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1
Comparative Temein wordlists
Roger Blench Mallam Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Ans 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Notes:
1. The principal source for these wordlists are the material collected by Roland Stevenson in the 1970s and
early 1980s. For further details see the accompanying paper ‘The Temein languages’. Also incorporated are
lexical items form the phonology of T(h)ese by May Yip (2004) and from the unpublished notes of Gerrit
Dimmendaal. The materials should therefore be treated as provisional.
2. The comparisons in the final column have been added by Roger Blench and are cross-cited from
comparative sources, principally materials from Stevenson. As a consequence, they have not yet been
checked against the originals, and newer data that has appeared since Stevenson. I hope to do this in future.
3. Identifying cognates in Nilo-Saharan is not simple; it depends on the analysis of the affixes. In the case of
Temein, these are multiple and combined with syllable deletion, can often mean that only a single consonant
remains, even between singular and plural in Temein. The comparisons will generally show what element of
the word I speculate is the underlying root. But further analysis may change this and thereby the words that
are cognate elsewhere.
4. It will be seen that the classification of Temein is far from obvious; although it has slightly more cognates
with East Sudanic than other branches of Nilo-Saharan, there are, for example, an elevated number of
cognates with Berta. The source of the large number of lexical items with no apparent external cognates
remains to be sought.
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English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
adolescent
girl
nyɛ́rʈàk nyɛ́rɛ́
after aaʈi after kama
after nya
afternoon wuuiny
afterwards ṭɔk again onuk konuŋkɛ alike ʔbanákà alive, awake kápaŋanùk kɛ́ fúnó it is alive all càp < Baggara
all kɛ̀ṭɛ́kɛ̀ʈ uiccoḍɛ̀k kaláásɪ̀k cf. Tama káák, Ama kwɛ́rɛ̀n, Gaam kay,
allow s.t. to
drop and
break
yɔkɔmi yɔkɔmɔʈi
allow, permit suku sukóʈù alone (ɛ)kíɗɔŋ always nyááʈɪn-
nyááʈɪn wərwər
and aʔɖa joins clauses
and nya joins
individual
words
angry ʔɖaso ʔɖasoaʈo animal yówɪ̀ʈ sɔɔ̀ ̀ ɗía na ɓok lɛ́[k] na
ɓok ‘thing of
house’
ankle ʈúúkúrɪ̀s kuʈúúkúrí ‘child of leg’
answer ɛɖákìlɔ́ŋɔʈ ɛɖaʈákì ant hill ʈíɖàk kíɖàk ant, large
black
kɪrínyʈɛ̀ʈ kɪrínyàʔ ohoɪ̂k ohwáʔ orónyiɖàk orónyìk
ant, red kɪrɪnyééɖə̀k kɪrɪnyáʔ kɪrényaɖàk kɪrényàʔ antelope káburè sɔɔ́ ́mɛ ̀ kusɔɔ́ ́mɛ̀ anyone ɗéénì nɗɔ̀
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3
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
armpit gɪ́lɪgɪ́lɪ̀k kɪgɪ́lɪgɪ́lɪ̀kɪ̀ kapəlɛɖə̀k káápalàk kwɔ́rʈɛʈàk kwɔ́rʈɔ also wing arrow arsàʈ karsaʈì ʈwìʔ kuɖììʔ ashes úluk cf. So ûk, Berta Undu
bùbùdà, Meidob úfúdì (and
possibly related to more
widespread #bur- roots.
ashes puḍòʔ fuɗàʔ < Kadu e.g.Katcha fuɗo, ask ʈɛ̀ʈɪ̀ka ʈɛ̀ʈɪ̀kaʈa at -(V)ni locative
suffix
at ɔ genitive suffix
at ɛnɛ prep. awake furuŋoni furuŋoʈonai axe ṭúk kùṭúkàʔ máɖàm kɪ́maɖàm alfáì kalfáìŋ < Arabic
al-fās
baboon ɔ́limɔ́n kɔ́limɔ́nì ṭákwúúrù kɪɽákwúúrà kóllòŋ kuollèì baby, child ʔdámulʈɛ̀ʈ,
ʔɖámula kiʔɖámula ɗál kányàŋ < Kadu ɗák kɪɗék
back pɔ̀rɔ́ŋɔ̀ʈ kùpɔ̀rɔ́ŋɔ̀ʈ ɛ́rrɛk kɛ́rrɛɖɪ̀ŋ ṭááràk kɪɽááraɖɪ̀k
backbone àmɪ̀[k] na ɽááraʈ
àmɪ̀[k] na ɽááraʈ
bad asiyòʔ asiʈòʔ not good asíù asɪ́ʈʈòʔ bad nʈɛ̀n kíʈɪ̀k ŋaḍɪɖàk bad, old
thing
bamboo giokɪ̀ʈ giàk ṭɛlɪk ʈɛlɪk bank, river pɔ́kɪʈ nʈɛ
nʈɔ̀ŋɪ̀ʈ ḍàŋɪ̀k kɪḍàŋɪ̀k
baobab kɔmpurɪ̀ʈ kikɔmpúrì kamurɪk kamuráʔ bark of tree pɔ̀páʈɪ̀ʈ cf. Nilotic e.g. Jumjum
pǝtǝkai, Shilluk padho, Luo opok
bark of tree ʈáhuk ṭófuk cf. Katcha tofu basket soróʔ kusoróʔ sóóró kusóóró basket árɛ̀ kárɛ̀ saffaláí kɪsaffaláí ʈáŋasàʔ kɪɖáŋasw
àʔ basket,
bamboo
basket large yayáʔ kɪyayáʔ
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English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
bat
(mammal)
rɪ́rù kɪ́rɪ́rù kábbíliɖä̀k kábbílɪ̀k kɪ́mbɪlɪ̀ŋ kɪnɪkɪ́mbɪlɪ̀ŋ
be spoilt,
rotten, angry
ʔdàsò ʔdàsàʈò
be sufficient ɛ́ɖɛ́kàk bead kɔrɗikiʈɛ̀ʈ karɖòʔ kurɔ̀k kuurɔk stone nyarɗééɖàk nyarɗaʔ beam of light kosín
beans mùnṭɔ́kɪ̀s mùnṭáʔ, mùɽáʔ múɽasɪ̀k muɽáʔ, munṭáʔ
múɽeɖàk muɽáʔ
bear (child) ʈíjùk ʈijoʈaʈùk ʈúje ʈújù beard bíàk kɪbíàkɪ̀k ɓɛ̀k kɪɓáʔ kíja[k] kɪnáɖùk kíja[k]
kɪnakwúɖɪ̀ŋ
beat bá báɗà beat báʈɛ̀ báʈàʈà ba baɗa beat (drum) báá bááʈà bàɖe bàɖà because kɛ become mána máʈana bed (split
bamboo)
kulúŋkɪ̀s kulúŋkò, kolóŋkò
bed (string) ɛŋkɛrɛ́ʔ kɛŋkɛrɛ́ʔ
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English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
below, down kɪ́lla big ḿbù kɪ́mbɪ̀k úbù kúbɪ̀k cf. Keiga abulɔŋɔ, Lendu
bɔ̀, Teda bu, Lugbara ambo, Teso -pol
big ɗùrù kumɔ́kɔràʔ
cf. Dongola Nubian dū́l, Dinik dúbɔ̀, Tama dúút, Bari dúmàʔ, Shilluk duoŋ, Berta Undu ‘dúúŋí,
bird íawɛ̀ʔ kawɛ́ʔ nawɛʔ kawɛ́ʔ nɔ́ì kwáì cf. Kanga ndoi bite ɛ́wí ɔ́wɔ́ɖɔ́ áwí ʈáʈáɖá also áwəɖɛ áwí áwúʈà bitter mpɪ́pɪ̀l àfɪ̀lɪ̀k black nṭùṭɪ̀ŋ kunṭùṭɪ̀ŋ úɽúɽɪ́ŋ ánɗúɽɪ́ŋ cf. Keiga aɗuk, Gaam
ɖùɪ́(n), Dilling uri, Kipsigis tʊɪ́ ,̀ Acholi cɔɔ́ ̀ l, Bongo luti, Masalit duuŋgi,
blacksmith ʈɛɛ́ ́rəɖä̀k ɛɛ́ ́rì blacksmith ɗéynìʔ na
báʈàn nɛɛ́ ̀ kina báʈàn ʈɔɖɔháduʔ kaaɖɔhaɖɪ́ʔ ʈámɖaɗɔ̀k < Kadu
black-
throated
dove
afíìbaɖèì afálaɖòŋ
bless kúú+ɛ + ɔ́púŋɪ̀ʈ
okú + ɔ́púŋɪ̀ʈ lit. ‘blow with air’
blind kɔ́púlɔ̀ʔ kɪ̀kɔ́pulɪ̀k kahulóʔ blind ṭuunṭu kiṭuunṭu blood mónɪ̀ʈ mönɪ̀k monɪ̀k ? cf. Nilotic e.g. Acholi
remo, also Kenga mosò,
Daju Darfur támöke
blow
(mouth)
kúú kwɔɔ́ ́ ʈɔ̀k kúú kwəɖa kúú kúúʈà
blow on fire kúú kɔɔ́ ́ ʈɔ̀ blunt, dull ja aʈɛ kɛɛ́ ̀ ʔ not sharp blunt, dull ʔdúklu
ʔdúkuluk asɪɖɪyɪk ‘has no
teeth’
boat múrkàb kɪmúrkàb < Arabic body kɪ̀líʔ kɪlííʔ kɪ́li
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English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
bone àmɪ̀s kɔ́maʔ kɔmɛk kɔ́maʔ àmɪ̀k kɔ́maʔ Assuming the key element of the root is the mV- then
cf. Murle amɛɛn, Dinik ááma, Uduk asima,
bow moonɗí kímóónɗì kamɪɗɪ́ŋ boy, child ɗál kɪɗɛ́l dál kányaŋ ɗák nɖáámàk kɪɗɪŋ
kɪnɖáámɪ̀ŋ
brain nyúl majɔlɪ̀k majɔl ṭɔɛɛŋ branch sɪ́lɪmonɪ̀ʈ kisɪ́lɪm break ŋwɔṭàk ŋwɔṭaʈàk nyányumà áyyɔmà áyyɔmàɖ
à
breast nyɛlɪkɪʈɛ̀ʈ kɪnyɛ́lɪ̀k nyɛlɛɖə̀k kɪnyɛlɪ̀k kɪnyɛlɖàk kɪnyɛlɪ̀k cf. Lotuko nɛnayɪ, breath nyɪ́sɪlàk breathe, rest àŋáʈ ŋɪ́səlà nyɪ́səlèi nyɪ́səlaɖè
i
bring (here) mɔɔ́ ́n ɛ̀ mɔɔ́ ́ ʈài ɛ̀ lit. ‘come with’
aŋáɖɪk aʈááɖɪk akwɛ̀ aˇeikɛ̀
brother, his,
her
aranyuná karanyuná arányunàʔ ɔrɔ́inà
brother, my aranyuná, nɔ̀ŋ ɛrɪ́ŋɔ arɪ́ŋà my sibling brother, your ɔrɔnyunɔ́ kɔrɔnyunɔ́ örunò ɔráinùŋ buffalo opún na
kɔ̀rɔ̀m kopún na
kɔ̀rɔ̀m bull of
earth
lɪk kɪláʔ
build gánya gányaʈà áʈanyà áʈanyaɖà ŋànà ŋànàɖà building áʈanyàk bull opún kopún ɔtɔ́rr kwotɔ́rɪ̀k < Arabic
toor
opún kopún
bull II kwɔ́láʔ aʈʈáruk kúʈaruk < Arabic toor
bundle of
thatching
grass
ṭɔk
burn tr. lásuɖu lásuʈu probably connected with widespread isi for ‘fire’
burn, light
fire tr.
