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Blcpyvir Prldrnccjmd
nmf EnmdyndiYMJV >9 BLCPYVI_ P_LD_NCCJMD NMF
ENMDYNDIR
Rvrybvyri
>9-> Jmvrlfybvjlm
>9-? Logibvjqi
>9-2 Prldrnccjmd Qlbnoyenrz
>9-6 Blmvrle Rvnvicimv lr Blmvrle Rvrybvyri
>9-9 Lqirqjit nmf Ainvyri la Qjyne Onjb
>9-1 Lqirqjit nmf Finvyri la Gnqn
>9-4 Lqirqjit nmf Ainvyri la HVCE
>9-8 Lqirqjit nmf Ainvyri la BLOLE
>9-: Lqirqjit nmf Ainvyri la Ixbie
>9->0 Ryccnrz
>9->> Ymjv#Imf Ixirbji
>9->? _iairimbi nmf Ryddivif Ayrvhir _infjmd
>9-> JMV_LFYBVJLM
N ti kmlt vl leqi n prloeic oz blcpyvir ti hnqi vl prldrnc vhi blcpyvir%
cinm ti hnqi vl trjvi n prldrnc alr leqjmd vhi prloeic- Prldrnc j n iv la
jmvrybvjlm lr vnvicimv trjvvim jm nmz prldrnccjmd enmdyndi- Prldrnccjmd
enmdyndi j vhi lmez cinm oz thjbh ti bnm blccymjbnvi tjvh blcpyvir- Orlnfez ti
bnm bnvidlrjwi prldrnccjmd enmdyndi n elt eiqie enmdyndi i-d- cnbhjmi eiqie%
nicoez eiqie% nmf hjdh eiqie enmdyndi (i-d- ONRJB% BLOLE% B% Qjyne Onjb%
GNQN ivb-*- Elt#eiqie enmdyndi nri hnrf vl einrm nmf lmez oi yif oz ixpirv
prldrnccir thjei hjdh#eiqie prldrnccjmd enmdyndi bnm nel oi einrmif oz mlm#
blcpyvir prlaijlmne-
>9-? LOGIBVJQIR
Navir rinfjmd vhj ymjv% zly hlyef oi noei vl 7
Ixpenjm vhi qlbnoyenrz yif jm prldrnccjmd enmdyndi;
Jfimvjaz nmf fibrjoi blmvrle vrybvyri jm prldrnccjmd enmdyndi;
Jfimvjaz jcplrvnmv ainvyri la Qjyne Onjb% Gnqn% HVCE% Ixbie nmf BLOLE;nmf
Trjvi prldrnc jm hjdhir eiqie enmdyndi-
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Rzvic Nmnezj nmf
Blcpyvir Enmdyndi>9-2 P_LD_NCCJMD QLBNOYEN_Z
Ryppli ti tnmv vl trjvi prldrnc alr ajmfjmd anbvlrjne la n mycoir- Vhi aelt bhnrv
nmf piyfl blfi alr vhj tjee oi n aleelt7
A
V
Ajd- >9-> (n*
Ejmi > 7 Jmpyv m
Ejmi ? 7 ja (m=0*
Ejmi 2 7 ja ((m30* lr (m3>**
Ejmi 6 7 Trjvi (>*
Ejmi 9 7 iei
Ejmi 1 7 _ipinvEjmi 4 7 m3m'(m#>*
Ejmi 8 7 m3m#>
Ejmi : 7 Ymvje(m=0*
Ejmi >0 7 Trjvi m
Ejmi >> 7 iei
Ejmi >? 7 Trjvi Jmqnejf Jmpyv
Ejmi >2 7 imf
Ajd- >9-> (o*
Jm yv M
M =0
M 30 lr
M3>
M
Rvl
Trjvi >
Trjvi
Jmqnejf Jm yv
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Blcpyvir Prldrnccjmd
nmf EnmdyndiJm trjvjmd nolqi prldrnc ti hnqi yif lci jcplrvnmv tlrf ybh n ja vhim
iei% ripinv#ymvje ivb- Cinmjmd jmhirimv jm vhii tlrf alrc aymfncimvne blmbipv jm
prldrnccjmd- Vhii tlrf nri bneeif riirqi tlrf lr kiztlrf la n prldrnccjmd
enmdyndi- Vl trjvi prldrnc jm nmz enmdyndi j jcpez n cnvvir la einrmjmd jv zmvnx
nmf icnmvjb ryei nmf pibjne ainvyri-
Npnrv arlc kiz tlrf n prldrnc yi iqirne lvhir prldrnccjmd blmbipv qjw-
jfimvjajir% blmvnmv% ixprijlm% ejornrz aymbvjlm ivb-
Jfimvjajir
Jfimvjajir nri vhi mnci djqim vl qnrjly prldrnc ieicimv ybh n qnrjnoei%
aymbvjlm% yo#rlyvjmi ivb- Jfimvjajir blmjv la eivvir nmf fjdjv% jm nmz lrfir% ixbipv
vhi ajrv bhnrnbvir cyv oi n eivvir-
Qnrjnoei
Qnrjnoei nri vhli ieicimv la prldrnc thli qneyi bnm bhnmdi fyrjmd vhi
ixibyvjlm la n prldrnc-
Blmvnmv
Blmvnmv nri vhli ieicimv la prldrnc thli qneyi bnmmlv oi bhnmdif fyrjmd vhi
ixibyvjlm la vhi prldrnc- Cinm vhiz hnqi ajxif qneyi-
Vhi mycirjb blmvnmv bnm oi jmvidir ripriimvjmd thlei mycoir lr aelnvjmd pljmv
mycoir tjvh n fibjcne pljmv- Blmvnmv tlyef oi prlonoez vhi clv ancjejnr blmbipv
vl y jmbi ti hnqi yif vhic jm fljmd iqirzvhjmd vhnv hn vl fl tjvh mycoir-
Lpirnvjlm ejki% nffjvjlm% yovrnbvjlm% fjqjjlm% cyevjpejbnvjlm% nmf blcpnrjlm bnm oi
piralrcif lm mycirjb blmvnmv-
Rvrjmd blmvnmv nri i~yimbi la nephnmycirjb bhnrnbvir imbelif jm flyoei
~ylvnvjlm cnrk i-d- Blcpyvir% X>?2- Rvrjmd blmvnmv bnm oi blmbnvimnvif nmf
blcpnrif jm n eixjbldrnphjb imi-
Ixprijlm
Nm ixprijlm ripriimv n jmdei fnvn jvic% ybh n n mycoir lr n bhnrnbvir- Vhi
ixprijlm cnz blmjv la n jmdei imvrz- Rybh n blmvnmv% n qnrjnoei% nmf nrrnz
ieicimv lr n riairimbi vl n aymbvjlm- Jv cnz nel blmjv la lci blcojmnvjlm la ybhimvjvji jmvir blmmibvif oz lmi lr clri lpirnvlr- Dimirneez iqirz hjdh eiqie
prldrnccjmd enmdyndi prlqjfi lci iv la nrjvhcivjbne% rienvjlmne% eldjbne
lpirnvlr- Vhi clv blcclm nrjvhcivjbne% rienvjlmne% nmf eldjbne lpirnvlr nri7
Nrjvhcivjbne lpirnvlr
' Cyevjpejbnvjlm
, Fjqjjlm lpirnvlr
Ryovrnbvjlm lpirnvlr
+ Nffjvjlm lpirnvlr
_ienvjlmne lpirnvlr
3 I~yne vl
5= Mlv i~yne vl
5 Ei vhnm
= Drinvir vhnm
53 Ei vhnm lr i~yne vl
=3 Drinvir vhnm lr i~yne vl
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Rzvic Nmnezj nmf
Blcpyvir EnmdyndiEldjbne Lpirnvlr
MLV Eldjbne MLV lpirnvlr jcpez midnvi n vryvh#qneyi-
NMF Eldjbne NMF lpirnvlr rivyrm vryi ja olvh lpirnvlr nri vryi
(i-d- (6538* nmf (n53o* j vryi-
L_ Eldjbne L_ lpirnvlr rivyrm anei ja olvh lpirnmf nmf anei-
XL_ Ixbeyjqi L_ j vryi lmez ja lmi la vhi lpirnmf j vryi nmf lvhir j
anei-
Inbh lpirnvlr hn dlv lci pribifimbi nlbjnvif tjvh jv nmf ixprijlm j netnz
iqneynvif lm vhi onj la pribifimbi la vhi lpirnvlr i-d-
2+4'1#6,?? 6
Jm nolqi ixprijlm ixplmimvjne lpirnvlr j iqneynvif ajrv vhim cyevjpejbnvjlm nmf
fjqjjlm lpirnvlr nri iqneynvif nmf envez vhi nffjvjlm nmf yovrnbvjlm lpirnvlr nri
