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COMPARING CO-HOUSING Ir Lidewij Tummers
Comparing co-housing: overview
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1. Emerging trend Europe-wide 2. Comparative features 3. Various incentives 4. Co-housing as urban strategy 5. Gender perspective
UK: ‘Together we create a new world’ [Diggers & dreamers]
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Flanders: ‘Let us create villages in town’ [Lietard]
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Samenhuizen.be
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France: ‘More than a roof over the head’ [Habicoop]
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2009
Germany: Wohngemeinschaft-Baugruppe
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NL: Centraal Wonen & ‘CPO’
Meals, parties school- and sports ‘taxi’ House-/dog-/cat-sitting Governance &maintenance
Meeting room
Guest-room
Playground
Car-sharing
Car-park
Terbregse.nl
Waste- recycling
Garden
Apartments
Offices
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family-units
Bicycle shed
Italy, Spain: reviving a tradition
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Co-housing Chiaravalle
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Central Europe and the Baltic states
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9 eco-grishino.ru
Large variety of forms & context
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10 Jonckheere 2012
Januari 2014
COUNTRY co-housing type source date Quantity estimation
NETHERLANDS First generation 1977-97; Centtraal Wonen
Landelijke Vereniging Centraal Wonen 2013 membership = 54 projects
(3-160 units per project)
cohousing senior citizens Choi 2004; Bamford 2005 2100 units/app 210 projects
gemeenschappelijk wonen.nl "Community Addresses in The Netherlands". Federatie Gemeenschappelijk Wonen
2012
more than 300 cohousing communities; 73 mixed-generation and 231 senior cohousing, about 60 in planning or construction
CPO (Baugruppen) bouwenineigenbeheer.nl App. 30 realised projects and 30 in planning
eco-village initiatives ZOZ#117 (Omslag) 2013 19+other intentional communities
FRANCE cooperatives de logementApp. 250 realised or initiated projects since 2003
UK cohousing … UK cohousing network survey 2006 400 registered communities
http://www.cohousing.org.uk/groupsDec-13
15 established, 47 developing groups ¶ 12 new groups
self-buildingother intentional communities Metcalf (findhorn press) 2004
BRD Baugruppen/ Fedrowitz (Wohnportal) 201215-17 % of housing stock = genossenschaft old+new model
ID22 no information
AUSTRIA Wankiewicz & 2013Numerous projects in Vienna, few in other regions
LSCbeitrag? 2012BELGIUM/FLANDERS co-housing samenhuizen.be 2011 App. 175 projects & 50
start-upsBELGIUM/WALLONIE Habitat Groupé
HABITAT-GROUPE.BE 2013 lists 75 Projects (wide definition)
Baugruppen' Wonen in Meervoud (website bestaat niet meer) 2010 120 entries (not
neccesarily co-housing)
DENMARK Jonckheere 2010 400 projects
Durrett 2011
? 250.000 residents involved, 1% of housing stock
SWEDEN cohousing Kollektivhus.nu 2012 41 projects as full members
ecovillages
http://gen-europe.org/ecovillages/europe-map/
4 villages members of global network
FINLANDhttp://gen-europe.org/ecovillages/europe-map/
4 villages members of global network
SPAIN classical' housing coops concovi Dec-13 14.434 coops registered (notnecessarily co-housing)
co-housing initiativesMasqueunacasa (sostre civic) Dec-13
4-6 projects and 6-8 professional coops (consultants) in spain
eco-villages
http://gen-europe.org/ecovillages/europe-map/
Dec-13 12 members of global network
ITALY coops in Milano Housing Lab Polimi 2012 3-4 new projectsclassical' housing coops
PORTUGAL
OTHER TYPES Abbeyfield huizen Davey 2004; Verwey Jonker lit studie 2008:
since 1956; 900 houses worldwide (elderly)
BE 2012
Small numbers, large impact, growing body of research, But little monitoring > Comparability in search of framework
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2. Comparative features
’urban oasis’
[Haquebord]
‘pragmatic utopia’
[Sargisson]
“The unifying factor is creating alternatives for standardized, one- household units. Projects may show a mix of row houses with apartments for singles and seniors, and important differences in the housing plans.” [Sangregorio] Collectively developed and self managed housing with shared spaces : manifold typology
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DIY society & retreat of the state
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Types of definition
! Self-governance, participation ! Elderly: institutional
involvement ! Alternative to mainstream
! Distance to society ! Sustainability / ecology
! Community-building ! idealist remote [Meijering c.s]
! Time & Historical context ! Utopistes, Castors, Cité
Radieuse (france) ! Domestic work (Sweden)
! Pragmatic idealism ! Baugruppe …
housing initiatives where the organizational & spatial unit overlap
[Fedrowitz-Gailing 2003]
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Co-building or cohousing? 15
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LVCW Dutch cohousing federation BIEB co-building consultants
Institutional partners
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Integrate into planning process:
! DNR: new regulations for architects
! De Regie: new profession ‘coaching’
! Catalogue: preconceived models
! Zoning plan: software generated
! Still no new law for co-housing initiatives