ukogú ukoʈógu nyúrɖɔ nyúrʈɔ ɗárkaɖù ɗárkaɖaɖù
also light
fire
cf. Berta Undu dáárà, Kadu
ogudaana (which may
combine both roots)
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English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
bury aṭuká aṭukáʈà bush ʈɪ́rfɛ álelei kuɓɪŋ but aʔda,
nyɔkɔ́nṭɛ
buttock kuuruk kukuuruk ʈúhùŋ kuɖuhò kɪsámbáráŋ buy kɔ́lɔ́ʔbà kɔ́lɔ́ʔbàʈà kwɔ́labà kwɔ́lbà kwɔ́lbaɖà call kókwí kókwáʈà kwókwuɖà kwuɖi kwuʈʈà camel kámpúlàŋ kíkámpúlàŋ kammaláʔ kammaláá
k
can, be able áyák áyáʈàk cf. know can, be able gɪʈárà gɪʈáràʈà < Sudanese
Arabic
gadar
captured
slave
ɖógoʈò koɖógoʈò ɖókoʈòŋ kuɖókoʈòŋ
< Hill Nubian
carnivore, wi
ld animal
ḍía na kuɓɪŋ lέ[k] na kuɓɪŋ
carry (esp.
on head),
take
mɛ́ʈak mɛ́ʈaʈak
carry here aŋáɖɪk aʈááɖɪk carry there ɖaɖɪk eʈááɖɪk cat biis
cat kaɖíìs < Arabic kaɖɛsɪk kɪnɪ́ŋ kaɖɛsɪk
< Arabic
cat, wild muɖurèʔ kumuɖurɪ̀k munɖurè kumunɖurè
cattle corral sàràŋ kɪsàrɛ̀k saraŋ kɪsaraŋaɖɪk
also fence
chair, stool murʈɪ́kà kumurʈɪ́kà boɽú kɪ́boɽuk ḍíà na gárfak ‘thing of sitting’
chameleon ḍááràŋ kɪḍááràŋ charcoal sɔ́k(g)ɔ́yumɪ̀ʈ sákáyùm sééɗə̀k sák lɪ́ŋ cheek kórómɪk kókórómɪk cheek kúrúmɪk kúkúrúmɪk múkwolɪk kúmokwɔ̀l chest male aɗɔk kwɔɗɔɖɪŋ chicken kókoròk kóókoròk k(w)óóròk kókoròk kòròk kwóórok
chief sɪ́l kɪsɪ́loʔ wáárà kwáárɪ̀k
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English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
child ɗál kɪɖɛ́l ʈúrniɖàk ʈúrnì chin gɛ̀rɛ̀ʔ kɪgɛ̀rɛ̀ʔ kɛ́bɛbɪ̀k kábabàʔ káɗaŋàk kɪ́kɪɗaŋɪ̀k chop, cut
down tree
ṭɛnʈɛŋa ṭɛnʈɛŋaʈa kakalaha kakalahaɖa
circumcise ṭɪpá ṭɪŋɪ̀n ṭɪpáʈa ṭɪŋɪ̀n ‘cut penis’ claw, nail lúlɪ̀ʈ kwóólɪ̀n sɔjarɪ̀k kɪsɔjarɔ̀ŋ kɪ́saŋwarʈàk kɪ́saŋarù cf. Dilling ʃundi clean kɔṭɔ́kɔṭàk climb away
from speaker
kalak kalaʈak
climb
towards
speaker
kolí kalaʈái
cloth kɪ̀ʈɪ̀ʔ kɪ̀gɪ̀ʈɪ̀ káɖàʔ kááɖàʔ káʈɛ ̀ kiáʈɛ̀ cloud kɔbɔ́rʈɛ̀ʈ kɔ́bɔ́rɔ̀ʈ kabárɛɖə̀k kábárɪ̀k kubárɖàk kubárɪ̀k pl. = sky cf. Kanga tifudo(k),
Zaghawa burdu, Shilluk
polo
club ɗáluk kɪɗáluk coffee bunn plant ? <
Amharic
coffee gahwa drink <
Arabic
cold njùlùn kunjùlùn anyɔ́l ajullùk cf, Berta Undu àgʊʊ́ ́ rù, Bagirmi ùlù, Ilit sulluma
cold, very ajúlukjúlùk
come mɔɔ́ ́n mɔɔ́ ́ ʈài áàŋ, ɛɛ́ ̀ŋ áʈàì áù áʈei cf. Kanga ande, So ac, Kunama aw, Berta Undu
àdò, Yulu áì, Moru aɽi, cook
porridge,
sauce
pisɔ̀ pisɔʈɔ̀ öɗumò öɗumòɖo
cook s.t. ɛlùk ɛkaʈùk áwíɖì áwíʈaɖà corpse ɗéénì nʈɛ́
bulɪ̀n nɛɛ́ ̀ ʔkɪnʈɛ́
correct sàhíí < Arabic
śaḥiiḥ
cotton opúkɔ̀ ɔrɔ̀ʔ kɪsɔrɔ̀ʔ áwaràʔ cough (v.) sɛ́nsɛlà sɛ́nsɛlaʈà ɔɔ́ ́ lèi (once) ɔ́lɔ (often) ɔɔ́ ́ lèì ɔɔlaɖèì cough n. ˇɔlɔ
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English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
count ṭíṭɪkà ṭíṭɪkàʈa kɪ́ra kɪ́raɖà kɪ́rʈi kɪ́rʈaɖà cow kwállàʔ cow ńʈɛ̀ŋ kɪ́ʈúk ɛɖɛ̀ŋ kwúɖùk aɖɛ̀ŋ kuɖuk crawl, creep,
kneel
kuṭukú kuṭukóʈu
crocodile tɪmsá(h) kúʈúmsùŋ < Arabic timsāḥ
kɪmányáliyàʔ kumɔ́kɔràʔ
crowd ʔbúúʔbulɔ̀ʈ cry, weep,
shout
wujìk wujoʈɔ̀k wujì ójà ájaÍà
cure, mend,
repair
áṭɪ́ŋɪnʈàk áṭɪ́ŋɪnʈàʈàk
curse mɔ́rak mɔ́raʈak cut bɔ́ʈɔkà bɔ́ʈɔkaʈà,
bɔ́ʈɔkaʈài káɽahà káɽahaɖà kwɔ́ɽɔfɔ kwɔ́ɽɔfɔɖ
ɔ
cut, slit ṭɪpá ṭɪpáʈa kwɔ́ɽɔfɔ kwɔ́ɽɔfɔɖɔ
dance n. bɪ́lɪk dance v. mɪ́là mɪ́laʈà bɪ́lá bɪ́láɖa bɪ́láʔ bɪ́laɖà daughter púsùŋ kɪpúsùŋɪ̀k ɗàl ɛ́nnàŋ + female day
(counting)
kwáàʔ lit. sleep kwáàʔ
daytime wuuiny unyɪŋ ŋóóròŋ
dead bulɪ̀n deaf mɪ́rí kɪ̀mɪ́rɪ̀n mɛrííʔ mɪ́ri kɪmɪriyàʔ die nyɪ́mùk nyɪmáʈaʈùk cf. Krongo ááyà, Nyang’i
iɲal, Tama eyà, Lotuxo yɛ, Kenga oyo,
die ʈábalà búláɖà ʈábalà búláɖà cf. Ik bad-on, difficult,
heavy
njɛljɛl
difficult,
heavy
nʈɛ̀nnɛ̀ annɛ́ʔ
dig ììʈì ììʈáʈɔ̀ kö̀ köɖö̀ ̀ aiʈi aiʈaɖà dikdik wɪ́r kuwɪ́ráŋɪ̀k kuríʔ k(w)úúriʔ kwuríí kukurííyà
ʔ
dirty káŋulɪ̀k disperse s.t. ɔfirɔ ɔfirɔʈɔ
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English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
divide gɪsɪmʈak < Arabic divide mina minaʈa (?) divorce,
drive away
lugwíʈɔ́k lugwíʈɔ́ʈɔ́k
do lɪ́mɪɖà lɪ́mɪʈà dog óòʔ kwéèn òòʔ kwɛŋ kòòʔ kweŋ also moon
month
dog, wild kòòʔ na kuɓɪŋ kweŋ na kuɓɪŋ
donkey kwóʈɛnɖìr kukwóʈɛnɖìri kɪ́llikɛwɪ̀k kɛllɪkawàʔ kúlkɔ́ŋ kúlkwáí door ʷúún kúúnìk tɪ́llayàʔ kɪɖɪ́llayɪ̀k ʈɪ́llɛ̀ʔ kɪɖɪ́llɛ̀ʔ door of
branches
ʈɛɛ́ ́ làʔ kɪʈɛɛ́ ́ làʔ bɪlgɪ̀ny kibɪlgɪ̀ny
door of wood ṭɔŋṭɔŋ kɪṭɔŋṭɔŋi doorway áɖu[k] na
nyamaɖɪ̀k
dove ṭɪ́ṭɪ̀m kɪṭɪ́ṭɪmìyy yellow-throated
dove
əbbɪ̀k abboŋ afóì afóŋ yellow-throated
dove
down kɪlla kwaroŋ, kwɔrɔŋ
ɪlléle [?]