iqneynvif-
Vhi pribifimbi la nrjvhcivjb lpirnvlr j n oielt7
Ixplmimvjne lpirnvlr (hjdhiv pribifimbi*
Midnvjlm
Cyevjpejbnvjlm nm Fjqjjlm ' ,
Nffjvjlm nmf yovrnbvjlm + (Eltiv pribifimbi*
_ienvjlmne lpirnvlr hnqi nci eiqie la pribifimbi nclmd vhicieqi oyv elt
pribifimbi vhnm nrjvhcivjb lpirnvlr- Eldjbne lpirnvlr hnqi eltir pribifimbi vhnm
rienvjlm lpirnvlr- Nclmd vhicieqi vhiz hnqi vhi aleeltjmd lrfir la prjlrjvz fyrjmd
iqneynvjlm la eldjbne ixprijlm (eldjbne ixprijlm j nm ixprijlm iqleqjmd rienvjlmne
lr eldjbne lpirnvlr nmf iqneynvi ijvhir vryi qneyi lr anei qneyi*
MLV Hjdhiv pribifimbi
NMF
L_% XL_ Eltiv pribifimbi
Ixprijlm tlyef oi lyr onjb tlrkhlri- Lyr prldrnc tlyef oi ayee la vhic%
nmf thjei ixibyvjmd vhi prldrnc; blcpyvir tlyef oi prilbbypjif clv la vhi vjci vl
iqneynvi vhic- Oyv jv tlyef nel oi fljmd lvhir vhjmd ybh n vnkjmd lci qneyi n
jmpyv arlc jmpyv fiqjbi% njdmjmd n qneyi lr riyev la nm ixprijlm vl n qnrjnoei%
imf n qneyi alr fjpenz vl lyvpyv fiqjbi plmfirjmd vl oi lr mlv vl oi lm lci
blmfjvjlmne ixprijlm% ripinvjmd lci vnk ymvje ti nri nvjajif nmf bneejmd lci
enqi prldrnc vl piralrc pibjajb vnk- Jm vhi aleeltjmd fjbyjlm ti hnee
ienolrnvi lm vhii nbvjlm-
Dimirneez iqirz hjdh eiqie prldrnccjmd enmdyndi hn dlv lci7
j* Oyjev jm fnvn vzpi
jj* Rvnvicimv
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Blcpyvir Prldrnccjmd
nmf EnmdyndiPrldrnccj
Oyjev#jm Fnvn Vzpi
Jmv Bhr _ine
Jmpyv,Lyvpyv Fibenrnvjq
Ornmbhjmd, Rieibvjlm
Rvnvicimv
Ell
Ja iei
imf ja Bni Alr
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Rzvic Nmnezj nmf
Blcpyvir EnmdyndiOyjev#jm fnvn vzpi nmf vnvicimv vzpi nri pibjajb vl n pnrvjbyenr prldrnccjmd
enmdyndi-
Oyjev jm Fnvn Vzpi
Dimirneez nee prldrnccjmd enmdyndi ypplrv aleeltjmd vzpi la oyjev jm fnvn qjw-
Jmv- Thlei mycoir
_ine Mycoir tjvh arnbvjlmne pnrv
Olleinm Fnvn vzpi thjbh j ijvhir vryi lr anei
Bhnr Rjmdei nephn mycoir bhnrnbvir imbelif jm jmdei ~ylvnvjlm
cnrki-d- n% > ivb-
Rvrjmd Drlyp la bhnrnbvir imbelif jm flyoei ~ylvnvjlm cnrk-
Oialri yjmd nmz qnrjnoei jm vhi prldrnc jv j dimirneez mibinrz vl fiajmi jv vzpi-
Vhi ciclrz ri~yjricimv alr inbh fnvn vzpi j fjaairimv nmf jv j fipimfimv yplm vhi
pibjajb prldrnccjmd enmdyndi-
Rvnvicimv
Rvnvicimv jm prldrnccjmd enmdyndi bnm oi orlnfez benjajif n aleelt7
j* Fibenrnvjqi vnvicimv
jj* Jmpyv lyvpyv vnvicimv
jjj* Njdmcimv vnvicimv
jq* Blmvrle vnvicimv lr blmvrle vrybvyri-
Fibenrnvjqi Rvnvicimv
Vhii vnvicimv nri yif vl fibenri vhi vzpi la vhi qnrjnoei i-d-
Jm Gnqn
Jmv x 7 j la jmvidir vzpi qnrjnoei
Bhnr x 7 j bhnrnbvir vzpi qnrjnoei
Ozvi o 7 o j la ozvi vzpi qnrjnoei
Aelnv z 7 z j la aelnv (rine* vzpi qnrjnoei
Jm Qjyne Onjb
Fjc x n Jmvidir 7 x j jmvidir vzpi qnrjnoei
Fjc o n Ozvi 7 o j ozvi vzpi qnrjnoei
Fjc z n Rjmdei 7 z j la aelnvjmd (rine* vzpi qnrjnoei
Jmpyv Lyvpyv Rvnvicimv
Vhiz bnm oi orlnfez benjajif n7
j* Blmlei jmpyv vnvicimv
jj* Ajei jmpyv vnvicimv
jjj* Blmlei lyvpyv vnvicimv
jq* Ajei lyvpyv vnvicimv
Blmlei jmpyv j yif alr vnkjmd vhi jmpyv arlc fianyev jmpyv fiqjbi (i-d- ejmi > la
Ajdyri >9->(n** thjei blmlei lyvpyv vnvicimv j yif alr prjmvjmd vhi riyev la vhi
prldrnc lm fianyev lyvpyv fiqjbi (i-d- ejmi 6% ejmi >0% ejmi >? la Ajdyri >9->(o**-
Rjcjenrez ajei jmpyv vnvicimv nri yif alr vnkjmd vhi jmpyv arlc ajei lr mlm fianyev
jmpyv fiqjbi thjei ajei lyvpyv vnvicimv j yif alr trjvjmd vhi lyvpyv jmvl vhi
pibjajif ajei-
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Blcpyvir Prldrnccjmd
nmf EnmdyndiNjdmcimv vnvicimv nri yif alr njdmjmd vhi qneyi vl qnrjnoei i-d- qnrjnoei
mnci 3 qneyi vl oi njdmif-
X 3 >?2 7 qneyi >?2 j njdmif vl x nmf x j la jmvidir vzpi qnrjnoei
W 3 aymb>( * 7 Thnv l iqir qneyi rivyrm aymb>( * tjee oi njdmif vl qnrjnoei
w- Vhi vzpi la w nmf vzpi la qneyi rivyrmif oz aymb>( * hlyef
la nci vzpi-
>9-6 BLMV_LE RVNVICIMV L_ BLMV_LE
RV_YBVY_I
Vhi ixibyvjlm la blcpyvir prldrnc j netnz i~yimvjne j-i- vnvicimv thjbh j
trjvvim ajrv tjee oi ixibyvif ajrv- Vl bhnmdi vhi i~yimvjne ixibyvjlm la n prldrncti miif blmvrle vrybvyri% thjbh bnm oi orlnfez bnvidlrjwif n aleelt7
j* Ornmbhjmd lr ieibvjlm vnvicimv
jj* Ellpjmd lr Jvirnvjqi vnvicimv
jjj* Gycp vnvicimv
j* Ornmbhjmd lr Rieibvjlm Rvnvicimv nri yif vl ieibv lmi drlyp
la vnvicimv lr jmdei vnvicimv alr ixibyvjlm arlc iqirne nqnjenoei
drlyp la vnvicimv- Vhi ieibvjlm la n pnrvjbyenr drlyp fipimf lm
lci Olleinm blmfjvjlm-
Ja vhim iei
Vhj vnvicimv yif thim ti hnqi vl cnki ieibvjlm arlc vtl nqnjenoei drlyp la
vnvicimv- R> drlyp la vnvicimv tjee oi lmez ixibyvif ja Olleinm ixprijlm vryi
lvhirtji ? drlyp la vnvicimv tjee oi ixibyvif-
Ja 5 Olleinm ixprijlm =
R>
vnvicimv (*
Iei
R?
vnvicimv (*
Imvrz
A V
Drlyp R> RvnvicimvDrlyp R? Rvnvicimv
Olleinm
Ixprijlm
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Rzvic Nmnezj nmf
Blcpyvir EnmdyndiBNRI vnvicimv j yif ja ti hnqi vl cnki ieibvjlm arlc iqirne nqnjenoei drlyp la
vnvicimv
Bni (ixprijlm _*
{ Bni x 7 R>
Bni z 7 R?
