operations. Some of these
Industrial Sources may be listed as follows :-V
(a) Mathura Refinary - This is the single largest air pollution source within the
existing TTZ. (Approximately 40 km. from the Taj)
(b) The Glass Factories of-Eirozabad - Several glass factories located in
Firozabad (50 km. east of the Taj) are the next major sources of pollutants
in the TTZ.
(c) The Foundries and Rubber Processing Units located in Agra.
(d) There are large chunk of alkaline and ravinous barren lands within the TTZ.
The loose soil particles from these barren lands from a major source of dust
pollution. These areas need immediate attention as.
As has been clarified above, the high pollution level can be mitigated to a
great extent by intensive and extensive plantation activities. The plantation
activities are required to be concentrated as follows :-
(I) Plantation around the sources :*
Sources located within the TTZ are a major cause of the high pollution
levels around the monuments. There is an urgent heed to carryout intensive
plantation activities around these sources and create effective green belts so that
the pollutants generated by them are arrested and checked at the point of their
origin itself before they are dispersed and reach the receptors. This makes it
inevitable to carryout plantation activities in the whole TTZ often located far from
the receptors but in close vicinity of the sources. In fact the plantations around the*ysources may prove to be the most effective for the protection of the monuments as
they would not allow the pollutants to spread over and reach the sources.
39
(II) Plantation between the sources and receptors :
The plantations around the sources will check the spread of pollutants to a
great extent, but the winds will definitely carry it beyond these areas
Consequently, there is a need to create more green belts between the sources•WE t
and the receptors. These green belts apart from working as filters and sinks would
act as physical barriers in checking the pollutants from reaching the receptors.
(Ill) Plantation around the receptors :
The need for plantation and creation of green belts around the receptors
(monuments) is well established and needs no further elaboration.
In light of the above it may be concluded that in order to protect the Taj
Mahal and other monuments of Agra, plantation is an activity which cannot be
restricted only to an area of 4 to 6 kms. radius around the monuments if it has to
effective. Therefore, plantation activities must be earned out in the whole of the
TTZ.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
«
A project costing about Rs.9.43 Cr. for plantation in Agra. Mathura.
Firozabad. Hathras and Etah districts in 2378 hect. land has been approved by the
EFC.
PRESENT STATUS
Rs.8.37 Cr. has been released out of which Rs.5.83 Cr. hac been spent and
the work is in progress.V
1015 hect. area has been planted during the 2000-2001. Break up of the
plantation is as follows :-
Around monuments • : 19
City Roads : 30
.Industrial area : 60
Ravines ' : 275
Usararea : 109
Normal Block Plantations : .249
y Other Roads : 283
Total : 1015 hect.
In these areas species planted are indigenous, broad canopied, deciduous
to evergreen in nature, self rejuvenating and suitable to the climatic range i.e.
tolerant to temperature, local rains, soil factors etc.. Shrubs and other species
having pollution reducing characters in ambient air and which are multistoried inV.
nature have also been planted.
1343 ha. area has to be planted during financial year 2001-2002 (2001
rains). Break up of this plantation is as follows :-
Categories Targets for the year(2001-2002)
Around monuments :
City Roads :
Industrial area :
Ravines :
Usar area : t
Normal Block Plantations :*
Other Roads
Total :
19
20
130
275«*
95
499
315
1363_ t^^^n- u.»»»«»*»»T ••«
Achievement
19
30
130
275
95
479
315
1343*»
2002).
rThe remaining 20 ha. area will be planted in winter season (during 2001
L- AGRA SEWERAGE
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
• The city of Agra is spread over 8,400 hect. and has a population of
9,48,065 as per 1991 census, which is projected to, become 24 lacks by 2031.s
Presently only 1400 hectare has sewerage, comprising of 20 km. of main
trunk sewer and 100 km. of branch sewer. Most of the branch sewers are choked
and are badly in need of repairs.
For the sewerage disposal-system, the city has been divided into 7 zones.
(1) City Drainage District
(2) Western Drainage District
(3) South Drainage District
(4) Southern District
(5) Tajganj District
(6) Northern District
(7) Trans Yamuna District •>
The first six districts are in CIS Yamuna and the seventh one is in Trans
.Yamuna. Sewer lines exist only in some portions^ of the city drainage district and
the remaining six drainage districts do not have sewer lines.