dream (v.) ɔɔ́ ́gɔʈɪ̀k awaɖɪk n. áwɛɛɖàk dress (v.) iiʈú iiʈáʈú kuɖukurɪŋ kuɖuhaaɖa
rɪŋ
drink awsà awsaʈà máʈɪla máʈɪlaɖa ɔ́sà ɔ́sɔɖà drum ánɗɛ̀ŋ kɛnɪ́nɗɛ̀ŋ drunk ausaʈ verbal
noun from
ausà
dry season pɛlɛɲ dry, empty rààri ɛɖɪnyàr ṭáárɪ̀k kɛɽáárɪ̀k dry,
empty, har
d
dum palm apurṭɛkɪʈ apurṭɛ ṭaɗɛ́manyáʔ ṭaɗɛ́manyɪ́k
dumb,
foolish
koʈikoli
dung week kuwéék of cow
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11
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
dura mórɪŋɪnʈɛ̀ʈ (one grain)
mórɪŋɪs (one head of grain)
mórɪŋ mörɪnyɪ̀k mörɪ̀ŋ marɪŋyɪ̀ɖàk mərɪŋ
dust wúlṭò ṭuŋ ṭúŋ dwarf ɔŋgɔrɔ́ŋɪnʈɛ̀ʈ ɔŋgɔrɔ́ŋ ear wénàʈ kwèén ŋwánɪk kwɛɛ́ ́ŋ wanək kwɛ̀ŋ cf. Gaam wind, Liguri
unɛʈɛ, Tama ùtu, Murle itat, early
morning
ʔjooʔjoon
earth, soil,
ground
kɔ̀rɔ̀m kɔrɔŋ kwɔ́rɔk
eat láma lámaʈà láma lámaɖà láma lámaɖà cf. Gaam nàm, Lugbara ɲá, Songhay nã, Kunama ŋa, Tama ŋàn, ? Ama tàm,
eat one’s fill gumàk gumaʈàk eat together lamana lamaʈána egg warɪs kwaraʔ kwɔrɛk kwaraʔ kwɔrɛɖàk kwaraʔ cf. Nara ware, Daju Sila
wálace. If the plural k-
prefix is old, the many
forms across Nilo-Saharan
of the type #kol- including
Songhay guri woud be
cognate.
eight kɔ́ŋɔnʈɪ̀n kéṭàʔ aɓɓà elbow rɪ́pìʔ kɪrɪ́pìʔ kwóɽörɛ̀k ṭɔŋwɔrɛ̀k kuɽɔŋwɔr
ɛ̀k
elephant lɔ́ŋɔ̀n kɪlɔ́ŋɔ̀nɪ̀k lɔŋɔ́ ̀ l kɪlɔ́ŋɔlɪk lɔŋɔ́ ̀ ŋ kúlɔŋɔ́ ̀ ŋ eleven ámù[k] fuɖɪ ́
gɪ́ɗɗe
empty II ʈáámɛ̀ kɪɖáámɪ̀k empty, dry rààrì ʈɔ́mɛ̀ kuɖɔ́mɪ̀k < Daju enclosure,
corral
gɛ̀ʈ kɪgɛ̀ʈɪ̀n araká kɪsárakaɖɪ̀n
enemy ɔɗɔn ɗosoʔ also ‘stranger’,
‘slave’
enter ʔdii ʔɖiaʈanai (to speaker)
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12
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
enter ʔduu ʔbulɔʈu, ʔbulaʈanai
(from
speaker)
evening nèègí, nɛɛ̀ ̀gí everywhere láàŋɪni kɛ̀ṭɛ́kɛ̀ʈ ‘place in
all’
ewe kɪríàŋ kɪkɪríàŋ kʷɔ́gɔmɪ̀k kʷɔ́gɔmàʔ kokomeɖàk kɔ́kɔ́mɛ́k exit ʔdii ʔɖiaʈanai (to
speaker)
exit ʔɖuu ʔbulɔʈu (from speaker)
ɖákɪŋ
eye nɪ́ŋɪ̀nàʈ kɛɛ̀ ́n náánɪ̀k kɛ́nyɪ̀ŋ náŋanàk kɪɗákɪŋyɛ̀ŋ
face =
kɪ́nyɛ́ŋ cf. Mangbetu nɛ́ŋɔ̀, Ama aŋɛ̀, Dinka ɲin,
face kɛɛ̀ ́n lit. ‘eyes’ kɛ́nyɪ̀ŋ lit. ‘eyes’ kɪ́ŋyɛ́ŋ cf. eyes in Nilotic
faeces,
excrement
ɔŋɪ̀s kɪ́ŋɔ kínyòʔ kɪŋyàʔ kɪ́ŋyáá
fall (rain) lè
fall (v.) ʈurò ʈuraʈò bɛɖɛlà armulà armulaɖà fall from level
fall from nyúnyákì nyúnyaʈákì fall from
height
saguɖulà
family rágàʔ kɪ́rágàʔ fan, deleb
palm
papɪs kipapa fahɪk kɪfafááʔ
far ŋgɔnɔrràŋ stem = ràŋ aḍd)ákɪŋ keewáɗɗáwɛ̀ŋ fat ʔbɛ̀kàn ʔbɛ̀kàʈàʈ lúmwullɛ̀ people ɗokorok fat a. kɪlɪmunnàŋ kɪʈɛɛ́ ́ lɪmu
ɖannàŋ
fat n. kɪṭínyɔ̀ nányɛɖə́ ̀k nányàʔ pl. kɪnányàʔ
ḍokorok cf. Ilit anya, Ciita yin, Bari nyiret,
father, my ápà apà áfa cf. Tulishi apa, Ama aba,
Meidob abbá, Berta Undu
àbbá etc.
father, your konò kweinuŋ cf. Kamdang kɔ, fear (v.) wɔ̀nɔ̀ wɔ̀ʈɔ̀nɔ̀ ö́ri ö́riɖɛ̀ arlɛ̀k arlɛɖɛ̀k feather k(w)ómpɛrɪ̀ʈ k(w)ómpɛr kuhúhúɖə̀k kúhúhùk àguruk kugúru
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13
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
female [nɖa]lmɛ ̀ kunɖóólɪ̀k
fence lálàʔ kílálàʔ aak kwoor(u)parɪk
fence,
enclosure
few kárɖìʔ few tears kalakɔ́màʔ field ɔ́jɔ̀m kɔ́jɔ́mɪ̀k fɔ́k kuhaɖàʔ agɛŋ kɛɛ́ ́mɪ̀k fifteen ámù[k] fuɖɪ́
gɪ́ḍɛŋàk
fifty ʈeaɗi kɛ kɪ́ɗenàk
fig, wild ópujɪ̀ʈ ápɔ̀s cf. Arabic jammēz
fight,
struggle (n.)
áʔɖáʈ
fill s.t. píkú píkóʈù kwɔ́rnyù kwɔ́rnyaɖù
find, see,
discern
ɗɪka ɗɪkaʈa
finger nínàʈ nʈɛ́ ɗál kɛ́n nʈɛ́ kɪɖɛ́l hand + child
ɗálanɪ̀k kányagááyɪ̀ŋ
child of
hand
ɖá[k] na nánàk kɪɗágɛ́ŋ
finish s.t. mɔrú mɔrɔʈú finish, cease,
stop
mɔrú mɔrɔʈú
fire pɔ́ɗɪ̀ŋ kɪ̀pɔ́ɗɪ̀ŋɪ̀k pö́ḍɪ̀ŋ kɪpö́ḍɪ̀ŋ fáɗɪ̀ŋ kɪfáɗɪ̀ŋ cf. Bongo pfoɗu, Bagirmi podu
firewood mɛ́rɛŋ márɛnyɪ̀k márɛ̀ŋ maranyɪ̀k mɛɛrɛk first lúlɔ̀, lɔ́lɔ̀ fish kálálɪ̀s kálálàʔ also lálìs álélɪk kálálaʔ kɛ́lɛ́ɖak káála cf. Tulishi kalowa’ (fishes),
So kɔlɛʔ, Dongolawi kā́rɛ, Kara kánza, Turkana ekolia
fist nánàk nḍɪ́ŋɪlà five ŋgɛ́ɗɗàʈ,
ŋgɛ́ɗɪnàʈ, ɗínaʈ
keḍinàk) kɪ́ɗenàk
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14
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
flame ŋáɗɪmàk ya hö́ɗɪ̀ŋ
kɪŋáɗɪmàk kɛ hö́ɗɪ̀ŋ
tongue of
fire
flame panaʈ kipanaʈi údùk ya hö́ɗɪ̀ŋ
kwúɗɪ̀ŋ kɛ hö́ɗɪ̀ŋ
mouth of
fire
lílíŋàk
flat rock ṭáfálɪ̀k kɪɽafáálì flee, run
away, fall
from
ɲúnyákì ɲúnyaʈákì
flood mɔ́nɔ́ŋ floor, earth,
ground
kɔ̀rɔ̀m
flower ʈogɔ́yokɪʈɛ̀ʈ ʈogɔ́yokɪʈà ʈuliɖä̀ ʈolɛŋ ʈulɛnyiɖàk ʈulɛŋ fly n. ɔ́ŋɪ̀s kɔ́ŋàʔ kɔ́ŋwɛ̀k kɔ́ŋwàʔ kɔ́ŋwɛ̀k cf. Lugbara óŋú, Liguri
Daju aŋax, fly, rise,
stand up
ŋɛ́ʈàk ŋɛ́ʈaʈàk pó ʈuhóʈó fúfúŋò fufúŋáʈáɖò
follow oŋiʈi, aŋiʈi oŋiʈaʈɔ food lámàʈ kɪlámàʈɪ̀k lámàk lámàk foot, leg ɔ́llòk kwɔ́óaɖɛ̀ állùk kwúlɖɪ̀ŋ cf. Mamwu kalʊ (leg),
Gaam lúɖ, Berta Sillok lu (leg)
foot, leg áwàʈ kwúlʈɪ̀n cf. Krongo àwwà forbid ányɛk ányɛʈak forehead ṭáŋa kɪɽáŋa foreigner,
stranger
ɔɗɔn ɗosoʔ áɗɛ̀ŋ nɖóɖɪ̀ŋ nɛɛ̀ ̀ ʔ kɪnɖóɖɪ̀ŋ
forest, bush ɔ̀gɔ̀ʈ áámɔ̀ álelei kuɓɪŋ forge (v.) bàʈi ṭɪ́ṭɪʈ bàʈaʈà ṭɪ́ṭɪʈ bàɖè bàɖà to strike bá báɖà forget ʈɔɔ̀ ̀ lu ʈɔɔ̀ ̀ lɔʈu forty ʈeaḍi kɛ
kwɔŋwɔŋ
four kɔ́ŋɔn kwɔ́ŋùŋ kwɔŋwɔŋ fox ṭaŋarɪk kɪṭaŋarɪk friend wórɪ́nyà kórɪ́nyànɪ̀ úrunyɪ̀ŋ kúrunyɔ̀ ɔrɔŋyɪ́ŋ frog, toad kwúɗóʔ kúkwúɗóʔ kwuɗóʔ kwúúɗóʔ aʈáuɗaʔ kɪ́ʈáuɗɪ̀k full kapúkanùk kɪjɛnɛ kégwɔ́rnyunàŋ gather oʔbulɔ oʔbulɔʈɔ
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15
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
gecko kafunḍóliyòʔ kɪnɪ́ŋ kafunḍóliyòʔ
giraffe kɔbɔrɛ̀ʔ kɔɔ́ ́bɔrɛ̀k giraffe mɪrɪ́n kɪmɪrɪ́nɪ̀k mɪrɪ́l kɪmɪrláʔ mɛrlɪk kɪmɛrliyà
ʔ
girl púsùŋ kɪpúsùŋɪ̀k ɗál iɖa nàmɛ̀ʔ
kányaŋ kiɖóllɪk
give okú okuʈɔ̀kù ʈɪn ʈɪnaɖà ʈɪņi ʈɪņɖi give back ɛɖákì ɛɖákiaʈákì go ìʈák ìʈàʈák ɪ́ɖɖà ɪ́ʈà ɪņɖá aʈá cf. Didinga to, Bari tu,
Berta Undu àdá, Mabaan
ootta,
go and meet
s.o.