Bni t 7 R2
Bni w 7 R6
--
--
fianyev 7 fianyev vnvicimv
s
Hiri x% z- w -t nri pircjjoei qneyi alr ixprijlm _- Ja ixprijlm _
iqneynvi vl z vhim R?drlyp la vnvicimv tjee oi ixibyvif ja ixprijlm _ iqneynvi
vl mlm#pircjjoei qneyi vhim fianyev drlyp la vnvicimv tjee oi ixibyvif-
jj* Ellpjmd , Jvirnvjqi Rvnvicimv 7 N blcpyvir j tiee yjvif vl piralrc
ripivjvjqi lpirnvjlm- Jv bnm fl jv vjrieiez- Iqirz blcpyvir enmdyndi cyv hnqi
ainvyri vhnv jmvrybv n blcpyvir vl piralrc ybh ripivjvjqi vnk- Vhi prlbi
la ripinvifez ixibyvjmd n oelbk la vnvicimv j kmltm n ellpjmd- Vhi
vnvicimv jm vhi oelbk cnz oi ixibyvif nmz mycoir la vjci% arlc wirl vl
jmajmjvi mycoir- Ja n ellp blmvjmyi alriqir jv j bneeif nm jmajmjvi ellp- Ajmjvi ellp
Ixprijlm _
Ixprijlm#_ 3 X
Ixprijlm#_ 3 X
ml cnvbh fianyev bni
>
?
m
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Blcpyvir Prldrnccjmd
nmf Enmdyndij n ellp% thjbh vircjmnvi navir ajxif mycoir la jvirnvjlm- Vhii ajxif mycoir
la jvirnvjlm nri kmlt vl y jm nfqnmbi alr jcpeicimvjmd ajmjvi ellpjmd ti yi
alr ellp vrybvyri7
Alr Qnrjnoei x 3 Qneyi> vl Qneyi ? vip qneyi
R>
R?
Olfz la vhi ellp
R2
Rm
Imf
Jm vhj bni qnrjnoei j jmjvjnejwif vl qneyi>% vhim jv j bhibk thivhir vhi qneyi laqnrjnoei j drinvir qneyi ?- Ja mlv vhim ixibyvi vhi olfz la vhi ellp nmf vhim jmbrini
vhi qneyi la qnrjnoei oz vip jwi i~yne vl qneyi 2-
Ja ti fl mlv kmlt jm nfqnmbi hlt cnmz vjci vhi ellp tjee jvirnvi vhim ti yi thjei
ellp lr ripinv ymvje vrybvyri- Vhiri vzpi la ellp nri vircjmnvif oz lci
Olleinm ixprijlm- Vhi olfz la vhii ellp cyv blmvnjm lmi vnvicimv vhnv nevir
vhi qneyi la vhi Olleinm ixprijlm-
Thjei 5 Olleinm ixprijlm=
R>
R?R
2
Rm
Timf
V A
_ipinvR
>
R?
R2
Rm
Ymvje 5Olleinm ixprijlm=
Olfz la vhi ellp blmvnjmjmd n
vnvicimv thjbh nevir vhi Olleinmixprijlm
Olleinm
Ixprijlm
Ixibyvi Olfz la Ellp
Olfz la vhi ellp blmvnjmjmd
n vnvicimv thjbh nevir
vhi Olleinm ixprijlm-
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Rzvic Nmnezj nmf
Blcpyvir EnmdyndiJv j beinr arlc vhi aelt bhnrv la thjei ellp nmf ripinv ymvje ellp vhnv olfz la ripinv
ymvje ellp tjee netnz ixibyvif nv einv alr lmi vjci-
jjj* Gycp Rvnvicimv 7 Dl vl% orink nmf blmvjmyi nri dimirneez vhi gycpvnvicimv- Dl vl vnvicimv j yif alr gycpjmd arlc lmi elbnvjlm vl nmlvhir
enoieif elbnvjlm tjvhjm vhi prldrnc- Orink vnvicimv bnyi vhi ellp vl oi
vircjmnvif% vhi blmvjmyi vnvicimv bnyi vhi ellp vl oi blmvjmyif tjvh vhi mixv
jvirnvjlm navir kjppjmd nmz vnvicimv jm oivtiim-
Aymbvjlm, Ryo#rlyvjmi,Ryo prldrnc,Clfyei
Vhiri nri vtl tnz vl trjvi n enrdi nmf blcpejbnvif blcpyvir prldrnc- Lmi j vl
trjvi vhi jmdei prldrnc% ja ti bnm% thjbh nri mlrcneez qirz fjaajbyev alr n enrdi nmf
blcpejbnvif prldrnc- Vhi lvhir j vl ellk nv vhi enrdi prldrnc n blmjvjmd la
iqirne lcithnv ei blcpejbnvif yoprldrnc- Blpjmd tjvh inbh la vhi
yoprldrnc bnm oi iim jm vhi nci cnmmir n cnjm prldrnc% ijvhir trjvi vhic
fjribvez% ja ti bnm% lr riajmi jv jm virc la ayrvhir yoprldrnc nmf l lm- Vhi
prlbi la orinkjmd enrdi nmf blcpejbnvif prldrnc jm cneeir nmf ei blcpejbnvif
yo prldrnc j kmltm n clfyenr prldrnccjmd npprlnbh- Inbh yoprldrnc j
vircif n aymbvjlm% yorlyvjmi% clfyei ivb- fipimfjmd lm vhi pibjajb prldrnccjmd
enmdyndi yif vl trjvi vhi prldrnc-
Vnoei >9->7 Enmdyndi Yif jm Fjaairimv Nppejbnvjlm
Nppejbnvjlm Vzpi Enmdyndi yif
>- Dimirne pyrpli prldrnccjmd B% B++% Pnbne% GNQN% Qjyne B++
?- DYJ (Drnphjbne Yir Jmviranbi* Qjyne Onjb
2- Fnvnoni Cnmndicimv Arlmv imf7 Qjyne Onjb
Onbk imf7 Lrnbei% CR#Nbbi% R^E Rirqir
6- Nrvjajbjne Jmvieejdimbi EJRP% Prleld% Nfn
9- Tio Pndi Fijdm, Tio
imnoeif irqjbi HVCE% FHVCE% XCE% GNQN Nppeiv% NRP ivb-
>9-9 LQI_QJIT NMF AINVY_IR LA QJRYNE ONRJB
Vhi aleeltjmd pljmv cnki Qjyne Onjb nm ixbieeimv fiqielpcimv vlle7
>- Qjyne onjb nppejbnvjlm nri iqimv frjqim- Iqim frjqim cinm vhi yir j jm
blmvrle la nppejbnvjlm- Vhi yir dimirnvi n vinc la iqimv inbh vjci hi lr
hi bejbk tjvh vhi clyi lr prlbii n kiz lm vhi kizolnrf- Qjyne Onjb
nppejbnvjlm riplmf vl vhli iqimv vhrlydh vhi blfi% zly hnqi trjvvim nmf
nvvnbhif vl vhli iqimv-
?- Qjyne Onjb ypplrv vhi prjmbjpei la Logibv#lrjimvif fijdm- Vhj cinm vhnv
zly bnm blcpnrvcimvnejwi fjaairimv npibv la zlyr nppejbnvjlm n logibv nmf
fiqielp nmf viv vhli logibv jmfipimfimvez la vhi riv la vhi nppejbnvjlm-
2- Cjbrllav hn fijdmif Qjyne Onjb vl oi n blcpeivi tjmflt nppejbnvjlm
fiqielpcimv zvic- Vhj cinm vhnv zlyr qjyne onjb nppejbnvjlm tjee ellk
nmf oihnqi ejki lvhir tjmflt prldrnc-
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Blcpyvir Prldrnccjmd
nmf Enmdyndi6- Qjyne Onjb j jmajmjviez ixvimjoei vhrlydh vhi yi la Nbvjqi X blmvrle%