NEERI has been requested to prepare a master plan for the
implementation of a sewage disposal system in the city, which is in a Draft stage.*
To improve the hygiene and sanitary condition around the Taj Mahal, a
proposal to construct a system of sewer lines in the Tajganj area and to renovate
and strengthen the existing system in the city drainage district, a project costing
Rs.43.57 crores has been prepared.
The EFC of the U.P. Government and the MMB has approved the proposal
and Rs.13.00 crores have been released by the Govt. Works is under progress
and Rs.12.58 crores have been spent. 43 km. of sewer lines has been laid against
a target of 112 km. Construction of all 4 sewage^ pumping station has been started.
Rehabilitation and cleaning of old sewers in a length of 3.5 km. has been
completed.
' 4 3
J
M- IMPROVEMENT OF 20 CITY ROADS
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A proposal for the strengthening and improvement of 20 city roads had
been submitted to the State Government. The State EFC has approved the
proposal of 20 roads. The status can be summarized in a tabular form as below :
Rs. in lacs
SI.No.4
2.3
4.
5.
6.
7
8.
9.
10.
_ —
| 11.iI 12I IZ-I 13( IJ-
I14.
It
1516.
TT
DESCRIPTION OF ROAD
M. G. RoadHariparwat crossing to Guru Ka Tal
Yamuna Kinara RoadBijli Ghar to Purani Mandi via Agra FortKheria Airport to Purnai Mandi Crossing viaMall Road and Circuit HouseMall Road Shastri crossing to J.P. Hotel via Taj
*
View Hotel —Fatehpur-Sikri Town to Fatehpur-Sikri Dargah 'Bodla to Raja Mandi Railway Station viaLohamandi .From NH-2 via Pailiwal Park to Ghatia (Moti LaiNehru Marq)From Pailiwal Park to Gadhapara via Moti LaiNehru Marq
"From Soor Sadan to NH-2 via Khandan/^roccinn
Ariun Naara to Namner via Idgah Bus Stand
Rambagh crossing to Yamuna Bridge
From Arjun Nagar Gate to Fatehpur-Sikri Road
•*
| Collectarte to Sikandra _"From Pratappura crossing to Shastri crossing
\/io Pl^rk ShiraiI Saket crossing to Shahganj via C.O.D. Colony
PROPOSEDCOST
629
423
282.3
182.27406.00
369.00
180.00131.00
75.00
21.00
56.00
101.00
118.002974.00904.00
293.00112.00
33.00
COST CLEAREDBY EFC
340.81 1
298.90212.74
128.29293.33
255.40
128.22102.94
61.64
17.32
37.17
79.24
66.392025.61EFC declaredproposal asincomplete
| 199.6978.44
21.43
21
Manas Nagar to ShahganjRam Nagar Puliya to AlbatiyaHasenpura to Saket Colony crossing
12.0076.0019.00
Khandauli Agra Tatpur Road (Stretchy Bridge)
to Terhi Bagia
450
9.8358.77
1502338.13
44
Thus, out of the proposal for 21 roads, the State EFC has cleared 20 of
them for a cost totaling Rs. 27.10 crores. Central EFC clearance also has been
accorded. The State Govt. has released Rs. 12.66 crores to initiate the project on
M.G.Road (S.No.1), Yamuna Kinara Road (S.No.2) and Paliwal Park to
Gadhapara Road (S.No.10). Rs.3.24 crores has been spent.v
N- AGRA BARRAGE
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Agra Barrage is proposed- to be constructed 9.6 km. upstream of theTaj on the river Yamuna, Near Poyia Ghat, so that water may be stored during the
rnon-soons and used for the supply of drinking water in the lean months of January
to July. To avoid the flow of city drains into the reservoir the barrage is being
located upstream of the city.
At 1997 prices the project was costad at Rs. 134.00 crores. However at1999 prices, the cost would be Rs. 150.00 cores. The developments that have
taken place as regards this project are as follows :—
All the necessary clearances such as that of the CWC, State EFC, CentralEFC and the MOEF, GO! have been obtained. Land acquisition of 96 hect. in the
rev villages of Khaspur, Ghatwason, Naraich and Poia are in progress. Soil testingis also being done. Funds have been transferred to the Ex-En, Workshop. Bareily
for the fabrication of Gates.
The cost of the project shall be borne by the Nagar Vikas and the works
executed by the Irrigation Department on a deposit basis. The cost components of
the project is as below:—
. LAND ACQUISITION - Rs.15Cr.