urɔ urɔʈɔ
go down gɪro gɪraʈo go up (away
from
speaker)
kalak kalaʈak
go up
(towards
speaker)
kolí kalaʈái
goat (f.) nâ kàɪ́ náʔ lígáátə̀k naʔ kai goat (m.) kwɔɔ́ ̀rlàʔ kukwɔɔ́ ̀rlàʔ,
kukúrlàʔ kwɔ́rɔmàl kwúrumàlɔ̀
ʔ kɔrmak kɔrmɪ̀k
goat, male kɔrmak kɔrmɪ̀k God, rain,
sky
náŋanàʈ Ɓáròʔ = ‘shadow, spirit’
masalɪ̀k < Kadu Masala
good nʈóbàn konʈóbàn, kunʈóbàn
ö́yyòʔ anaɖítòʔ áyùk áʈò cf. Lotuxo ol-oyyu,
goodbye ìʈák ɔ́púŋɪ̀ʈ ókúúʈɪ̀n
Go and the
world blow
upon you
goodbye ìʈík kɛ nʈábàn ìʈàʈák kɛ konʈíbàn
Go well körönyɪk kaaraŋ
gourd tááɖaɖàk kɪɖááɖaɖàk nɗɔ̀ŋ kɪnɗɔ̀ŋ gourd ṭɔ́ŋ kɪ̀ṭɔ́ŋàʔ áyùk áʈò
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16
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
gourd ṭɔ́ŋ kɪ́ṭɔ́ŋàʔ púnyɔŋ kuhúnyɔnɪ́k
kárḍɛ̀ŋ kiáárḍɛ̀ŋ gourd small
granary ʈálàp kɪ́ʈálàpɪ́k d únnùŋ kud únnɪ̀ farɪk kɪfarɪk grass ɔ́yɔ́mɪ̀ʈ ɔ́yɔ́m áyòŋ áyòŋɖə̀k áyòŋɖàk áyòŋ grave, tomb ṭúkanàʈ kuṭúkanàʈ ṭwáánɪ̀k koɽóónàʔ ṭuanàk kuɽuánɛ̀ green yɔ́yɔm kiyɔ́yɔmɪ̀ emɪmɪ̂l aŋgarmàʔ grindstone
for oil
ánɗulùk kánɗulùk
ground ʈábbàŋ kɪ́ɖabbèk ground
between
khors
ʈufɔ̀k kʉɖufɔ̀k
groundnut ʈómpúkɪʈɛ̀ʈ ʈámpúkò kwáásɪ́lɪɖä̀l kwáásɪ́l akuɖubeɖàk akuɖubò guinea-fowl nánɪ̀ŋ kɪ́ŋ guinea-worm fɪrɪnɖídɪk kɪfɪrɪnɖíd
ɪk
hail koroŋɪ̀ʈ kíkaraŋ hair jɛ́ʈɪ̀ʈ kɪ́jɛ̀ʈ kijáɖɪ̀k kíjàk kíjaɖàk kíjàk cf. Ama jè, hand, arm nínâʈ kɛ́n ɛ́nnɛ̀k kɛ́ŋ nánák kɛ́ŋ cf. So ân, Lotuxo aanɪ,
Toposa akan, Ilit kona,
happy màksúúʈ < Arabic mabsuuṭ
óòmɔ̀nʈóbàn ‘good in belly’
happy óòmɔ̀ nʈóbàn lit. ‘good belly’
hard, dry,
empty
nʈɪ̀rààrɪʔ nyàrɪ̀ ṭáárɪ̀k kɛɽáárɪ̀k
hare ʈíàʈ kɪʈíàʈì sák kɪsɛŋ cf. charcoal
ʈɛ̀k kɪɖɛ́k
hartebeest káburàŋɛ̀ káburàŋɪ̀k asɪnɪ́k kasunó harvest (n.) pílɔn harvest (v.) píli píloʈɔ has aʈɛ has, he áʈɛ hate (v.),
refuse,
dislike
ányak ányaʈak
have, I ŋáʈáʈɛ have, they áʈáʈɛ
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17
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
hawk nɔ́i na gwóóròk
he, she nákà ɛnnáʔ nɛ́ head lulò k(w)olúlɪ̀n,
kululɪ̀n óllò kúllìɖɪ̀ŋ állò kwúlɖɪ́ŋ cf. Dinik ɔ́r, Gaam ɔ́l,
Meidob or,
hear ʈóŋwà ʈóŋwàʈà ʈuŋwa ʈuŋwaðà ʈɔŋwa ʈɔŋwaɖà cf. Ilit tüka heart
(physical)
óòm ṭɔɔ́ ́mà also seat of emotions
? cf. Tama àmùl
heart
(physical)
ḍalááɖónò kɪdááɖónɪ̀k ɗanááɖonò kɪɗááɖonò
cf. Kanga ɖunugu
hearth,
fireplace
láàŋ ná pɔ́ɗɪ̀ŋ kɪ̀láánʈɪ̀k kɪná
kɪmsɛ́msi
heavy nʈɛ̀nnɛ̀ kɪnʈɛ̀nnɛ̀ ánnɛ̂ʔ aŋŋɛ̀k naaɖɪ́nnɛ̀k
heel nanɖɪɖɪ̀k kɛnɖɪɖɪ̀k Hello ʔja nʈɪ́kɛ
nʈóbàn ʔja kíʈɪ́kɛ konʈóbàn
Are you
not well?
help mákì baŋa maʈákì ~ here nʈàkànì aláŋ ánú hide ʔbɪ́lónòk ʔbɪ́laʈónòk hide s.t. ʔbɪ́li ʔbɪ́láʈɔ̀ hippopotamu
s
opún na múŋ ‘bull of water’
algɪrɪ́nʈì kaalgɪrɪ́nʈì < Arabic girinti
opún na muŋ kopún na muŋ
‘bull of
water’
his, her
father
kɔ́nyúnɔ̀ kányúnà kɔnyunà kwainá
hit báá bááʈà ɓa, baɖa báɖì báʈʈà strike hit báʈɛ̀ báʈàʈà [or ɖ] hoe n. kɪɽɪ́ɲ kɪkɪɽɪ́ɲ ṭɔ́gwɔ̀ŋ kɔ́ɽɔgwɔ̀ŋ ṭɔŋɔ́ŋ kuɽɔŋɔ́ŋ hoe v. léí láÍéí
hoeing lɛɛ́ ́ŋ hold,
grasp, catch
kɔ́mùk kɔ́mɔʈɔ̀k kömu kömuɖa kəmu komaÍà
hole (w)úún kúúnɪ̀k uuŋ kunik honey ʈɪ́ju also ‘bee’ ʈúju ʈuju kuɖuju horn kɪ́nɪʈ kɪ́n kinɪk kɪŋ kiŋik kiŋíà cf. Kipsigis kúínò, horn,
instrumental
ʈɪrikɔk kùʈúrùkìyòʔ
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18
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
horse mánʈà kɪmánʈà [could be ɖ not a ʈ]
móʈòʔ komóʈòʔ mɔ̀ʈò kumɔ̀ʈɔ̀
house nyáà, nyuáà kwíìʔ ɓɔ́k kuböö́ ́ ɖɪ̀ŋ ɓok kwik how many? ɗɛɛkɛɛ̀ ̀ aba ɗɛɛ ́ ́ how? ŋɛɛ́ ́nɔ́ ɛbei alkáí How is it? hundred sakar
ŋgɛ́mmùk ʈeaɗi kɛ mùk
hungry, be nánàŋ ɔ́tù ‘hunger kills [me]’
nanàŋ hunger nánàŋ hunger
hungry, be II aʈak hunt (v.) ɛsiʈuk ɛsʈaʈuk ɪɖɖa lámɔ ɪʈá lámɔ go hunting ɪņɖá lamɔ aʈá lamɔ hunting lɔ́m lám lamɔk hyena,
spotted
ŋóŋóŋ kuŋóŋóŋí agwúúk kwugwóóʔ aŋwúk kúŋwuàʔ
hyena,
striped
séégàʔ kɪséégàʔ
I, me nán náŋ náŋ cf. Bari nân, Acholi an, Gaam áán,
immediately,
suddenly
koomoʈoni
inside ɛnɛ lááŋ lááŋ= place intestines,
guts
kwúrúnyɪʈ kwúrúny kwurɪ́ŋɪdə̀k kwurɪ́ŋ kwúrɪ́ŋy
iron ṭɪ́ʈɪʈ kɪṭɪ́ṭì sg. = ‘piece of
iron’
alilliiɖək alelèʔ lelɪk alelɪk < Keiga
jackal bɔ̀rɔ̀l kɪbɔ̀rɔ̀lì waaŋ kwaanɪk waŋ kuwaŋ cf. Dinka awàn
jaw guṭɔkɪ̀ʈ kigɔṭɔ̀k kɛ́bɛbɪ̀k kábabàʔ kɛbɛkɛbɛ́ʔ kɪbɛkɛ́beʔ
jaw ṭuṭokɪ̀ʈ koṭoṭak judge (v.) ákumá ákumáʈa < Arabic jump (v.) ṭáŋkɪrà ṭáŋkɪràʈà Keiga Jirru ḍóni kick báá ɛ áwàʈ bááʈà hit with
foot
kidney kɪ́gɪ̀n
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19
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
kidney kurwɪɲ kuməɖä̀k kumɔ̀ŋ ɗá[k] na kumàŋ
kiɗá kumàŋ
kill ɔ́ʈù ɔ́ʈóʈù óɖò óɖoɖò áɖù áɖaɖù cf.Bongo atun, Bari tatʊ, knee nɔ́ŋgù kɪnɔ́ŋgù,
kɪnɔ́ŋgùʈɪ̀n nóù kə́wɪ̀ŋ nóù kɪnóù cf. Bari kuŋú, Mabaan uŋu,
kneel, crawl kuṭukú kuṭukóʈu knife pókò, pógò kɪ́pókò,
kúpókò,
kópókò
sakínɪ̀ʔ kɪsákinɪ̀ʔ ʈoroŋ kuɖoroŋɛ̀ʔ
know áya(k) áyáʈà(k) ɛɛ́ ́ ʔ ááɖɛ̀ ái áyaɖɛ̀ cf. Tama ajili, Maasai a-yioló, Ik iyes,