fzmncjb neez ejmkif ejornrji (FEE* nmf nff#jm- Zly bnm brinvi vhii Nbvjqi
X blmvrle% FEE% nmf nff#jm tjvh Qjyne Onjb 1 lr oyz vhic laa vhi hiea
arlc n enrdi mycoir la vhjrf pnrvz lavtnri qimflr-
Qjyne onjb prldrnc fiqielpcimv lqirqjit
Qjyne Onjb fiqielpir aleelt vhi aleeltjmd vip vl fiqielp n prldrnc7>- Fijdm nmf oyjef vhi yir jmviranbi
?- Trjvi blfi vhnv riplmf vl iqimv
2- Brinvi nmf bnee lvhir prlbifyri nmf miifif
6- Blcpjei vhi prldrnc
9- Blmqirv vl rymvjci qirjlm
1- Pripnri fjvrjoyvnoei iv la ajei
N ti tlrk tjvh Qjyne Onjb vl prlfybi lyr tjmflt nppejbnvjlm% ti brinvi
iqirne fjaairimv ajei- Nm -A_C ajei blmvnjm vhi pibjajbnvjlm nmf blfi nlbjnvif
tjvh n jmdei alrc tjvhjm vhi nppejbnvjlm nmf n -ONR ajei blmvnjm lmez Qjyne Onjb
blfi- Navir ti nri nvjajif tjvh vhi fijdm nmf lpirnvjlm la zlyr Qjyne Onjb
nppejbnvjlm ti bnm blcpjei jv jmvl n fjvrjoyvnoei qirjlm- Fyrjmd vhi blcpjenvjlm
prlbi Qjyne Onjb blcojmi vhi jmalrcnvjlm blmvnjmif jm vhi alrc ajei nmf blfi
clfyei jmvl n jmdei ixibyvnoei ajei tjvh nm -IXI ajeimnci ixvimjlm- Vhi -A_C nmf
-ONR ajei ricnjm lm vhi fjk vl imnoei yp vl blmvjmyi cnkjmd bhnmdi nmf
jcprlqicimv vl vhi nppejbnvjlm- Vhi ajdyri oielt hlt vhi bhicnvjb la vhi
blcpjenvjlm prlbi
N ti tlrk tjvh Qjyne Onjb vl prlfybi lyr tjmflt nppejbnvjlm% ti brinvi
iqirne fjaairimv ajei- Nm -A_C ajei blmvnjm vhi pibjajbnvjlm nmf blfi nlbjnviftjvh n jmdei alrc tjvhjm vhi nppejbnvjlm nmf n -ONR ajei blmvnjm lmez Qjyne Onjb
blfi- Navir ti nri nvjajif tjvh vhi fijdm nmf lpirnvjlm la zlyr Qjyne Onjb
nppejbnvjlm ti bnm blcpjei jv jmvl n fjvrjoyvnoei qirjlm- Fyrjmd vhi blcpjenvjlm
prlbi Qjyne Onjb blcojmi vhi jmalrcnvjlm blmvnjmif jm vhi alrc ajei nmf blfi
clfyei jmvl n jmdei ixibyvnoei ajei tjvh nm -IXI ajeimnci ixvimjlm- Vhi -A_C nmf
-ONR ajei ricnjm lm vhi fjk vl imnoei yp vl blmvjmyi cnkjmd bhnmdi nmf
jcprlqicimv vl vhi nppejbnvjlm- Vhi Ajdyri oielt hlt vhi bhicnvjb la vhi
blcpjenvjlm prlbi
Fijdm nmf
Oyjef Yir
Jmviranbi
Trjvi Iqim
Frjqim Blfi
Brinvi nmf Bnee
lvhir
Prlbifyri
Qjyne Onjb
Blcpjeir
Blmqirv vl
_ymvjci nmf
Pripnri
Fjvrjoyvjlm Ajei
-
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>?
Rzvic Nmnezj nmf
Blcpyvir Enmdyndi
Vhi -QOP ajei nv vhi vlp la vhi fjndrnc j vhi Qjyne Onjb prlgibv ajei- Vhj ajei
blmvnjm riairimbi vl nee vhi blcplmimv la vhi prlgibv nmf j mlv nbvyneez blcpjeif
jmvl -IXI ajei-
N Qjyne Onjb ixibyvnoei ri~yjri n enrdi rymvjci clfyei mncif CRQOC10-FEE-
Yyneez CROQC10-FEEj penbif jmvl vhi tjmflt zvic fjribvlrz n Qjyne Onjb
j jmvneeif-
Vnoei >9-?7 Oyjef#Jm Fnvn Vzpi la Qjyne Onjb
Fnvn Vzpi Rvlrndi _i~yjricimv _nmdi
Ozvi > ozvi 0 vl ?99
Jmvidir ? ozvi #2?%418 vl 2?%414
Elmd 6 ozvi #?%>64%682%168 vl ?%>64%682%164
Rjmdei 6 ozvi Alr qi qneyi
#2-60?8?2I28 vl >-60>?:8I#69
Alr + qi qneyi>-60>?:8I#69 vl 2-60?8?2I28
Flyoei 8 ozvi Alr qi qneyi
#>-4:41:2>2681?2?I208 vl
#6-:601916986>?64I#?26
Alr +qi qneyi
6-:601916986>?64I#?26 vl
>-4:41:2>2681?2?I208
Byrrimbz 8 ozvi #:??%224%?02%189%644-9808 vl
:??%224%?02%189%644-9804
Olleinm ? ozvi Vryi lr anei
Fnvi 8 ozvi Gnmynrz >%>00 vl Fibicoir 2>%::::
Logibv 6 ozvi _iairimbi vl nmz vzpi la logibv
Rvrjmd Qnrji 0 vl Ojeejlm
Qnrjnmv Qnrji Rnci rnmdi n nmz mycirjb
lr vrjmd fnvi vzpi-
-QOP ajei
-A_C ajei
-ONR ajei
-A_C ajei
-ONR ajei
Qjyne Onj
-
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>2
Blcpyvir Prldrnccjmd
nmf EnmdyndiBlmvrle vnvicimv la Qjyne Onjb
Aleeltjmd vzpi la blmfjvjlmne ornmbhjmd vnvicimv j priimv jm Qjyne Onjb
j* Ja vhim imf
jj* Ja vhim iei
jjj* Ja vhim Iei ja # Imf ja
Ja# vhim j clv blcclm blmfjvjlmne ornmbhjmd vnvicimv- Vhj j jcpeiv nmf
jeeyvrnvif oielt- Rzmvnx la Ja# vhim imf j
Ja ixprijlm vhim
Rvnvicimv(*
Imf ja
Vhim
Vhi lpvjlmne vnvicimv oelbk j ixibyvif lmez thim ixprijlm j vryi- _idnrfei la
vhi qneyi la vhi ixprijlm% ixibyvjlm blmvjmyi navir vhi ja vnvicimv tjvh vnvicimv-
Ja vhim iei j yif thim birvnjm vnvicimv ixibyvi lmez thim vhi ixprijlm j vryi
lvhir vnvicimv ixibyvi ja vhi ixprijlm j anei
Iei
Vhnm
Rvnvicimv >
Ja
Ix rijlm
Rvnvicimv
Lpvjl
Rvnvic
Rvnvicimv >
Ja
Ixprijlm
Rvnvicimv(*
Ja ixprijlmj vryi
Rvn
Ja i
Imf ja
Rvnvicimv ?
-
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>6
Rzvic Nmnezj nmf
Blcpyvir EnmdyndiRzmvnx7
Ja Ixprijlm VhimRvnvicimv(*
Iei
Rvnvicimv(*
Imf ja
Vhi ajmne ixvimjlm la ja vhim Imf ja ornmbh j fjndrnccif oielt7
Iei Iei
Vhim Vhim Vhim
Rzmvnx7
Jaixprijlm > vhim
Rvnvicimv(*
Iei jaixprijlm ? vhim
Rvnvicimv(*
7
7
7
Iei jaixprijlm m vhim
Rvnvicimv(*Imf ja
Rvnvicimv#>
Ja
Ixprijlm >Ja
Ixprijlm ?Ja
Ixprijlm m
Rvnvicimv(* ja
Ixprijlm#m j
Vryi
Rvnvicimv(* ja
Ixprijlm#? j
Vryi
Rvnvicimv(* ja
Ixprijlm#> j
Vryi
Imf ja
Rvnvicimv#?