. GATE-FABRICATION & MECH.' - Rs.25 Cr.EQUIPMENTS such as GANTRYand other operating system.
• CIVIL WORKS such as Barrage - Rs.HOCr.and Guide Bundhs and other protectionworks.
Total - Rs.150Cr.
45
The funds shall be utilized as per the phased schedule given below :—
Year Money to Spend(in Crores)
2000-2001 10.00v
2001-2002 36.00
2002-2003 54.00
2003-2004 35.00 /
2004-2005 15.00/
TOTAL 150:i)0
/'
Rs. 10.00 crores have been released in the year 2000-2001 & same has
been spent by the department/ For the year 2001-02. allotment of Rs.500 lacs
have been received against Which C.C.L of Rs.325 lacs have been received. It
has been utilized.
IMPROVEMENT OF PARKING AT THE WESTERN GATE OF TAJ
PROJECT DESCRIPTION \U7
In compliance of the orders of the Hon'ble Supreme Court on 07/12/1998 to
enforce a non-motoring zone of 500 metre around the Taj, the Western gate
parking was proposed to be shifted to Amrood-Ka-Teefa.
For the construction of the parking space, an ampunt of Rs. 0.94 crores
was sanctioned. The construction cost under this project was Rs. 0.88 crores.
."cThis work of parking is completed except at places where trees are to be
uprooted. Hon'ble Supreme Court has been requested to grant permission Once
permission is granted, work near entrance and exit gates will be completed>,/
The parking is constructed on an area of 15.000 sqmt. and car-. cater to
parking of 38 No. Buses. 141 No. Cars. 180 No. Scooters and 612 No Cycles
46> ,
P- MONITORING STATIONS
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
As per the orders of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, 4 Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring Station have to be established to continuously monitor the Air Quality in
and Ground the Industrial Area of Nunhai.
The Hardware cost of these four stations is about Rs. 71.00'lacs. These
stations shall be manned by the staff of the Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB).
The money has been released and made avaNable to the Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB).
Four AAQMS shall be established at the locations specified below :
SI.No.
1-
2-
3-
4-
Location
Taj Mahal
Edmad-ud-daula
Nunhai
Rambagh
Station to be established at
North-West Bourge at Taj Mahal
Roof-top of internal gate of Edmad-ud-daula
Roof-top of ESI dispensary, Nunhai
Roof-top of Telephone Exchange buildingNagar, Agra
at Foundry
A Central Laboratory-cum-office is also to be established.
47
TTZ PROJECTS AT A GLANCE
Rs. in Crores
DEPARTMENT
\
1
JAL NIG AM
*A
. NAGAR NIGAM
IRRIGATION
P.W.D.
SL.No.
2
1
2
3
4
i
i
5
6
7
B
9
A.D.A. 10i
ti
U P.P.C.L
'
11
12
13
1"4
;
FOREST
C.PC.8. 1
15 (
(
6 I
PROJECTS APPROVED MMBGOI [EFC]
3
Water Supply Agra
(i) Water Supply Mathura-Vrindava(Phase I & II)(ii) Water Supply Mathura-Vrindava(Phase-Ill) [MMBJ
TOTAL (i & ii
Agra Sewerage
Storm Water Drainage System Agra
(i) Jal Nigam
(ii) Nagar Nigam
TOTAL (i & ii
SUB-TOTAL
Solid Waste Management
Gokul Barrage
Agra Barrage
SUB-TOTAL-
Construction of One Part of AgraSouthern Bypass (MMB)
Improvement of 20 Agra City Roads
SUB-TOTAL-
Widening of Agra Byepass
mprovement of Master Plan Roadsof Agra Citymprovement of Parking on Western
Gate of T.J&
SUB-TOTAL-
mprovement of Electric Supply inAgramprovement of Electric Supply in therural areas of Agra & Fatehpur-Sikri
SUB-TOTAL-
i) Plantation
ii) Maintenance of Plantation (MMB]
SUB-TOTAL-
5et up of 4 Monitoring Station [MMB]
GRAND-TOTAL—
COST
4
72.80
42.00
19.69•v
58.75
43.57
5.65
0.95
6.60
181.72
7.49
30.70
120.47
143.39
26.51
27.47
75.26
0.76
22.97
0.94
24.67
9.11
39.09
48.20
9.43
2.38
11.81
0.71
482.69
AMT. RELD. DURING FIN.YR.