kokaab kányamuràʔ kɛnɪŋkányamuràʔ
kujur múseeʔ kumúseeʔ
lake, pool,
pond
kúlàʔ kukúlàʔ surwóó kusurwóó lɔfɔŋ kulɔfɔŋ
lamb, kid kɔ́rɔ́màn kukúrúmùn land-monitor gɔ́ŋgɔrɔ̀ŋ kɪgɔ́ŋgɔrɔŋɪ̀k karaɓúŋ kááraɓáʔ ŋárábú kɪŋárábú language,
word, speech
lɔ́ŋɔʈ ílák cf. word alŋak
last, final kinʈɪrɪk laugh (v.) ŋolɪlì ŋolɪʈaʈàʔ mɛ́lʈɪɖà mɛ́lʈɪʈà kúɽɪʃɪɖà kúɽɪʃʈaɖà leaf ? ṭoorɛɖàk ṭaaro Tese < Kadu e.g. Tulishi
kin-ʈaro/ø- leaf kɔ́bùkɪ́ʈ kabó cf. Luo oboke, ? Tama aful leave off s.t. suku sukoʈu leave, let
alone
jɔŋgwa jɔŋgwaʈa
left hand nínàʈ nʈɛ́ kɔ́kɔ́lɛ̀ʔ
ɛ́nnɛ̀k ɪɖááʔ kule
nánà[k] na
kwáálɛ ̀
leopard ɔlúŋ kɔlúŋɪ̀k ʈunnuʔ kuɖunnuʔ ʈojoròʔ kuɖojoròʔ
leper áḍɛ̀ŋ na ʈónyɪ̀ŋ nɛɛ̀ ̀gɪna ʈónyɪ̀ŋ
leprosy ʈónyɪ̀ŋ lick ɗénɗenyàk ɗénɗenyaʈàk nánnányiɖà nánnányiʈà ɗaŋei ɗaŋaɖei licking áɗainyɪɖàk
-
20
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
lie (v.) ilɛŋéì ʔɖuyaŋaʈ
light (not
heavy)
pùl, pwɔ̀l kɛpwɔ̀l yɛhálhallɪ̀k nyɪfɛlfɛllɛ̀k
light fire ukú ukóʈa kúú kwəɖa light leather fáyuŋ kɪfáyuŋ lightning ámakalàn biɖɪnàŋ làmà[k] na nók lightning nyamaʈa lion kámpɪ̀ŋ kɪ́kámpɪ̀ŋɪ̀k [or
kɪ́kámpɪ̀ŋɪ̀kì] ásaɖ ásaɖa < Arabic ʈiamùk agamù
live, dwell kárpànà kárpàɖànà liver múrɪ̀ʈ kɪmúrʈɪkɔ̀ múrɪ̀k kúmúrɪ̀k múrɪ̀ŋ kúmúrɪ̀ŋ cf. Ama máɽɪ̀ɲ, Teso emaɲ,
Songhay dāmal, Zaghawa màán
lizard kɔ́ŋgɔlɔ̀s kɪ́ŋgɔlɔ̀ʔ kikɪ́lbaʈúrɛ̀ kííkɪ́lbaʈúrɛ̀
locust wulɪ̀ʈ kwulɪ̀n wulɪ̀k kwulɛ̀ŋ allɪ́k kwulɪk long sagal(l)áʔ asaŋaláʔ asɛsaŋalɪ́
k
< Kadu e.g. Keiga -asagala
long njɔ́rʈàʔ, njɔ́rʈàk
kɪnjɔ́rʈàʔ, kɪnjɔ́rʈàk
cf. Gaam jáár, ? Ilit geer-a,
lose s.t. wayaŋa wayaŋaʈa louse gámuíʈìʈ gámul
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21
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
man (vir) kwórʈòʔ kwóròʔ < Nubian e.g.
Kadaru
kworto
ʈam(m)aɖám(m)àk
ʈákak áɗɛŋ ņɖáámàk ŋɛɛ ̀ ̀kɪnɖáámɪ̀ŋ
cf. Tama máá
many kɛ́lṭɪ̀ŋ, ɛ́mbɛrɛ̀n, ɛ́mbɛràn
many ajjáŋ many káʈábák cf. Katcha (k)aɖagbo market kɔ́lɔ́ʔbɪ̀ʈ kɔkɔ́lɔ́ʔbɪ̀ʈ dakulabana market súúk < Arabic asúk kəsuk < Arabic marry (men) àràmà àràmàʈà marsh ɗagi kɪɗagi mat albɪ́rɪs káálbɪrɪs < Arabic mat bɪ́rɪsù kɪbɪ́rɪsù < Arabic bɪròʃ buruuʃ < Arabic albɪrsɪ̀k kalbɪrsɛ̀ < Arabic maternal
grandmother
ám n-ánnà
meat nʈɛ̀ʈɪ̀ʈɛ̀ʈ nʈɛ̀ʈ meat liɖə̀k bɪlanɖàk (one
piece) ɪnɖàk kɪnɖaɖɪ̀k archaic, for
merly ɪlɖàk cf. Tulishi tu’-da’, Mbay dã̀, Kreish àtə́, Kanuri da
medicine,
root
mɔ́rɔ̀ʔ kɪmɔ́rɔ̀ʔ muréék kumɔrɔ móreɖàk komórò
meet so.
coming in
opposite
direction
urɔnɔ wɔʈɔnu
milk (n.) kíí sàáʔ kíí milk (v.) kɔ́njulúk kɔ́njulɔ́ʈɔ̀k ɗúúɖu ɗúúʈu kweilu kweilɛɖà modern
medicine
ɖáwà
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22
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
mother, their ámunanyɔ mother, your ɔ́ŋúnɔ̀ ámmunɔ̀ ámunuŋ mountain,
hill, stone
kúrɛ̀ʈ kukúrɛ̀ʈ widespread for ‘stone’. cf. Birgid kuur,
mountain,
hill, stone
bɔ̀bɔ́rɔ̀t kì-bóbóròt-ɪ̀ uɖumɪk kuɖumɪk uɖumɪk kuɖumɪk hill, mountain
mouth íʈùk k(w)úʈɪ̀n úɖùk kwúɖɪ̀ŋ áɖùk kwúɖɪ̀ŋ cf. Murle otok, Bari kutuk, Maiak (+ most of Nilotic)
ʈok, Fur ùtò, much ɛ́mbɛràn much, very keṭṭu mud ʈɔkiʈɛ̀ʈ ʈɔk ʈɔ̀k ʈɔk mud wall kumáŋgál kukumáŋgáli mushroom kɪɖéékɪɖàk kɪɖɛɛ́ ́kɛ́ my maternal
grandfather
áfa n-ánnà
my maternal
grandfather
kwai n-ánnà
my paternal
grandfather
áfa n-apa
my paternal
grandfather
kwai n-apa
my paternal
grandmother
ám n-apa
my sister aranyuná nɔ̀ŋ nʈɛ́ púsùŋ
árɪŋà arɪ́ŋà[ɪ] nɖálmɛ ́
name kàlɪ́n, kàlɪ́ŋ pl. sometimes kikàlì
kalɪŋ kalɪk cf. Katcha ɛrɛ, Meidob eere, Lotuxo kari, Baka iri
narrow kárianùk éjɪnyɪlàʔ amɪɗɪlàʔ navel kwúllɔ̀ʔ kwúúllɔ́ʔ kúllà kugúllɛ̀ŋ navel,
prominent
sulúkuʈúk kusulúkuʈúkì surukurùk kusurukurùk
near ʈɪkáʔ eɖɪkaʔ kééɖikà neck ŋálòʔ kɪŋóónɖɪ̀n ŋálo kɪŋáɖɖɪŋ ŋálo kɪŋáʈɪŋ cf. Daju Shatt ŋase, Gaam
ŋálg, necklace karɗòʔ nʈɛ
olaʈ kuurk kɪɖáá
ɗaaɗarak nyarɗaʔ
net for fish kömɪk köömɪk
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23
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
new n(ɗ)ɪ́ŋàn kɪnɗɪ́ŋàn aŋáŋ áŋaŋ cf. Shilluk ɲan, Gule gaŋas, next year áwuḍḍɛ̀ŋ nice áɗɗɪŋ night ʔjóón kuʔjóónɪ̀k ʔjúnì koʔjúnì ajunì cf. Bagirmi njó Nile monitor nyɛ́màl kɪnyɛ́malɪ̀k Varanus
niloticus
nine ŋgɛʈúùn keɗina[k] nya ááŋùŋ
jálɪ́gɪ̀ɗɛ ̀
no álaaŋ asɛ not no láʔ < Arabic nose kɪ́mɪ́nʈɪ̀n kɪkɪ́mɪ́nʈɪ́nì kɪ́mɖɪ̀ŋ kɪɖɪ́mɖɪ̀ŋ cf. Tama àmɪt, Berta Undu
àmʊ́ŋ, Lugbara umvú, Maiak umu,
nose mámárɔ̀k kɔ́marɛ̀k cf. Kanga mɔrɔk, Daju Njalgul man-,
now kááʈanì alaʔŋ oil nyínyàʔ Sg: bɪla
nyínyàʔ. Pl:
kɪnyínyàʔ
oil ɗúúsì bɪla nyínyàʔ kɪnyínyàʔ old (people) ʈíí kiṭííɔ papá áfaŋa old (things) rùn, nɗórùn kɪnɗórùn orɪŋ asíù = ‘bad’ one kíɗɔŋ kíɖɔ kɪ́ɗɗe cf. Uduk ɗe, Bagirmi kɛ́ɗɛ, onion marjɛlʈɛʈ marjɛl < Arabic
basal
open kɔ́ɖù kɔ́ɗɔʈɔ̀ kɔ́ɖuɖu kɔ́ɖuʈu kwɔɗiʈú kwɔɗiʈaɖá
ostrich ʈɪ́mɔnɪ̀ʈ kɪ́ʈɪmɔ̀n ʈúɖɖumò kúúʈumɪ̀k ánɖumàŋ kúnɖumɪ̀k