-
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>9
Blcpyvir Prldrnccjmd
nmf EnmdyndiVhi ieibv bni ornmbh j yif jm penbi la mivif ja vhim iei vnvicimv nmf j inz
vl ymfirvnmf nmf j fjndrncif oielt7
Rzmvnx7
Rieibv Bni Ixprijlm
Bni qneyi >
Rvnvicimv(*
Bni qneyi ?
Rvnvicimv(*
7
7
7Bni qneyi m
Rvnvicimv(*
Iei Bni
Rvnvicimv(*
Imf Rieibv
Rieibv Bni
Ixprijlm
Bni
Qneyi >
Bni
Qneyi ?
Bni
Qneyi m
Imf Bni
Rvnvic
Rvnvici
Rvnvici
-
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>1
Rzvic Nmnezj nmf
Blcpyvir EnmdyndiEllpjmd Blmvrybv la Qjyne Onjb
Vhi Alr Mixv j yiaye thimiqir ti kmlt hlt cnmz vjci ellp vhrlydh vhi
vnvicimv oelbk
Rzmvnx
Alr qnr 3 jmjvjne qneyi vl ajmne qneyi
Rvnvicimv >
7
7
Rvnvicimv mMixv qnr
Zi Ml
Fl Ellp ixibyvi n oelbk la vnvicimv alr n elmd n n blmfjvjlm j vryi- Vhiri
nri vtl qnrjnvjlm la vhi Fl Ellp vnvicimv% oyv olvh yi vhi nci onjb clfie-
Vhi ellp bnm oi ixibyvif ijvhir thjei blmfjvjlm j vryi lr ymvje vhi blmfjvjlm oiblci
vryi- Vhi vtl qnrjnvjlm la vhi Fl ellp yi vhi kiztlrf thjei ymvje vl pibjaz hlt
elmd vhi vnvicimv nri ixibyvif- Vl ixibyvi n oelbk la vnvicimv thjei n blmfjvjlm
j vryi% yi vhi aleeltjmd zmvnx7
Fl thjeiblmfjvjlm
Rvnvicimv oelbk
Ellp
Vl ixibyvi n oelbk la vnvicimv ymvje vhi blmfjvjlm oiblci vryi yi vhi aleeltjmdzmvnx7
Fl Ymvje Blmfjvjlm
Rvnvicimv oelbk
Ellp
Jmjvjnejwi qnr vl jmjvjne qneyi
Qnr= Ajmne
Qneyi
Ixibyvi olfz la prldrnc
-
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>4
Blcpyvir Prldrnccjmd
nmf Enmdyndi>9-1 LQI_QJIT NMF AINVY_IR LA GNQN
Gnqn j n dimirne pyrpli% logibv lrjimvif enmdyndi fiqielpif oz Rym
Cjbrlzvic la YRN jm >::>- Vhi clv vrjkjmd ainvyri la vhi enmdyndi j vhnv jv j
penvalrc miyvrne enmdyndi- Gnqn j vhi ajrv prldrnccjmd enmdyndi vhnv j mlv vjif vl
nmz pnrvjbyenr hnrftnri lr lpirnvjmd zvic- Prldrnc fiqielpif jm Gnqn bnm oi
ixibyvif nmzthiri lm nmz zvic- Vhi jcplrvnmv ainvyri la Gnqn j n ymfir7
>- Blcpjeif nmf Jmvirprivif
?- Logibv Lrjimvif
2- Fjvrjoyvif
6- Cyevj vhrinfif
Yyneez% blcpyvir enmdyndi j ijvhir blcpjeif lr jmvirprivif- Gnqn blcojmi olvhvhii npprlnbhi vhy cnkjmd Gnqn n vtl#vndi zvic- Gnqn blcpjeir vrnmenvi
lyrbi blfi jmvl thnv j kmltm n ozvi blfi jmvrybvjlm- Ozvi blfi nri mlv cnbhjmi
jmvrybvjlm nmf vhirialri% Gnqn jmvirprivir dimirnvi cnbhjmi blfi vhnv bnm oi
fjribvez ixibyvif oz vhi cnbhjmi vhnv j rymmjmd Gnqn prldrnc-
Gnqn j n vryi logibv lrjimvif enmdyndi- Neclv iqirzvhjmd jm Gnqn j nm logibv- Nee
prldrnc blfi nmf fnvn rijfi tjvhjm logibv nmf beni-
Gnqn j fijdmif n n fjvrjoyvif enmdyndi alr brinvjmd nppejbnvjlm lm mivtlrk- Jv
hn vhi nojejvz vl hnri olvh fnvn nmf prldrnc- Gnqn nppejbnvjlm bnm lpim nmf
nbbi riclvi logibv lm Jmvirmiv n injez n vhiz bnm fl jm n elbne zvic- Vhj
imnoei cyevjpei prldrnccir nv cyevjpei elbnvjlm vl bleenolrnvi nmf tlrk vldivhirlm n jmdei logibv-
Cyevjvhrinfif cinm hnmfejmd cyevjpei vnk jcyevnmilyez- Gnqn ypplrv
cyevjvhrinfif prldrnc- Vhj cinm vhnv ti miif mlv tnjv alr vhi nppejbnvjlm vl
ajmjh lmi vnk oialri oidjmmjmd nmlvhir i-d- ti bnm ejvim vl nm nyfjl bejp thjei
brleejmd n pndi nmf nv vhi nci vjci fltmelnfif nm nppeiv arlc n fjvnmv blcpyvir-
Gnqn fli mlv ypplrv cyevjpei jmhirjvnmbi nmf pljmvir-
Gnqn Imqjrlmcimv
Gnqn imqjrlmcimv jmbeyfi n enrdi mycoir la fiqielpcimv vlle nmf hymfrif la
beni nmf civhlf- Vhi fiqielpcimv vlle nri pnrv la Gnqn Fiqielpcimv Kjv(GFK* nmf beni nmf civhlf nri pnrv la Gnqn Rvnmfnrf Ejornrz (GRE*-
Cnjm Gnqn Fiqielpcimv vlle nri n aleelt7
Vnoei >9-27 Gnqn Fiqielpcimv Vlle
Vlle Fibrjpvjlm
Nppeivqjitir Imnoei y vl rym Gnqn nppeiv (tjvhlyv nbvyneez yjmd n Gnqn
blcpnvjoei orltir*-
Gnqn Gnqn jmvirprivir% thjbh rym nppeiv nmf nppejbnvjlm oz rinfjmd nmf
jmvirprivjmd ozvi blfi-
Gnqnb Vhi gnqn blcpjeir% thjbh vrnmenvi Gnqn lyrbi blfi vl ozvi blfi
ajei vhnv vhi jmvirprivir bnm ymfirvnmf-
Gnqnflb Brinvi HVCE alrcnv flbycimvnvjlm arlc Gnqn lyrbi blfi ajei-
Gnqnh Prlfybi hinfir ajei alr yi tjvh mnvjqi civhlf-
Gnqnp Gnqn fjnicoeir% thjbh imnoei y vl blmqirv ozvi blfi ajei jmvl
n prldrnc fibrjpvjlm-
Gfo Gnqn fioyddir% thjbh hiep y vl ajmf irrlr jm lyr prldrnc-
-
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>8
Rzvic Nmnezj nmf
Blcpyvir EnmdyndiVhi tnz vhii vlle nri nppejif vl oyjef nmf rym nppejbnvjlm prldrnc j hlt oielt jm
vhi ajdyri
Gnqn vnmfnrf ejornrz jmbeyfi hymfrif la beni nmf civhlf drlypif jmvl jx
aymbvjlmne pnbkndi-
>- Enmdyndi Rypplrv Pnbkndi7 Bleeibvjlm la beni nmf civhlf ri~yjrif alr
jcpeicimvjmd onjb ainvyri la Gnqn-
?- Yvjejvji Pnbkndi7 N bleeibvjlm la beni vl prlqjfi yvjejvz aymbvjlm ybh n
vjci nmf fnvi-
2- Jmpyv ,Lyvpyv Pnbkndi7 N bleeibvjlm la beni ri~yjrif alr jmpyv,lyvpyv
cnmjpyenvjlm-
6- Mivtlrkjmd Pnbkndi7 N bleeibvjlm la beni alr blccymjbnvjmd tjvh lvhir
blcpyvir qjn jmvrnmiv lr Jmvirmiv-