1998-1999
5
16.50
17.32
0
17.32
4.00
2.00
0
2.00
39.82
6.42
12.50
0
12.50
4.00
0
4.00
0
3.10
0
3.10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
65.84
1999-2000
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.00
10.42
1.00
11.42
0.00
0
0.00
0.76
4.00
0
4.76
4.55
19.55
24.10
1.15
0
1.15
0
42.38
2000-2001
7
15.00
16.00
0
16.00
3.00
3.65
0
3.65
37.65
1.07
0.00
10.00
10.00
1.00
2.30
3.30
0
7.50
0.94
8.44
1.00
3.56
4.56
3.00
1.03
4.03
0
75.41
2001-2002
8
15.00
5.00
6.00
11.00
6.00
0
0
0
32.00
0
7.78
5.00
5.00
5.65
10.27
15.92
0
4.00
0
4.00
3.56
6.00
9.56
4.22
TOTALRELEASED
AMOUNT
9
46.50
33.32
6.00
44.32
13.00
5.65
0.95
6.60
110.42
7.49
30.70
15.00
45.70
10.65
12.57
23.22
0.76
18.60
0.94
20.30
9.11
29.11
38.22
8.37
0 1.03
4.22 9.40
0.71
79.19
0.71
48
CHAPTER - IV
THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE
1- TAKING STOCK
• The projects of the Taj Protection Mission are in progress from 1998-S9.
Presently, at the time of writing of this project paper 16 projects worth Rs.483 Cr.
have been sanctioned by the Mission Management Board (MMB) and are in
various stages of progress. These- projects are in 6 sectors and are being
implemented by 8 departments. Rs. 255.46 Cr. have been released and as on
October, 2001 the expenditure stood at Rs. 191.90 Cr.
It is relevant to attempt to examine the extent to which the mission has
been successful in trying to achieve its stated objectives. As mentioned earlier, the
projects form a part of a much wider effort to improve the environment around the
Taj Mahal..
To be objective, it might be worthwhile to examine the annual trends in the
level of the primary pollutants.
The time series data of the annual average of the levels SO:. NO* and SPM
have been obtained from the office of the Regional Officer, Uttar Pradesh Pollution
Control Board (UPPCB) and reproduced graphically as follow :-
SPM
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 19S9 2000
F1G.-2
49
OOOZ 6661 8661 Z661 9661 9661 C661 Z661 1661
0002 6661 8661 Z661 9661 S661 ^661 e66l 3661 1661
OS
Levels of S02 have reduced from a level of 21 ug/m3 in 1991 to 11 ug/m3 in
2000. Similarly, levels of NOxhave reduced from a level of 12 ug/m3 in 1995 to 103 . .'
ug/m in 2000. The levels of SPM remains to be a cause of concern as in recent
years it has remained well above 400 ug/m3 as against a limit of 70 ug/m3 . As
mentioned earlier due to certain geographical and natural reasons, such as
proximity of the Thar desert, agricultural activity and the Yamuna river, the back
ground levels of SPM would continue to be much higher than 70 ug/m3. The best
mitigation measures as far as the SPM levels are concerned seems to.be
intensive plantation in the TTZ. Reassessment of the SPM for the sensitive zone in
the TTZ may also be considered. Nevertheless, if the trend of NOX and SO2 is
seen in the backdrop of increase in the number of vehicles, population and general
economic activity, it can be stated beyond a doubt, that the efforts have shown
result.
However, the efforts have to continue and come to a logical conclusion. The
question now arises is about the direction of the future efforts.
THE FUTURE
Presently, 16 projects worth Rs.482.69 Cr. is being implemented by 8
departments. A decision in principle has been taken by the Mission Management
Board (MMB) to get a midterm review of the projects by an external consultant, so
as to get an idea of the achievements and to generate recommendations for the
future. It is worthwhile to specify the focus of the projects. All projects which are to
form a part of the Taj Protection Mission must have a direct linkage or relevance
to :-
(i) improvement of the air quality and the environment around the Taj in
particular and in Agra in general.
(ii) improvement of the physical conditions of life in the city.
(iii) promotion of tourism.
The projects can be classified into two categories, external and internal.
By the term "internal project", it is implied that the physical location of the
project activity and the created infrastructure is within a radius of 4 to 6 km. of the
Taj Mahal.