< Kadu
other ńɗɔ̀ kɪʔja ídə̀ŋ ɪ́ɗɗèŋ cf. So ɛdɛn, Gaam ɗààn, Dinka daŋ,
outside ɛnɛ lááŋ over, above kɪ́rɪ̀ŋ ullʷalɪŋ ɪllɛ́r- over, above lúllò cf. head
owl ʔduuki kuʔduuki penis ṭɪŋɪ̀n kɪṭɪŋɪnì ámmɔ̀r káámmɔ̀r ámurùk kámurùk pepper ʃaṭṭa
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24
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
pepper filfil
-
25
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
python ɪ́ri, irí kirí ɪríí kiiriʔ ə́ri kɪniə́ri quick
(eating)
saromsarom
quick
(running)
kwolṭɪŋ
quickly ásulá sákorɛʈ, sákorɛʈ
sɔɔ́ ́mɛ ̀ kusɔɔ́ ́mɛ̀
rain, sky,
God
náŋanàʈ nók not God nók
rainbow úlul kùlúlɪ̀k kafunɗɔ́lɪnyɔ̀ŋ rainy season waaʈɪn ram ṭúmpúlɔ̀ʔ kuṭúmpúlɔ̀ʔ ṭúgʷɔ̀ʔ kúɽugʷɔ̀ʔ ṭuŋwáʔ kuɽuŋwɪ̀k < Kadu rat, brown báákú kubáákú
rat, mouse ʈɛ́ɗɪŋ, ʈɪ́ɗɪŋ kɪʈɪ́ɗɪŋ, kɪʈɛ́ɗɪŋ ṭɛ́d ɛ́ŋ kɪɗɛ́d ɛ́ŋ ṭɛ́ɗɪ́ŋ kɪ́ṭɛ́ɗɪ́ŋ red nʈɛ̀rɛ̀ kɪnʈɛ̀rɛ̀ örutwɛʔ orbɛk also or ɛk
archaic
remember ɗoɗɪ́k ɗoɗɪ́kiʈik rest, breathe áŋak áŋaʈak return here kɪ́rɪ́ŋònìk kɪ́rɪ́ŋàʈànài ɗáŋŋanà ɗáŋŋananà ʈúsanà ʈúsaɖanà return there kɪ́rɪ́ŋànàk kɪ́rɪ́ŋàʈànàk rib kúrúkɔk kùkúrúkɔkɪ̀ kɪ́ŋinɪ̀k kɛŋɪ́ ́ŋ kiniɖək kɪ̀ŋ rich sɪ́l kɪsɪ́loʔ < Hill Nubian. lit ‘chief’ rifle, gun almúnɖuŋ kálmunɖ
uŋ
right hand nínàʈ nʈɛ́ bɔ́kùn
ɛ́nnɛ̀k yáá lámàk
1
nánà[k] na
lamàk
‘hand of
food’
rise, go up ŋɛ́ʈàk ŋɛ́ʈaʈàk ŋáʈarɪ̀ŋ ŋáʈaʈarɪ̀ŋ river pɔ́kɪʈ kɪpɔ́kiʈɪ̀n súrɔ́ʔ kusúrɔ́ʔ kɪri road aro, arw kɔ́rr áro kwárɪŋ cf. Nandi ɔɔ̀ ̀r, road ɔ́nʈɪ̀ʈ kɔ́nʈɪ̀n ? cf. So ôd, roan antelope kɔ́lloruk kwɔ́llɛrɪ̀k rock rááràŋ kɪrááràŋ root muréék kumɔrɔ vein,
sinew
1 ‘hand of food’
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26
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
root, vein kɪ́rɪkɪ̀rɪ̀ʈ kɪrákɪràʔ kɪ́rɪk kɛ̂r kíriɖàk kírɪk root, vein, sinew
, tendon
Assuming the underlying
root is –ri(k) this looks very
much like Niger-Congo
forms
rope mɪ̀s máà lɔ̀l kalɔ́l lɔ̀k kɔlány rope hanging
frame, net
sɛsɪlàŋ sɛsɪlàŋì lɔ̀kɔ̀k kɪ́nílɔ̀kɔ̀k
rope, cattle rók kurók
round,
spherical
ṭɔ́ŋkɔlɔŋanɛ̀n oɗogoláʔ kéŋɔrʈunà
rub, wipe kurana kuraʈana run kajaŋài kajaŋaʈài ráʈʈà ráttaɖà ráʈʈà ráʈʈaɖà sack, bag,
waterskin
ṭúlúkɔ̀ʔ kuṭúlúkɪ̀k bɪlaɖɛ < KK
sacrifice for
dead
kɛ̀lɛ̀ŋ
sad, angry,
sorry
pori
saliva kùmùʔ salt sɛlɛlɪnʈɛʈ sɛlɛlɛ sɛlɪk bɪlasɛlɛŋ sɛlɛŋ < Kadu
N.B. bi- is
a dim.
prefix
same as ɛ kɪ̀lí kɪnyàŋ lit. ‘with their
bodies’
sand pɔ́kɪ̀ʈ ɖ/ð also river, valley
ʈɛnnɪ́k ʈɛ́ŋ cf. Mayak tiŋil
saw (v.) ʔbɔʈɔka ɛ munʃáár
< Arabic
say ilɛŋéì ilɛŋɛ̀ʈéì nyá nyaɖáá nyá nyɛ́ʈá scar kɔ̀rànɛ́n scar súkurʈɛ̀ʈ súkur, kusúkúrì scorpion nyínyɔ̀ŋ kunyínyɔ̀ŋ nányòŋ kunányòŋ nyúnyɔ̀ŋ kinyúnyɔ̀
ŋ
scratch (v.) aŋgurana aŋguraʈana scrotum kuÍɛ̀rɪ̀ŋ
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27
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
see aŋkɪlɪ̀k aŋkɪlàʈa ŋk assimilates
to ŋg
? Nubian Kadaru ŋɛl, Fur ögil,
see pà faɖa fù faaɖà seed ʈɛɛ́ ̀ ʈɪ̀ʈ ʈɛɛ́ ̀ ʈ ʈɔ́yoɖə̀k ʈòyɔ́k ʈééyɪɖàk ʈééyàk < Katcha ʈɔyɔ/na- self kɪ̀líʔ body +
reflexive
pronoun
sell, buy kɔ́lɔ́ʔbà kɔ́lɔ́ʔbàʈà kwɔ́kwɔ́labà also ‘buy many
things’
send agɪlɪ́k agɪlàʈàk sesame káfálaŋ afóŋ na
káfálaŋ
sesame káfalɛɖàk kiáfálàŋ seven kálákaròk kwɔ́ŋuŋ
nyɛɖanàʔ 4 + 3 àŋwàiɖànàʔ
sew ranɗɪnà ranɗɪnàʈà ɗáɗɗarɖà ɗáɗɗarʈà áɗ[ɪ]rʈì áɗɪrʈaɖà sewing áɗ(ɪ)rˇàk shadow,
spirit
ʔbɔɔ́ ̀ kuʔbɪ́ny, kuʔbɪ́ŋ
ɓáròʔ cf. God boro kuboro
shake head
sideways
pipiṭikɔ pipiṭikɔʈɔ
sharp aʈɛʔkɛɛ́ ̀ ʔ ‘has teeth’ saiccók aɖɛ kèèʔ ‘has teeth’
sharp ṭɛlʈɛl aicakarrà shield dáragà kɪdáragà < Arabic shield wór, wúr kwòráʔ ʈɔ́nɔ̀ŋ kuɖɔɔ́ ́nɪk láŋ kɪ́laŋ archaic
word
shiver ɔ́làk ɔ́laʈàk shoe óɖuŋɪ̀k kinyúnyɔ̀
ŋ
shoot gun ármà almùnɖù ármaɖà kalmùnɖù
short sɛ̀rɛ̀ʔ kɪsɛ̀rɛ̀ʔ oɗogoláʔ anɖɪŋɪràʔ shoulder kɔ́kɔlɔŋɪ̀ʈ kíkɔlɔ̀ŋ mésawèk kemésawà
ʔ lɔfɔk kulɔfɔk
shout kugɪ̀k kugwaʈà kwáá
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28
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
shout, weep wujìk wojoʈɔ̀k ɗɔ́rɔnà ɗɔ́rɔnaɖà shut yákà yákaʈà ɗɛ́kkɪrà ɗɛ́kkɪràɖa nyakɪɖà nyakɪɗaɖ
à
sick bòlébòlɪ́n, bùlɛ́bùlɛ́n
kùbòlá
side rɛmɛ kɪrɛmɛ sieve grain ulu ulɔʈɔ sing ssö ssöɖo sing síà síaɖà sister, his arányanà ɔrɔ́inà nɖálmɛ̀ sister, your áranɔ̀ ɔráinù[y]
nɖálmɛ̀
sit ʈɛ̀nyù ʈɛ̀ɲʈàʈù(k) cf. Dinik ɗɛ̀n, Berta Fadashi doŋoʃ,
sit kárpà kárpaɖà kárfulà kárfulaɖà six sɛ́ŋkɛ̀ʈ, sáŋgàʈ [or k not g] kwɔ̀ɖenɪ̀ŋ kɪɗenṭɪ̀ŋ sixteen ámù[k] fuɖɪ ́
gɪ́ɖenṭɪ̀ŋ
skin, hide laŋún kɪlaŋúni lanyɪ́k kɪlanyáʔ kɪlɛnyóʔ lɛnya kɪlɛnya sky náŋanàʈ nók also rain arŋóóɖàk slave ɔɗɔn desoʔ also,
stranger,
enemy
aɗuŋ kaɗuŋ aɗɔŋ kwɔɗɔŋ
sleep rɔ́ŋɪnùk rɔ́ŋɪnṭaʈùk ḍáŋ(g)ɪrɔ̀ ḍáŋ(g)ɪrɔ̀ɖɔ̀
ṭáŋunù ṭáŋanaɖù cf. Dinik tuŋgùn, Surmic e.g. Didinga taŋu,
slowly kɔ́nɔkɔnɔ́k slowly ŋɔ́nɔŋɔnɔ́k ɗúccókwàì small nsɪ̀ɗɪ̀ɗì kɪkɛ̀nɪ̀k ímúḍókwàk kɪ́mɪ́ḍɪ́ḍɪ̀k ɗúccàì ɗúccógw