9- Ntv Pnbkndi7 Vhi novrnbv tjmflt vlle kjv pnbkndi blmvnjm beni vhnv
jcpeicimv penvalrc jmfipimfimv drnphjbne yir jmviranbi (DYJ*-
1- Nppeiv pnbkndi7 Vhj jmbeyfi n iv la beni vhnv neelt y vl brinvi gnqn
nppeiv- Nppeiv nri cnee gnqn prldrnc fiqielpif alr jmvrnmiv, Jmvirmiv
nppejbnvjlm-
Nm nppeiv elbnvif lm n fjvnmv blcpyvir (irqir* bnm oi fltmelnfif qjn jmvirmiv,
jmvrnmiv nmf ixibyvif lm n elbne blcpyvir (bejimv* yjmd n gnqn bnpnoei orltir
Gnqn Rlyrbi
BlfiGnqnflb
Gnqnb
Gnqn Ben
AjeiGnqnh
Gnqn Gfo
Gnqn Prldrnc Lyvpyv
Gnqn Prldrnc
Rlyrbi BlfiGnqn Blcpjeir
Ozvi Blfi Gnqn Jmvirprivi
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>:
Blcpyvir Prldrnccjmd
nmf EnmdyndiRvrybvyri la Gnqn prldrnc
N gnqn prldrnc cnz blmvnjm cnmz beni la thjbh lmez lmi ben fiajmi n cnjm
civhlf- N ben blmvnjm fnvn cicoir nmf civhlf vhnv lpirnvi lm vhi fnvn
cicoir la vhi ben- N gnqn prldrnc cnz blmvnjm vhi aleeltjmd ibvjlm7
Flbycimvnvjlm ibvjlm Ryddivif
Pnbkndi Rvnvicimv Lpvjlmne
Jcplrv Rvnvicimv Lpvjlmne
Jmviranbi vnvicimv Lpvjlmne
Ben fiajmjvjlm Lpvjlmne
Cnjm civhlf ben Iimvjne
Nee Gnqn lyrbi ajei tjee hnqi vhi ixvimjlm Gnqn% nel ja n prldrnc blmvnjm cyevjpeibeni% vhi ajei mnci cyv oi vhi ben mnci la vhi ben blmvnjm vhi cnjm civhlf-
Vnoei >9-67 Oyjef#jm fnvn vzpi la GNQN
Fnvn Vzpi Rvlrndi _i~yjricimv _nmdi
Ozvi > ozvi #>?8 vl >?4
Rhlrv ? ozvi #2?%418 vl 2?%414
Jmv 6 ozvi #?%>64%682%168 vl ?%>64%682%164
Elmd 6 ozvi #:%??2%24?%021%869%449%808 vl
:%??2%24?%021%869%449%804
Aelnv 6 ozvi 2-6i 028 vl 2-6i +028
Flyoei 8 ozvi >-4i 208 vl >-4i +208
Blmvrle Rvnvicimv
Vhi ja#iei vnvicimv jm gnqn cnz oi jcpeicimvif jm aleeltjmd fjaairimv alrc
fipimfjmd lm vhi blcpeixjvz ja blmfjvjlm vl oi vivif7
j* Rjcpei ja vnvicimv
jj* Ja#iei vnvicimv
jjj* Mivif ja#iei vnvicimv
jq* Iei ja enffir
Ja (ixprijlm*
{
Rvnvicimv(*
s
Rvnvicimv x
Vryi
Anei
Ixprijlm
Rvnvicimv x
Rvnvicimv x
-
7/31/2019 Computer Programming and Languages
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?0
Rzvic Nmnezj nmf
Blcpyvir EnmdyndiJa (ixprijlm*
{Vryi oelbk vnvicimv(*
s
iei
{
Anei oelbk vnvicimv(*
s
Rvnvicimv x
Vryi Anei
Ja(Blmfjvjlm#>*
Rvnvicimv >;
Iei ja (Blmfjvjlm ?*
Rvnvicimv ?;
Iei ja (Blmfjvjlm 2*
Rvnvicimv 2;
--------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------
Iei ja (Blmfjvjlm m*
Rvnvicimv m;
Iei
Fianyev vnvicimv;
Rvnvicimv x
Nbvjqjvz N
>- Thnv nri vhi fjaairimv vzpi la blmfjvjlmne ornmbhjmd vnvicimv jm Qjyne onjb
Blcpyvir Prldrnccjmd
nmf Enmdyndi
V A
V A
Vhi Gnqn enmdyndi prlqjfi vhrii blmvrybv alr piralrcjmd ellp lpirnvjlm qjw
Thjei ellp
Fl ellpAlr ellp
Jm vhi thjei ellp viv blmfjvjlm j iqneynvif nmf ja vhi blmfjvjlm j vryi% vhim olfz la
ellp j ixibyvif n jeeyvrnvif jm vhi Ajdyri oielt7
Rzmvnx7
Jmjvjnejwnvjlm
Thjei (Blmfjvjlm*
{
Olfz la ellp
s
A
V
Blmfjvjlm#>
Rvnvicimv#>
Rvnvicimv#?
Blmfjvjlm#?
Blmfjvjlm#2
Rvnvicimv#2
Rvnvicimv#m
Blmfjvjlm#mV A
Fianyev
Rvnvicimv
Blmfjvjlm
Olfz la Ellp
V A
-
7/31/2019 Computer Programming and Languages
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??
Rzvic Nmnezj nmf
Blcpyvir EnmdyndiJm fl vnvicimv viv blmfjvjlm j iqneynvif vhi olvvlc la vhi ellp himbi riyevjmd nv
einv lmi vjci ixibyvjlm la vhi olfz la vhi ellp jrripibvjqi la vhi qneyi la viv
blmfjvjlm7
Rzmvnx7
Jmjvjnejwnvjlm
Fl
{
Olfz la ellp;
s Thjei (blmfjvjlm*
A
V
Vhialrellp j yif thim ti kmlt jm nfqnmbi hlt cnmz vjci vhi ellp tjee rym-
Vhi zmvnx j7
Alr (jmjvjnejwnvjlm; viv blmfjvjlm; jmbricimv*
{
Olfz la ellp;
s
A
V
Olfz la Ellp
Blmfjvjlm
Jmjvjnejwnvjlm la Blmvrle
Qnrjnoei
Viv
Blmfjvjlm
Jmjvjnejwnvjlm la Blmvrle
Qnrjnoei
-
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?2
Blcpyvir Prldrnccjmd
nmf Enmdyndi>9- 4 LQI_QJIT NMF AINVY_IR LA HZPI_VIXV
CN_KYP ENMDYNDI
N n tio jmalrcnvjlm prlqjfir% ti pripnri flbycimv jm n cnrkyp enmdyndi kmltm
n Hzpirvixv Cnrkyp Enmdyndi (HVCE*- HVCE j mlv n pndi fibrjpvjlm enmdyndi
(ejki Pnv Rbrjpv*- Tjvh HVCE% ti bnm fibrjoi vhi vrybvyri la lyr tio flbycimv%
jmbeyfjmd rienvif jmalrcnvjlm ybh n vhi jmvidrnvjlm la cyevjcifjn nmf yi la
hzpirejmk- Jv nel ejmk gnqn nppeiv vl lyr tio jvi-
HVCE j nbvyneez n yoiv la nm jmvirmnvjlmneez kmltm vnmfnrf bneeif Rvnmfnrf
Dimirnejwif Cnrkyp Enmdyndi (RDCE*- Vhi nfqnmvndi la HVCE j vhnv ti bnm
brinvi jv flbycimv tjvh jcpei NRBJJ vixv ifjvlr% thjbh j mlv netnz vryi alr
flbycimv onif lm RDCE- HVCE fiajmi flbycimv l vhnv nmz orltir rymmjmd
lm nmz blcpyvir bnm rinf n fjpenz vhic-
Vhi onjb HVCE blccnmf vhnv nri miifif vl brinvi tio pndi anee jmvl aleeltjmd
bnvidlrji7
Rvrybvyrne Blccnmf
Vhii jfimvjaz n ajei n nm HVCE flbycimv nmf prlqjfi jmalrcnvjlm nolyv vhi fnvn jm
vhi HVCE ajei-
Pnrndrnph alrcnvvjmd Blccnmf
Vhii pibjaz pnrndrnph imfpljmv nmf hinfjmd eiqie-
Bhnrnbvir alrcnvvjmd Blccnmf