51
A
For example, projects such as the Taj Ganj Sewerage, City Road
improvement, Agra Water Supply would be classified as an internal project.
An external project would denote project activities, which are well beyond
the 6 km. zone, but have substantial and significant impact in terms of the
objectives of the Mission. Projects such as the Gokul Barrage, though located in
Mathura would increase water supply to Agra and hence is an external project.
Similarly, the Southern Bypass is being constructed beyond the 6 kms. limit, but
would ease traffic congestion in Agra.
Projects in both the categories need to be selected as environmental space
zones are not water tight compartments. But the linkage should be clear and
significant.
On the basis of the collective experience at the field level some broad
suggestions pertaining to various sectors emerge. These are being listed as
follows :-
A. POWER SECTOR
The Hon'ble Supreme Court had directed that investments be made in the
power sector so as to ensure the availability of uninterrupted power supply in the
Agra city with, a view tc prevent the operation of DG sets. Normally, bridging the<
•demand supply gap of power should be a routine process in the power sector. But
the focus of projects in the TPM is to eliminate completely the DG sets operation in
the city of Agra.
Several new 33/11 kv sub-stations have been .constructed and the
transformation capacities of several existing sub-stations have been upgraded.
The location of many of these does not have a clear linkage with the focus of thef*
TPM. It can be argued that polluting emissions anywhere in the TTZ can have a
significant impact on the environment around the Taj. But in the report of the
Mahajan Committee* for the month of January, 2001, it was recommended that
the focus of the projects should be within a radius of 4 to 6 km. around the Taj
Mahal, which would encompass almost the entire city of Agra.
Mahajan Committee is a Committee appointed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court. It
comprises of two scientists of the CPC8 and is headed by Shri Krishan Mahajan, Sr.
Advocate of the Hon'ble Supreme Court.
52
Thus, this would.suggest that in the future we undertake projects in the
power sector with a view to eliminate the dependence on the DG sets. Two
specific projects that can be suggested are as follows :-
(I) To upgrade and strengthen the distribution network of the city, with a
priority being given to Taj Ganj area which is in the immediate vicinity of theTaj Mahal.
(II). At the 132 KV level, the net transformation capacity available is about 280
MVA, which is just equal to the peak load demand of 280 MVA. This needsto be increased.
(Ill) Keeping in view that by 2010 the peak load.demand is projected to be 560
MVA. It would be desirable to plan for installing the transformationcapacities immediately otherwise the present achievements in the powersector will be short-lived.
B. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
The solid waste management is another sector, which is very critical insofar
as the improvement of the sanitary and hygiene conditions of the city is
concerned. Further intervention in this sector would be required in the
following three directions :-
(I) Infrastructural improvement
(II) Capacity enhancement
' (III) "Public awareness and participation
To elaborate the three issue :-
(I) INFRASTRUCTURAL IMPROVEMENT
• The storage capacity available with municipal corporation is
inadequate. Presently, the daily volumetric generation of solid waste
is about 2700 M3. Providing for a buffer of 10% the storage capacity
available should be about 3000 M3. As against this the Nagar Nigam
has a storage capacity of on 2300 M3. This requires additional
procurement of Bins of appropriate capacities.
53
The landfill site at Shahadra is not scientifically designed and
mounds of waste are visible near the NH-2. Due to the absence of a
impervious coating there is leaching action which would pollute the
ground water sources. Surface run off would pollute water bodies. In
addition to the above, practice of covering the waste with inert
"material after dumping is not followed resulting in the area being
infested with rodents, vermins and pests, not to mention the foul
smell.
There is an urgent need to construct a scientifically designed landfill site
with an integrated facility for the composting of biodegradable waste to facilitate
energy and resource recovery. There is also a need to establish specialised
facilities for the handling of biomedical waste as presently this is mixed with the
normal solid waste.
(II) CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT
Low productivity of the workforce of the municipal corporation demands
training as well as better management. Presently the process of primary waste
collection and' street sweeping requires improvement. There is no system of waste
segregation at the primary levels, which should be introduced ungently. Private
sector participation through NGO in the solid waste management system should
also be considered to improve productivities.
(III) PUBLIC AWARENESS
The levels of public apathy frustrates all attempts to keep the city clean.
The "NIMBY" syndrome afflicts the average citizen who is only concerned about
cleanliness of his private space without bothering about his vicinity. This can be
broken only by sustained publicity cum education.