àì
? Katcha -ɪʈiʈi
smell s.t. ŋóŋulù ŋóŋulaʈùk ŋwáń ŋwááɖa ŋwei ŋweiɖà smell, smelly ŋulaʈ smoke kɪ́ʈɪ́mùʔ,
kúʈúmùʔ, kɪ́ɖɪ́mùk
kuɖúmmɔ̀ʔ kuɖúmu ? Meidob kumédí if metathesis
smooth ʔbulu ʔbulùs ohólhollɪ̀k nyifúlfullɪ̀k snake lólùk, lólòk kɔ́lugɪ̀k,
kɔ́logɪ̀k lö́lùk kóliʔ laluk kwólɪŋ cf. Daju Shatt dɔl, Acholi
twol, Gaam ɖöö́ ́ r, ? So dɛu snap stick pílà fɪ́li fɪ́lÍaÍà
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29
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
sneeze ɔ̀sak ɔ̀saʈak əssɪɖei əssɪʈei so ʈiṭɔk soft nyírguʈnyirgùʈ nyínyullunyull
ùk
soil ʈabbàŋ kɪ́ɖabbèk son, boy ɗál kɪɗɛ́l ɗák nɖáámàk kɪɗɪŋ
kɪnɖáámɪ̀ŋ
son, his ɗá[k]nanɛ̀ son, my ɗál ɛ́nnàŋ ɗánnáŋ son, your ɗál ɛ́nnàŋ
únnò
ɗánnɪ́ŋ
song málàn kumálánɪ̀ kɪsi kɪsiik kɪ̀sɪk sour ʈɪ́ɗɛ̀r aɗàrr àɗɛɛ̀ ̀rɪ̀k speak agɛʈa agɛʈaʈa speak ílɛŋɛ̀ ílɔŋɔ̀ʈɔ̀ speak to ílɔnɔ̀k ílɔŋɔ̀ʈɔ̀k ilɔ ilɔɖɔɔ́ ́ spear ṇsɔ̀ kɪn káɽaʔ kááɽàʔ kaɽa kiaɽa ? < Kadu spear, barbed sésɪ̀ŋ kɪsésɪ̀ŋ spider óò ná kɔ́ŋàʔ kwéèn kɪná
kɔ́ŋà lit. ‘dog of
flies’
aráárək —
spit báá kɔmú bááʈà kɔmú sɪkɪɖane a kumúʔ
sɪkɪɖanádɪk a kumúʔ
ɖɪʈanɛ ́ kumuʔ ɖɪʈaʈanɛ ́kumuʔ
kumuʔ = saliva
spit báʈɛ̀ kɔmú báʈàʈà kɔmú split ɛʈɛka ɛʈɛkaʈa split kɔ́rù kɔ́ràʈà kɔ́ru kɔ́rɖù kɔ́ru kwɔ́rʈaʈà spoon lɛnsá kɪlɛnsá káɓu kááɓuk spread s.t.
out
farɪʃɔ farɪʃɔʈɔ < Arabic ʈáppolo ʈáppoloɖo
squeeze nyúlà nyúlàʈà stab ápì ápaʈà ákwuɖì ákwuʈò áfì áfaɖà stand ilʈùk ilʈɔʈɔ̀k ʈɪ́gɪɖonò ʈɪ́gɪʈonò líɖù líʈaɖù stand, stop star ɗúlɪ̀ʈ kuɗúlàʔ kwuḍɪ́llɪɖə́ ̀k kwuḍɪ́llllɪ̀ŋ ɗúlɪ̀k kuɗúlɪ̀ŋ cf. Ik ɗɔ́ɫɛát, steal agulà agulaʈà ákwula ákwulaɖà ákwulì ákwulaɖà stem bigur kubiguri
stick karṭábù kɪgárṭabù stick ɗók kwɔɗ(ɪg)ɪ́n ɗók koɗéŋ ɗók kwuɗɪŋ stirring stick pɪ́s kɪ́pɪ́sɪ́n pusɔŋ kɪhísɛnɪ́k fɪ́k kɪ̀fíyàʔ
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30
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
stone kórɛ̀ʈ kukórɛ̀ʈ kúrɔ̀k kúúrɔ̀k also beads kuràk kuurak cf. Tama kwʊ́ɽa, proto-Nilotic *kɔr, Dongolawi kúlu, Songhay guru ‘hill’,
Malinke kulu, Heiben k-ɔl, stop, cease ʈɪlʈiʈɔ ʈɪlʈiʈaʈɔ story ʈamunɗɛɛ́ ̀kà kɪʈamunɗɛɛ́ ̀kà straight ʈɛ̀rʈɛ̀r, ʈɪ̀rʈɪ̀r esɪjjɔraʔ kɛʈʈwɪ́k stranger,
guest
ɔ́jɪ́lʈɛ̀ʈ ɔ́jɪ́lì [first letter may be ɛ according
to notes]
stream,
seasonal
ḍɛ̀k kɪḍík small sandy khor
string lɔ̀[k] ɪŋjíjilaʔ strong (of
people)
bírʈù < Hill Nubian
áÍɛnyà
strong (of
things)
kɪlákkɪlàŋ nyàrɪ̀ dry, hard nyɛkuṭákuṭàŋ
strong thing
strongly,
quickly,
harshly
koṭṭo
stupid koʈikoli kikoʈikoli suck ɛlɪk ɛlaʈàk jé’joɖà jé’joʈà suckle ɛlákì ɛlaʈákì áli álaɖá ààlì aalaɖà sun nónù, núnù nö́nù ŋáŋùʔ swamp ɗagi kɪɗagi sweat sɪ́rɛnɛ́n ilɔ ilɔɖɔɔ́ ́ sweep argwá argwáʈà kwúrɖà kwúrʈà kwurʈà kwurʈaʈà sweet nɖɪ́ʔjì kɪnɖɪ́ʔjì aṭul nyɪkɛ́ɗikɛɗɗɪ̀k swell yáì
swim báá luɪ̀ny báálà luɪ̀ny also bááláál
lɪ́m(ɪ)ɖamuŋ lɪ́m(ɪ)ʈámuŋ
? + water bá ánɗɔ̀ŋ bááʈá ánɗɔ̀ŋ
lit. hit
swimming
cf. Tama baɽa, Daju Liguri ɓa(a)y, but these may be simply cognates of ‘hit,
strike’
tail rɪ́ŋgákɪs, rɪɪ́́ŋgɪ̀s
kɪrɪ́ŋgákàʔ k ~ g sábòŋ kɪsáboŋàʔ ṭákak kɪɽákik
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31
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
take kɔ́mùk kɔ́mɔʈɔ̀ kám kámaɖei / ámuʈà
take away àràmà àràmàʈà umweanɪ̀k take away,
hold
àràmù àràmùʈà
take for
oneself
sɛ́ŋ sɛ́ɖei
tail rɪ́ŋgákɪs, rɪɪ́́ŋgɪ̀s
kɪrɪ́ŋgákàʔ sábòŋ kɪsáboŋàʔ ṭákak kɪɽákik
talk, speak, t
ell
ílɔŋɔ̀k ílɔŋɔ̀ʈɔ̀k áɗafɖà aɗúfʈaɖà
taste jejɛmà jejɛmàʈà lapa láfá láfaáɖà also try, test
tear (n.) kɔ́manʈɛ̀ʈ kɔ́mɔ̀ʔ kɪɖáhòŋ kɔ́màʔ tear (v.) swirà swiraʈà ásí, ásɪɗa ásɪṭa séréi sérʈaɖà tell story ʔɖaʈak ʔɖaʈakaʈak ten ŋgɛ́mmùk,
kɛ́mmùk [maybe k
not g],
alanɪkì alakɪnakà àmɖáʈúk
termite logwan kologwani
termite luganʈɛ̀ʈ lugàn ŋwɔ̀ŋ áinanuàŋ nuàŋ termite,
soldier
áwɛŋ
testicle ṭorunyɪ̀ʈ kɪṭorùny ʈɛ́rɪŋìk kɪ́ɖɛrɪ̀ŋ ɗánakuɖɛ̀rɪ̀ŋ kɪɗɗákuɖɛ̀rɪ̀ŋ
‘child of
scrotum’
thank you kɛ́ nʈóbàn lit. ‘it is good’
that (far) nɔnnɔ kɪnɔnnɔ that (far) nʈɪgɪnɔɔnɔk kɪnʈɪgɪnɔɔnɔk that (near) nɔ kɪna that (near) nʈɪgɪnɔ kɪnʈɪgɪna nɛ̀ kɪnɛ̀ thatching
grass
nyìk nyìk
then ìs(s)ún ussʷɪŋ there nʈàkànà ɔlonò ánɔ ́ they nákàʈà kɪnnáʔ kɪnnáʔ thick ɗúrmà thick ḿbù ḍúrru thigh kuṭuŋuṭùg kuṭuŋuṭùgì óhùʔ kohunòʔ afuk kɪ́nɪŋafuk
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32
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
thigh ŋuṭuŋuṭúŋ kuŋuṭuŋuṭúŋi thin (people) máŋanɛ̀n thin (people,
objects)
nyɪ́lɔŋàʔ ejényelàʔ ájijilàʔ ájijilɪ̀k
thing ʈɪ́lɔ̀ŋ kɪ́ʈalɔŋ, kɪ́ʈɔlɔŋ ɗía lɛ́[k] think óòmɔ̀ + verb
particularl
y lɪ́pà, to look for, or
ɗɪka, to find, see
thirsty, to be nónù, núnù + verb ɔ́ʈù, to kill
nanáámùŋ hunger for water
arámʈàʔ thirst
thirty ʈeaɗi kɛ kwáɖanàʔ
this ni kɪni nì kɪnɪ̀ cf. So nɪn, Tama ɪ́ŋ, Dinik nɛ̀, Gaam nɛ́ and mnay further probable cognates
(or do demonstratives just
look like this?)