Vhii neelt y vl nppez qnrjly vzei vl vhi bhnrnbvir jm lyr flbycimv-
Ejv pibjajbnvjlm Blccnmf
HVCE ypplrv iqirne ejv alrcnv jmbeyfjmd oyeeivif mycoirif nmf fiajmjvjlm ejv-
Hzpir ejmkjmd blccnmfVhii neelt y vl prlqjfi jmalrcnvjlm nolyv clqjmd arlc lmi flbycimv vl nmlvhir-
Niv jmvirnbvjlm blccnmf
Vhii neelt y nbbi vl cyevjcifjn jmalrcnvjlm- Vhrlydh vhii blccnmf% ti bnm
fjpenz drnphjbne jcndi% nbbi lymf nmf prlqjfi fjdjvne clqji alr yir-
Vhi olfz la nmz HVCE flbycimv j n ymfir7
5HVCE=
5HINF=
5VJVEI= Vhj j flbycimv vjvei 5,VJVEI=
5,HINF=
5OLFZ=
7
7
7
Vhj j flbycimv vixv
-
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Rzvic Nmnezj nmf
Blcpyvir Enmdyndi7
75OLFZ=
5,HVCE=
HVCE ajei hn -HVC lr -HVCE n vhijr ajei mnci ixvimjlm-
Nbvjqjvz O
N Prjmbjpne tnmv vl cnki n tio jvi alr vhi jmalrcnvjlm la pnrimv l vhnv vhiz bnm
div jmalrcnvjlm la vhijr prldri la vhijr tnrf jm vhi bhlle n tiee nolyv qnrjly
bhici la vhi bhlle-
>- Cnki n fjndrnc alr vhi tiojvi-
?- Thjbh enmdyndi tlyef zly priair alr vhnv tiojvi-
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>9-8 LQI_QJIT NMF AINVY_IR LA BLOLE
BLOLE j n blcpjeir enmdyndi vhnv j blcclmez yif vl leqi fnvn prlbijmd jm
blccirbjne lrdnmjwnvjlm- BLOLE j mlv yjvnoei alr bjimvjajb pyrpli prldrnccjmd-
BLOLE j vhi nooriqjnvjlm la Blccnmf Oyjmi Lrjimvif Enmdyndi-
BLOLE lyrbi prldrnc j trjvvim jm Blfi hiiv- Jm vhi blfjmd hiiv inbh ejmi hn
ajqi aleeltjmd wlmi7
j* Bleycm >#1 7 yif alr i~yimbi mycoir
jj* Bleycm 4 7 yif alr blmvjmynvjlm cnrk nm
nvirjk ('* cinm blccimv
jjj* Bleycm 8#>> 7 Cnrdjm N imvrji
jq* Bleycm >?#4? 7 Cnrdjm O imvrji
q* Bleycm 42#80 7 Yir alr trjvjmd jfimvjajbnvjlm la
prldrnc
Vhiri nri alyr fjqjjlm jm nmz BLOLE prldrnc
JFIMVJAJBNVJLM FJQJRJLM
IMQJ_LMCIMV FJQJRJLM
FNVN FJQJRJLM
P_LBIFY_I FJQJRJLM
Inbh fjqjjlm cnz hnqi iqirne ibvjlm- Inbh ibvjlm cnz hnqi iqirne pnrndrnph-
Inbh pnrndrnph cnz hnqi iqirne imvimbi- Inbh imvimbi cnz hnqi iqirne
vnvicimv- Yyneez% n vnvicimv j vircjmnvif oz n blccn (%* lr n pirjlf (-*-
Fjqjjlm hinfjmd% ibvjlm mnci pnrndrnph mnci% eiqie mycoir nri yyneez cnrdjm
O imvrji-
-
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Blcpyvir Prldrnccjmd
nmf EnmdyndiJfimvjajbnvjlm Fjqjjlm
Vhj j vhi ajrv fjqjjlm la iqirz BLOLE prldrnc- Jv hn ml fjribv iaaibv lm
vhi ixibyvjlm la vhi prldrnc-
JFIMVJAJBNVJLM FJQJRJLM
P_LD_NC#JF- 5Prldrnc Mnci=
[ NYVHL_- 5nyvhlr Mnci= S
[ JMRVNEENVJLM- 5mnci la jmvneenvjlm=S
[ FNVI#T_JVVIM- 5fnvi=S
[ FNVI#BLCPJEIF 5fnvi=S
[ RIBY_JVZ- 5vnvy la ibyrjvz=S
[ _ICN_KR- 5ricnrk lr blccimv=S
Vhi tlrf imbelif tjvh 5 = nri vl oi ymfirvllf n dimirjb virc riairimbjmd vhi
BLOLE enmdyndi jvic- Vhi tlrf imbelif tjvhjm [S nri lpvjlmne nmf vhli
imbelif tjvh { s nri ymfirvllf vl oi nevirmnvjqi-
Jm jfimvjajbnvjlm fjqjjlm vhi pnrndrnph P_LD_NC#JF j iimvjne- Vhi lvhir
pnrndrnph nri lpvjlmne nmf cnbhjmi fipimfimv-
Imqjrlmcimv Fjqjjlm
Vhj j vhi iblmf fjqjjlm la n BLOLE prldrnc nmf j clvez cnbhjmi lrjimvif- Jv
blmvnjm jmalrcnvjlm ridnrfjmd vhi i~yjpcimv vl oi yif alr prlbijmd vhi prldrnc
nmf hn vtl ibvjlm qjw- Blmajdyrnvjlm Ribvjlm nmf JMPYV#LYVPYV Ribvjlm- Vhi
vrybvyri la vhj fjqjjlm j n ymfir7
IMQJ_LMCIMV FJQJRJLM-
BLMAJDY_NVJLM RIBVJLM-
RLY_BI#BLCPYVI_- 5lyrbi blcpyvir mnci=
LOGIBV BLCPYVI_ 5logibv blcpyvir imvrz=
[RPIBJNE#MNCIR- 5pibjne mnci imvrz=S
JMPYV#LYVPYV RIBVJLM-
AJEI#BLMV_LE- 5ajei blmvrle benyi=
[J#L BLMV_LE- 5jmpyv#lyvpyv blmvrle imvrji=-
Fnvn Fjqjjlm
Vhj fjqjjlm la n BLOLE prldrnc j yif vl fibrjoi iqirz fnvn jvic vl oi
prlbiif oz vhi prldrnc jmvrybvjlm jm vhi P_LBIFY_I FJQJRJLM- Vhi jmpyv
lyvpyv ajei% thjbh nri mncif jm vhi Jmpyv#Lyvpyv Ribvjlm lr vhi Imqjrlmcimv
Fjqjjlm% nri fibrjoif jm fivnje jm vhi Ajei Ribvjlm la vhi Fnvn Fjqjjlm- Nmlvhir
ibvjlm jm vhj fjqjjlm j vhi TL_KJMD RVL_NDI RIBVJLM jm thjbh nee ajief la
vhi fnvn jvic% thjbh nri ri~yjrif alr jmvirmne prlbijmd oyv nri mlv pnrv la jmpyv
lyvpyv% nri fibrjoif-
FNVN FJQJRJLM-
AJEI RIBVJLM-
AF 5ajei mnci=;
_IBL_FJMD CLFI JR 5clfi=
-
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Rzvic Nmnezj nmf
Blcpyvir Enmdyndi[OELBK BLMVNJMR [5jmvidir= VLS 5jmvidir= _IBL_FR
BHN_NBVI_RS[; ENOIE { _IBL_F j s {Rvnmfnrfs
{_IBL_FR nris {Lcjvvifs
[;_IBL_F BLMVNJMR [5jmvidir= VLS 5jmvidir= BHN_NBVI_RS
[; QNEYI LA 5fnvn#mnci JR {fnvn#mncis {ejvirnes
[%5fnvn#mnci= JR {fnvn#mnci {ejvirnesS
[; FNVN {riblrf JRs 5fnvn#mnci= [%5fnvn#mnci=-S
Tlrkjmd Rvlrndi Ribvjlm
Prlbifyri Fjqjjlm
Vhj fjqjjlm blmvnjm vhi nbvyne jmvrybvjlm alr cnmjpyenvjlm nmf prlbijmd la fnvn
tjvh vhi hiep la ixibyvnoei vnvicimv- Vhj fjqjjlm j yyneez lrdnmjwif jmvl iqirne
pnrndrnph- N pnrndrnph vnrv tjvh n pnrndrnph mnci% aleeltif oz n pirjlf nmf lmi
lr clri imvimbi- N BLOLE jmvrybvjlm j n qnejf blcojmnvjlm la qiro nmf
phrni- Vhiri nri vhrii bnvidlrji la BLOLE vnvicimv7