NIMBY — Not in my backyard.
54
C. DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE
Presently, under the Taj Protection Mission only 4 new drains are beingconstructed by the Jal Nigam and 4 existing drains are being strengthened by theNagar Nigam. Even after the completion of these projects substantial areas in theCity would remain without drainage cover. Different agencies such as the AgraDevelopment Authority and the Nagar Nigam undertake drainage projects fromtime to time but these do not have a integrated perspective. A Master Plan forDrainage should be prepared so that the various agencies can then undertake theconstruction of new drains along, planned lines. The Mission Management Board(MMB) has sanctioned the preparation of such a Master Plan. To cover the entirecity with a scientifically designed drainage wo.uld require an investment of aboutRs.200 Cr., as per preliminary projections of the Jal Nigam.
Similarly, the sewerage cover of the city is presently only 20%. Out of 7drainage districts, only one i.e. the city drainage district has a sewerage network.Under the Taj Protection Mission, the Taj Ganj drainage district is also beingcovered with a sewerage system. But to provide a sewerage cover for the entirearea of the city projected to be inhabited by 2016 would require an additionalinvestment of about R's.200 crores. These projects also need to be consideredunder the Taj Protection Mission.
D. ROADS
Investments in the sector are very critical in relieving the traffic congestionand vehicular.pollution.
The Southern Bypass which being built between NH-2 and NH-3 should beextended so the road finally terminate on NH-2 instead of NH-3 as is presentlybeing done. This would require an additional investment of Rs. 60.00 crores.
Wit'hin the city, fly-overs should be made at congested intersections suchHari Parwat and Collectorate Crossing so as to reduce idling of vehicles.
E. TAJ BARRAGE
The Taj Barrage is an important project, which must be taken up on accountof the Agra Barrage. The Barrage is being built 9.6 km. upstream of the Taj. Dueto the impounding of the water of the river Yamuna, the water front behind the Tajwould be reduced. Even now, in the lean summer season there is no water frontbehind the monument. The Taj Barrage would cost about Rs. 80 crores andpreliminary studies have indicated that it should be located 2 km. downstream ofthe Taj creating a pond level of not more that 146 metres.
55
A list of suggested projects alongwith cost projections is as follows :-
SL.No.
V
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-
••
PROJECTS
Improvement of Electricity Distribution System of Taj Ganj
Improvement of Electricity Distribution System of Agra City
Southern Bypass Phase - II
City Sewerage
City Drainage
Taj Barrage
Solid Waste Management
(i) Landfill Site
(ii) Equipments
-
Total -**
COST
(inCr.)
1.CO
22.00
60.00
' 200.00
200.00
80.00.
2.00
5.00
570.00
The above list is indicative and suggestive. It is obvious that the project
costs involved would result in sanctions well beyond the planned allocation of
Rs.600.00 crores. This would imply either a revision of plan outlay or targeting
otrler sources of investments such as the ADB. The State Government isn
negotiating a package with the ADB to help finance projects in the TTZ. It would
be appropriate to maintain the focus of the Taj Protection Mission in the ADB
package.
56
AGRA CITYANNEXURE-A
Situation
LatitudeLongitude
27° 10' N78° 02' E
Location
Lies at the junction of -
NH-2NH-3NH-11SH-39
(Delhi - Calcutta) G.T.Road(Agra - Jhansi)(Agra - Jaipur)(Chandausi - Agra - Tantpur - Kot) C.A.T.K.
Climate
Maximum TemperatureMinimum TemperatureAverage Rainfall
Wind direction
Population
47° C3° C685 mm
(Summer)(Winter)(In the month of July,August, September)
from North-West (Prevailing wind)from South & South-East (Monsoonwind)
Year1901191119211931 j
' 1941195119611971198119912001 I
Total Population1,88,0001,85,4001,86,0002,29,7642,84,1493,71,6655,08,6806,34,6227.47,3189,48,06511.47,000
% increase-
H 10024 |243236 |25 „ |18 I2721
work force ratio
tourist inflow
27%
8,000 to 10,000/day
contd.
(2)
Roads(year 1999)
Total Network length of major roads - 142 km
Out of this. 80% of roads are of 2 lanes & above.