this nʈɪ̀gɪ̀nɪ̀ kɪnʈɪgɪni aléì alakè thorn nɔ́ŋonɪ̀ʈ kɔ̀ník thorn núŋwanɪ̀ʈ kwàník nánɪ̀ŋ kánɪ̀k nánɪ̀ŋ kíanɪ̀k thou nɪ́n nɪ́ŋ nɪ́ŋ cf. Daju Sila ɪ́nɪŋ, Mursi
nina, Pokot ɲíì, Songhay ni, Kanuri ɲi, Mangbetu íní. Incidentally, this looks like
a pretty good isogloss for
Nilo-Saharan (Niger-Congo
has the same for 1st person
sg.)
three kwɔ́ʈanáʔ kwɔ́ɖanàʔ kwáɖaŋàʔ cf. Tulishi -ɛɖɔna, Gaam ɔ́tɔ́, Berta Malkan odo, Maiak ɗö́k, as all West Nilotic
throat kíro kííro
throw ɔpurú ɔpurɔ́ʈù árɔma árɔmad ɖà
= ‘shoot’ ármà ármaɖà
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33
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
throw
towards
ɔ́rɔmai ɔ́rɔmaɖài
throwing
knife
wuʈal kuwuʈali
thumb ɗánanánàk ɗúrmà
kɪɗágɛ́ŋ ɗúrmà
thunder koʈujɪ̀n ná náŋanàʈ
‘shouting
of sky’
nók ʈɪbaʈanɛ ‘sky struck’
thus, so gi
thus, so nʈɔga aləɓɓí thus, so nyagá
tie ɛ́mbɛ̀là ɛ́mbɛ̀làʈà ámmalà ámmalaɖà amɛmɛlà amɛleɖà time, place láàŋ today kááʈanì nɪmɪnà ánnamanɪ̀ŋ together, be ana, ɔnɔ together,
with
ɛʈɛ, ɛ
tomorrow isááʈɪ̀n lɛ́bɪrɖä̀ ásɪɖɪ̀ŋ tongue mɛ́nɖɪnyàʈ kɪmɛ́nɖɪnyàʈ ŋáḍɪmàk kɪŋáḍɪmàk kɛ́ɗɛmàk kɛɛ́ ́ɗɛmà
k
cf. Songhay dèènè. Possibly
widespread cognacy with
metathesised forms e.g.
Dongolawi nɛ́d, Bari ŋɛ́dɛ́p, Uduk aled, Lendu ledà.
Alternatively a loan from a
lost Niger-Congo language.
Cf. Defaka mɛnduɔ, Bedik
i-ɗem, Proto-Gbaya *lembe und so weiter
tooth awɪ̀s kɛɛ́ ̀ ʔ iyɪ́k sɛʔ áyàk kèèʔ touch ɔ̀lák ɔ̀láʈak tree mɛ́rɛŋɪ̀s mɛ́rɛŋ ɓòʔ kùɓwɛ̀ŋ < kùɓòɛ̀ŋ bɔɔ́ ́rɪ̀ŋ kuɓɪŋ tribe nɛɛ́ ̀ ʔ kiná
kurɛ̀ʈ ‘people of
hill’
kwuÍùŋ
true jɪ́rjɪ̀r turn welak welaʈak turn s.t. ɲiʈà ɲiʈàʈà kwáʈalarɪ̀ŋ fállanyà fállanyaɖ
à
turtle I káɗáʔ kááɗáʔ
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34
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
turtle II abugaɖom kabugaɖom
< Arabic
abūgadaḥ
twenty ʈeaɗi twenty-one ʈeaḍi gɪ́ḍḍe twin ɗál nʈɛ ɗulɔ̀n kɪɗɛ́l nʈɛ ɗulɔ̀n kuŋwúlɪɖä̀l koŋól kulɔŋɔŋ two károkwɛ káro káro udder nyúŋ kɪnɪnyúŋ under aʈak ʈuhalɪŋ ɪlléle- untie ŋwúlɖì ŋwúlʈaɖà up kɪrɪŋ aɗɗárɪŋ ɪllɛ́r- (?) upper
grindstone
for grain
ḍá[k] ḍɪ́mɪ́k kɪɖɪŋ na ḍɪ́mɪ́k
upper lip íʈùk nɖɛɛrɪ̀ŋ lanyɪ́k ya ull
walɪŋ
áɖù[k] ɪllélewòk
urinate ábiɖa ábitə ábbiʈa ábiɖɖa urine kɪbɔ́lɔ̀ʔ kibö́lɔ̀ʔ kibélàʔ valley,
seasonal
stream
pɔ́kɪʈ
vein, tree
root
kɪ́rɪkɪ̀rɪ̀ʈ kɪrákɪràʔ kibélàʔ
very koṭṭu village ɪ́lɛ̀ < Arabic
ḥil ق%%%روى alhɪlli < Arabic
ḥil
village kwíìʔ lit. houses kwùÍùŋ also ‘tribe’ voice ŋálòʔ kɪŋóónɖɪ̀n #NAME? alleɖà alleʈà vomit káṭakà káṭakaʈà alleɖì alliʈaɖà vulture sɪ́bɪ̀r kɪsɪ́bɪ́rì kúnnɛ̀k kúnnɔŋ kʷósolò kʷóósolò vulva, vagina ììr kììrɪ̀k ìr kììr árɪ̀k kɪ́rɪ̀k wait ùnjɪli ùnjɪlaʈa wake s.o. furuŋai furuŋɪnʈɔʈai walk wírɔ̀k wírɔ̀ʈɔ̀k ŋwùrò ŋwùròɖò ɪņɖá k-ɛ́llù walk wúrɔ̀k wúrɔ̀ʈɔ̀k want, look
for
lɪ́pà lɪ́pàʈà ɔh(w)ài ‘I want’ anyɛ ́ ‘I want, like’
war, quarrel ŋɔ́rbɔ́k warm, hot wááraŋ arráŋ aaraŋ
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35
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
warrior ɖéénì nʈɛ bɪrʈùk
nɛɛ́ ̀ ʔ nʈɛ́ kɪbɪ̀rʈùk
< Hill
Nubian
fáárɪ̀s < Arabic
wash (self),
bathe
ɔ́ʔbɔ̀ ɔ́ʔbɔ̀ʈɔ̀ ɛ́bɛnà abenà abeÍanà
wash s.t. weʈí weʈaʈà ŋwóɖà kwúʈì kwúʈaɖà watch, guard,
care for
áŋkɪlʈi áŋkɪlʈaʈà
water múŋ imúŋ, umúŋ amuŋ water lizard mányálɪ̀k kɪmányál
iyàʔ
water-rat ámmɛ ̀ kúmmɛ̀ we (dual) sák
we (excl.) káʈ kák kák we (incl.) sasák, sásàk kasák kalásɪk weak, thin nyɔ́nyɔ̀ʔ wear iyú iyáʈú well pɔɔ́ ̀ kupɪ́n [or ɪ for
the u]
fɔ́ʔ kupɛ́ŋ fɔ́k kufɪ́ŋ
wet nʈwì nyɪlɛ kɪnyálkaɖàk what? ŋɛ́, ŋiɛɛ́ ́ ŋei ŋɛʔ when? láàŋɛ́ ? < láàŋ
‘place,
time’ + ŋɛ́ ‘what’
láánɪ̀k áwei
where? kʷóó, ʔbóó mme wááʈɪkà which? nɛ̀nɛ̀, nɛɛ̀ ̀n kɪnɛɛ̀ ̀n white ṇṭɪ̀ṭɪ̀k kɪ́ṇṭɪṭɪ̀k ɛɽɛɽɛ̀k kɛɽɛɽɛ̀k ɽ ~ ʈ áṇɗəɽɪ̀k white man áḍɛ̀ŋ ánḍəɽɪ̀k nɛɛ̀ ̀ ʔ
kɪ́nḍəɽɪ̀k
who? ŋáni ŋáninʈ [no faith in this]
ŋanɛ́ ánnɪ́ŋ
why? kɔɔ́ ́ áɓei wide ɗwìrɗwìr ihallâʔ áfalɛŋà wife, his nɪmɛ́nna wife, his irɛ́nnwà nɪmɛ́nna wife, my irɛ́nnàŋ nɪmɛ́nnáŋ wife, your irɛ́nnɔ̀ nɪmɛ́nnɪ́ŋ wind ɔ́púŋɪ̀ʈ kɔ́púŋɪ̀k ʈurrí ʈúrí
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36
English Temein Tese Keiga Jirru External comparisons
sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment sg. pl. Comment
windstorm ɔ́púŋɪ̀ʈ ḿbù wing lúpɔkɪ̀ʈ kulupókàʔ kapä́lɛɖàk káápalàk witch aḍéŋ n-áwuɖàk nɪ́ŋi
n-áwuɖàk
witchcraft áwuɖàk wobbling ɔrrɛ̀k woman áɖɛŋ nɖalmɛ ̀ nɛɛ ̀ ̀
kɪnɖólɪ̀k
woman lɪ́kámɛ̀ʔ lúgɪ̀ʈ g ~ k ír dànàmɛ̀ʔ nuɖóllɪ̀k nɪ̀mɛ̀ʔ nɪŋ ɖólɪ̀k word lɔ́ŋɔʈ kɪlɔ́ŋɔʈ ilä́k kilä́k kɪmɛ́sɛnɪk kɪmɛ́sɛ́ni
yaʔ
work ágɪ́làʈ lógwɔ̀ʔ kulógwɛ̀ŋ lúŋɔ ̀ kulúŋɔ̀ work v. amʈá lúŋɔ ̀ amʈaɖá
lúŋɔ̀
worm ɛ́jɛ́mɪ̀ʈ kɪ́jɔmɔ̀ write kɪ́ʈɪ́bɔ̀ kɪ́ʈɪ́bɔ̀ʈà < Arabic yawn amáì mɪnʈaʈà ámmɪɖèi ámaaɖài ama amoɖà year sɪnɛ̀ʔ kɪsinɛ̀ʔ