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Co-housing ≠ Gated Community
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Different generations of projects 19
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CW Romolen, 1980s
! 1968 and environmental awakening
! No environmental standard
! Energy scarcity >saving ! National policy = social
housing ! 33-77 units, rental ! Urban renewal, new
Generation 1980-90s
Evolution of context 20
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MMWW Meander, 2000s
! Spoiled consumer and active citizen
! Established environmental standards for housing
! Energy label, EPC ! National
policy=privatization ! 48-96 units, HO/mix ! Urban extension, new
21st century
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3. Different incentives
Response to societal challenges
! Changing household structures > ! Ageing populations + ! Young families back to the inner city
! Keeping sub-urban qualities ! Mutualise resources during building and in
everyday life ! Environment and health >
Collectively developed and self managed housing with shared spaces
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Flanders: land scarcity & urban quality
Samenhuizen.be 11-12-2014
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K. Van Herck, B. De Meulder, Wonen in Meervoud, SUN, Amsterdam, 2009
Germany: aging, shrinking
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23 2014 TU Kaiserslautern
Tübingen, Co-housing as urban strategy
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France: grassroot to government
La loi ALUR du 24 mars 2014 permet la reconnaissance du statut de coopérative d’habitants.
! Con’s
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Eco-quartier Strassbourg
! Con’s
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NL: national housing policy 2000!
! Privatization of building and property!! Inprove quality inner cities!! Consumer-oriented; special needs !! Goal: 2005= 30% self-managed housing!
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Encouraging home-ownership
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4. Co-housing as urban strategy
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Krämer & Kuhn 2007
Wüstenrot Institut
! Local Authority: ! Pro-active director (Tübingen, Almere) ! Tandem (Strassbourg) ! Facilitator (Hamburg, Amsterdam)
High expectations for urban development
! Social cohesion ! Citizens’ involvement ! Mutual help (aging
population) ! Create sustainable
environments ! Taylor made housing ! Mixed income areas
LoExpectations DOubts
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" but only inside the projects?
" Or extra management tasks?
" or creative middle class?
" or exclusive environments? " Planning depends on
quality of partners
Urban form
Cohousing=Eco-engineering? 20120313
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NL: breaking with Masterplanning 32
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MW2 Meander, Zwolle Floorplan
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Mixed use, mixed property
Cohousing=Eco-engineering? 20120313
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Kersentuin, Utrecht
Housing typology 35
5. Gender perspective of cohousing
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[Toker 2010]
“Cohousing developments attracted unconventional households and women with more egalitarian gender ideologies compared to ‘new urbanist’ developments. Women living in cohousing developments spent a lower percentage of their time at home doing housework and had more egalitarian gender ideologies compared to women living in ‘new urbanist’ developments.”
Newcastle)11)December)2014) 11/12/14)
[email protected]) 10)
Organizing the everyday
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Grass-root incentive
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Typically feminin time-space pattern!
! Domestic work!! Care for children/dependants!
! Interrompted journeys!
! Complex days!
! Public transport !
! Lower average income!! Longer lives!
! Expedient (less play)!
Feminist Utopia?
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Vienna: FrauenWerkstatt
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[email protected]) 11)
Participation
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DIY co-housing laboratories of ‘urbanism of proximity
Conclusion 1: self-organized proximity
- Mutualize resources - Create community - Facilitate everyday life - Mix: income, generation, use, .. - Decentralized energy networks - Short circuit recycling - ‘prosumers’
> BUT: Planning results depend on quality of
institutional partners
Conclusion 2: Comparative studies 43
Mapping, zoning plans
Technical drawings, briefings
Building application
Energy calculations
Reports of building process
International comparative research to: ! Identify the bottlenecks and the margins
for project realization ! Recognize impact & urban qualities ! Understanding how planning is receptive to
new housing models > innovation
# Framework of comparison to be clearly defined
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Conclusion 3: Gender perspective
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Beyond the reconciliation pragmatism
! Strong presence of women in the everyday organization of co-housing
! Co-housing as alternative way of living is potentially an emancipatory environment
! Proximity and collective self-management are no guarantee for breaking with gender roles
! “social control” & stepping out?