Traffic
Total No. of vehicles in Agra City
Composition - BusesAuto/TemposCar/Jeeps2 WheelersCycle RickshawasBicycles
Industries
i
<s
Total No. of Registered Industries
No. of polluting industriesidentified by (SCI)
No. of polluting Industriesidentified by (PCS)
(year 1999)
2.65 lacs
9%4%4%38%15%30%
(year 1999)
6,463
292
96
»
Composition - Foundry. Rubber. Chemical. Tannery. Casting. DieselEngine. Generator.
3ANNEXURE-B
U.P. POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, AGRA
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN BS : 1RDAT AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATION
TAJ MAHAL
YEARI
! . 1991
1 1992 ;1993
1994 .
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
• 2000 •
SULPHURDIOXIDE
(S02)
21
25
25
22
19
17
14
12
11
1f
OXIDES OFNITROGEN
(NOX)
12 '
16
12
10
11
14
12 .
11
10
10
SUSPENDEDPARTICULATE
(S.P.M.)
420
523
447
356
444
477
425
506
474
507
NOTE - All values are in
STANDARD :- Annual arithmetic mean for sensitive area.
(As per National Ambient Air Quality Standard Notification No. S.O.384(E), dated
11th April, 1994
1- SO2 -2- NPx -3- SPM -
1515 ug/nv70 j.ig/nrr
REGIONAL LABORATORY
U.P. POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, AGRA
ANNEXURE-C
MEAN VALUES OF SO2 CONCENTRATION IN AMBIENT AIR
SURROUNDING "TAJ MAHAL", AGRA
MONTH
1
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
1991
2
31
22
20
17
13
11
13
18
20
21
27
35
1992
3
28
36
26
21
19
20
18
18
20
31
29
40
1993
4
41
31
30
19
20
23
28
10
19
17
19
22
1994
5
20
29
23
27
23
20
16
12
16
18
22
29
1995
6
34
24
30
18
16
13
12
12
15
19
22
27
1996
7
31
23
17
16
15
13
14
10
13
18
20
21
1997
8
21
16
14
13
12
11
11
09
10
13
16
18"
1998
9
17
14
12
12
10
11
10
10
11
12
14
14
1999
10
15
13
12
10
10
09
08
08
10
11
12
13
2000
11
11
13
13
10
11
11
10
OS
09
11
13
14
All values are in jig/m3
Standard - 30.00 ug/m3
(For Sensitive Area)
so,
• ..
;: •
v . /•.
• • "
•
SSSSSSfSSSSSSSS/S/'fS/SSSfSSSSSSSS/SStSSSSSSSSSSSfSSSSSSSS
r M
onH
orln
g S
UIIo
n *
l lh
« T
<| M
*h<
l In
Ag
ra.
SOU
RC
E B
Y •
UP
PC
B. A
GR
A
ANNEXURE-DREGIONAL LABORATORY
U.P. POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, AGRA
MEAN VALUES OF NOX CONCENTRATION
SURROUNDING "TAJ MAHAL",!
IN AMBIENT
AGRA
AIR
r(MONTH
I 1JANUARY
[FEBRUARY
(MARCH
;l APRIL
I MAY
I JUNE
| JULY
| AUGUST
I SEPTEMBER
I OCTOBER
I NOVEMBERI
DECEMBER
1991
2
13
12
11
10
07
06
08
11
12
13
15
20
1992
3
19
18
10
13
14
18
17
15
14
11
18
12
1993
4
15
13
11
07
08
08
08
15
12
12
12
17
1994
5
16
09
07
10
10
10
08
05
07
12
14
19
1995
6
18
17
14
11
09
07
05
05
08
11
15
15
1996
7
19
18
15
11
12
09 .
11
08
11
15
17
20
1997
8
19
15
14
13
11
10
09
08
09
12
13
15
1998
9
15
13
12
11
09
10
08
09
09
11
12
13
1999
10
14
11
10
09
09
08
07
07
09
10
11
11
2000
11
10
10
10
09
10
10
08
08
08
10
12
12
All values are in ug/m3
Standard - 30.00 ug/m3
(For Sensitive Area)
NO
,
//v
/ vv //
s ss
s
*jnt
>Unl
Al/
Mon
lior
ing
Su
ilon
*t
Ui«
T<|
WU
Iul
In A
g>«.