n* Jcpirnvjqi vnvicimv% thjbh netnz vnrv tjvh n qiro i-d- NFF% CLQI%
_INF% T_JVI ivb-
o* Blmfjvjlmne Rvnvicimv% thjbh fjribv vhi blcpyvir vl ajmf vhi vryvh qneyi la n
blmfjvjlm nmf vnki yoi~yimv ornmbhjmd vl lmi la vhi nevirmnvjqi pnvh
fipimfjmd yplm vhi vryvh qneyi- Ja vnvicimv j lmi ybh blmfjvjlmne vnvicimv-
b* Blcpjeir fjribvjmd vnvicimv% thjbh fjribv vhi BLOLE blcpjeir nv vhi vjci la
blcpjenvjlm nmf fli mlv dimirnvi nmz jmvrybvjlm jm vhi logibv prldrnc-
>9-: LQI_QJIT NMF AINVY_IR LA IXBIE
Cjbrllav Ixbie j n prldrnc pibjneez fijdmif vl imvir lrdnmjwif fnvn n tiee n vl
nmnezwi nmf priimv vhi fnvn nvvrnbvjqiez- Ixbie j lmi la vhi clv qirnvjei nmf
plpyenr prinfhiiv prldrnc- Jv irqi n nm% ieibvrlmjb pnf alr nbblymvnmv- Jv nm
injez piralrc jcpei n tiee n blcpeix cnvhicnvjbne lpirnvjlm- Rprinfhiiv j n
jcpei tlrkhiiv blmjvjmd la rlt nmf bleycm jm thjbh nmz fnvn bnm oi imvirif
i-d- riplrv bnrf la vyfimv nri cnmyne prinfhiiv- Nm ieibvrlmjb prinfhiiv
jmvinf la oijmd lm pnpir% jv j lm vhi blcpyvir briim-
Rprinfhiiv nri yif alr piralrcjmd bnebyenvjlm% ribnebyenvjmd riyev ja nmz fnvn
vlrif jm vhic j bhnmdif% brinvjmd ajmnmbjne riplrv% blcpnrjmd riplrv ivb- N qirz
yiaye ainvyri la prinfhiiv j jv nojejvz vl brinvi drlyp- Jv hiep zly ivnoejh
rienvjlm#hjp oivtiim vtl lr clri iv la fnvn nmf injez ymfirvnmf vhi vrimf la
fnvn bhnmdi-
N prinfhiiv blmjv la rlt nmf bleycm% thjbh blcojmi vl alrc biee- N Biee j
n olx thiri ti bnm imvir fnvn- Bleycm alrc vhi qirvjbne ejmi la bnee thjei rlt
alrc vhi hlrjwlmvne ejmi la biee- Biee j nm jmviribvjlm la rlt nmf bleycm- Vl
fibrjoi vhi elbnvjlm lr nffri la n biee% ti hnqi vl trjvi vhi mnci la vhi bleycm
nmf vhi rlt thli jmviribvjlm hn brinvif vhj biee-
{ s
-
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Blcpyvir Prldrnccjmd
nmf Enmdyndi
N O B
>
?
2
6
9
Biee O2 j elbnvjlm la nffri la vhj biee% thjbh cinm bleycm O% ! rlt 2-
Enoie nri vhi hinfjmd% thjbh ti imvir jm biee- Qneyi nri vhi mycoir lm thjbhbnebyenvjlm nri piralrcif- Alrcyen nmf aymbvjlm nri ieicimv vhnv piralrc vhi
fijrif bnebyenvjlm lm vhi qneyi-
Qneyi
N O B F I
> Prlajv jm clmvh
?
2 Ixplrv >%?00 >%100 >%64:
6 ?%?00 >%489 ?%>00
9
1 Vlvne 2000 B2+B6 2%94:
Enoie Alrcyen lr Aymbvjlm
Alrcyen% thjbh nri priimv tjvhjm vhi prinfhiiv jviea% nri bneeif aymbvjlm- Ti
bnm nel pyv yp lyr ltm alrcyeni jm nmz biee- Jm vhi nolqi ajdyri biee O1; B1 nmf
F1 blmvnjm vhi alrcyen% thjbh vlvne vhi qneyi la ixplrv nmf jcplrv-
N cnglr frntonbk la vhi cnmyne prinfhiiv j vhnv ja nmz fnvn jm jv bhnmdi% ti
hnqi vl rifl nee ybh bnebyenvjlm vhnv nri naaibvif oz vhi fnvn bhnmdi% oyv nm
ieibvrlmjb prinfhiiv nyvlcnvjbneez piralrc nee ybh bnebyenvjlm alr y- Nee ti
hnqi vl fl j gyv bhnmdi vhi fnvn nmf vhi riv j vnkim bnri la oz vhi prinfhiiv-
N prinfhiiv bnm oi fijdmif jm n mycoir la alrcnv- Onjbneez% fijdmjmd j
blmbirmif tjvh hlt n mycoir hlyef ellk lm vhi briim- Vhi qnrjly fijdmjmd
alrcnv nri blccn% pirbimv% byrrimbz% bjimvjajb- Vhi fnvn jm n biee cnz oi rjdhv
nejdmif% eiav nejdmif lr bimvirif-
Ixnc Eiav#nejdmif
Ixnc _jdhv#nejdmifIxnc Bimvirif
Rprinfhiiv neelt y vl yi fjaairimv almv nmf vzei vl icphnjwi hinfjmd-
Drnph j ziv nmlvhir pltiraye ainvyri la prinfhiiv- Vhi fnvn vlrif jm vhi
prinfhiiv bnm oi blmqirvif jmvl drnph l n vl vyfz vhi rienvjlmhjp qnrjly fnvn-
Vhi prinfhiiv prldrnc hn vhi anbjejvz vl frnt qnrjly drnph qjw- Onr% Pji%
?F nmf ? F drnph-
_lt Bleycm
Biee O2
-
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Rzvic Nmnezj nmf
Blcpyvir Enmdyndi>9-: RYCCN_Z
Jm vhj ymjv ti hnqi ixpenjmif vhi blmbipv nmf aymfncimvne la prldrnccjmd
enmdyndi- Ti hnqi nel ixpenjmif vhi fjaairimv vzpi la fnvn vzpi nmf ellpjmd
vnvicimv nqnjenoei jm Qjyne Onjb nmf Gnqn prldrnccjmd enmdyndi- Ti nel einrm
hlt vl blcpjei nmf rym prldrnc jm nolqi prldrnccjmd enmdyndi-
>9->0 YMJV IMF IXI_BJRIR
>- Ixpenjm vhi blmbipv la prldrnccjmd enmdyndi- Ixpenjm jfimvjajir% blmvnmv%
ixprijlm% nmf ejornrz aymbvjlm-
?- Djqi pljmv vl ypplrv vhnv Qjyne Onjb j nm ixbieeimv fiqielpcimv vlle-
Hjdhejdhv jcplrvnmv ainvyri la QO-
2- Gnqn j mlv >00) pyri logibv lrjimvif enmdyndi< Fl zly ndrii lr mlv< Gyvjaz
zlyr nmtir-
6- Thnv fl zly ymfirvnmf oz HVCE< Priimv vhi ainvyri la HVCE-
9- Ixbie j n qirnvjei prinfhiiv pnbkndi- Jv bnm fl tlmfir alr nbblymvnmv-
Blccimv-
1- Tjvh l cnmz rinfz cnfi nmf byvlcjwif lavtnri nqnjenoei#Vhi miif alr n
cnmndir j vl einrm vl yi vhic iaaibvjqiez rnvhir vhnm einrm vl prldrnc vhic--Fl zly ndrii> _IAI_IMBIR NMF RYDDIRVIF AY_VHI_
_INFJMDR
Rioivn% Blmbipv la Prldrnccjmd Enmdyndi% 6i% Pinrlm Ifybnvjlm-
Virrimbi T- Prnvv% Cnrqjm Q- Wiekltjvw % Prldrnccjmd Enmdyndi7Fijdm Nmf Jcpeicimvnvjlm% 6vh If-% Primvjbi#Hnee la Jmfjn-
Vybkir% Neeim% Prldrnccjmd Enmdyndi Prjmbjpei nmf Pnrnfjdc%
Vnvn Cb Drnt#Hjee