SO
UR
CE
BY
• UP
fCB
. AG
RA
ANNEXURE - E
REGIONAL LABORATORY
U.P. POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, AGRA
MEAN VALUES OF SPM CONCENTRATION IN AMBIENT AIR
SURROUNDING "TAJ MAHAL", AGRA
MONTH
1
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER -
1991
2
684
651
446
447
381
355
390
406
449
483
672
821
1992
3
547
411
358
546
613
741
674
322
413
570
605
623
1993
4
609
582
407
401
300
441
320
336
433
447
452
408'
1994
5
537
516
461
381
393
349
300
173
223
292
330
420
1995
6
811
613
462
397
381
378
315
223
271
383
506
593
1996
7
845
605
436
409
412
401 .
347
266
326
390
525
770
1997
8
711
639
353
367
417
359
352
248
252
335
399
654
1998
9
759
580
500
534
513
517
301
306
419
436
500
668
1999
10
861
579
486
465
445
4'i4
348
254
397
418
467
534
2000
11
559
628
5S1
441
504
541
419
367
404
435
508
587
..All values are in
Standard - 100.00 }.ig/m3
(For Sensitive Area)
SP
M
11 i '
/ N.
M I I
l I
-1 1
-I I
I ' I
I •
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Mon
itorin
g S
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UR
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BY
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CL/he (Saxette ofEXTRAORDIIMARY
MPT i i— Tsnr^ 3 — -aPART II— Section 3 — Sub-section (ii)
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY
M> 2SS ].No. 25«"|
, *(? IS, 1999/ 7TP3 23. 192 1
NEW DELHI, TUESDAY, MAY 18, I999/VAISAKHA 2S, 1921
.3TT. 350
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STFTTI ^ fpHT
.K. ^-20013/1/99 -
MLMSTRYOF EiNVlRONMENT AND FORLSTS
ORDER'
New Delhi, the 17th May, I'W
S.O. 350 (E).--ln exercise of the powers conferred by sub-sections (1) and (.1) of section 3 of the Environment ;Protection) Act. 1986 (29 of 1986) (hereinafter referred to as the said Act), the Central Government hereby constitutes ar. jminority to be known as the Taj Trapezium Zone Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (herein referred to as the jUithontyl consisting of the following persons for a period of two years with cdcct from tlic date of publication of thisunification in the Official Gazette, namely •-
i ! ) Commissioner. Agra Division. "*
(1) Chairman. Uttar Pradesh State Pollution Control Board.
(TO Deputy Inspector Genera! of Police. Agra Range.
U; Member-Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board.
f .* i A representative of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
-.0) A representative of the Ministry of Environment and Forests
"i A representative of the Archaeological Survey of Ind ia
s; V:u%-(.'!i:miT.an. Agra Development A u i l i o r u v
Chairman.
Member.
Member.
Member.
Member
Member
Member.
Mcmber-Ccnvcr.:r
The ; iuthor i ty shall, within the geographical l imits of Agrn Division in tiic Taj Trapezium Zone (see Aancxure)in the State of Utur Pradesh, have the power to — '
inU) monitor progress of the implementation of various schemes for protection, of the Taj Mahal indprogrammes for protection and improvement of the environment in the above said area ;
( i t ) exercise powers under section 5 of the said act;
f i n ) i;ike ;ill necessary steps to ensure compliance of specified emission standards by motor vehicles ,indensuring compliance of fuel quality standards;
i i v ) do;il with any environmental issue which may be referred to it by ilic Central Government or the StateGovernment of Ultar Pradesh relating 10 the above said area; !
p "A d
—^s 3(ii) ]
3 The forciviMg powers and functions of ihc Authority shall be subject lo the overall supervision and control of
the Ccu...:i Government.
4 The Aut.'ioriiy shall be authorised to exercise the powers under section 19 of the said Act.
5 The geographical limits of ihc Taj Trapc/ium Zone (sec Anncxurcj have been defined in the shape of a trapczoidbetween 26" 45' N & IT 15' E lo 27° 45' N & 77° 15' C in the West of the Taj Mahal and in the East of TajMahal between IT 00' N & 7X" W I- to 27" .10' N A 78" .10' F..
6 The -Authority may co-opt experts for facilitating the work assigned to it
7 The Authority shall furnish a report about its activities at least once in two months to the Central Govcnuncnt
in the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
8 The Authority shall have its headquarters al Agra in the State of Uuar Pradesh.
(File No. Z-2001S/1/99-CPA1VIJAl SHARMA. Jt. Secy.