Download - Comparative primate anatomy
The Hardware of Human CultureThe Hardware of Human Culture
A language to communicate with and to use A language to communicate with and to use for learningfor learning
An ability to make and use toolsAn ability to make and use tools All the abilities that standing and walking on All the abilities that standing and walking on
two feettwo feet
*understanding our anatomy, we can *understanding our anatomy, we can understand our cultureunderstand our culture
Comparative Hominid AnatomyComparative Hominid Anatomy Anatomically, we are Anatomically, we are
very similar to apes and very similar to apes and even to monkeys but even to monkeys but not identicalnot identical*Humans are fully *Humans are fully bipedal, for example, bipedal, for example, while chimps are notwhile chimps are not
We have two arches in We have two arches in our foot; chimps do notour foot; chimps do not
The Roots of Culture: The BrainThe Roots of Culture: The Brain
If culture is symbolic, then it is founded on If culture is symbolic, then it is founded on languagelanguage
The source of language is located in parts of The source of language is located in parts of the brainthe brain
Our ability to make and use tools is also Our ability to make and use tools is also begins in the brainbegins in the brain
Structure of the Brain: Description IStructure of the Brain: Description I
Lateralization: Lateralization: The division in the organization and The division in the organization and operation of the brainoperation of the brain
Frontal Lobe: Frontal Lobe: The lobe that allows us to think and The lobe that allows us to think and plan aheadplan ahead
Motor Cortex: Motor Cortex: Moves the facial muscles (lips, Moves the facial muscles (lips, tongue, vocalization) and the arm, hand, and finger tongue, vocalization) and the arm, hand, and finger musclesmuscles
Parietal Lobe: Parietal Lobe: The lobe that enables us to touch and The lobe that enables us to touch and tastetaste
Structure of the Brain: Description IIStructure of the Brain: Description II
Occipital Lobe: Occipital Lobe: The lobe of the brain that The lobe of the brain that enables us to seeenables us to see
Temporal Lobe: Temporal Lobe: The lobe that enables us to The lobe that enables us to hearhear
Olfactory Bulb: Olfactory Bulb: The part of the brain that The part of the brain that enables us to smellenables us to smell
Supplementary Motor CortexSupplementary Motor Cortex: The part that : The part that provides sensory feedback from an action provides sensory feedback from an action involving the motor cortexinvolving the motor cortex
Structure of the Brain: DiagramStructure of the Brain: Diagram
Frontal Lobe and Motor Frontal Lobe and Motor CortexCortex::
Cognition: Thinking AbilityCognition: Thinking Ability Motor AbilitiesMotor Abilities Parietal Lobe:Parietal Lobe: Touch and Touch and
TasteTaste Temporal Lobe:Temporal Lobe: Hearing Hearing Occipital Lobe:Occipital Lobe: Vision Vision Olfactory BulbOlfactory Bulb: Smell: Smell
The Motor CortexThe Motor Cortex Lower partLower part: The strip regulates the facial and oral : The strip regulates the facial and oral
musclesmusclesThey include the tongue, the lips, the organs for They include the tongue, the lips, the organs for vocalization, and the jawsvocalization, and the jawsThese are related to the language functionThese are related to the language function
Upper partUpper part: The strip regulates the arm, the hand, : The strip regulates the arm, the hand, and their fingersand their fingersThese are related to the tool manufacture and use These are related to the tool manufacture and use functions.functions.
Parts of the Brain: Motor CortexParts of the Brain: Motor Cortex
Related to LanguageRelated to Language: : Lower PartLower Part
LipsLips TongueTongue VocalizationVocalization Related to Tool Making Related to Tool Making
and Use: and Use:
Upper partUpper part Fingers and ThumbFingers and Thumb HandHand ArmArm
Language Functions of the Brain: Language Functions of the Brain: Description IDescription I
The language functions all occur on the left hemisphere of the The language functions all occur on the left hemisphere of the brain in most humansbrain in most humans
Broca’s AreaBroca’s Area functions to process the generating of speech functions to process the generating of speech Wernicke’s Area Wernicke’s Area functions to process the reception of speechfunctions to process the reception of speech
Parts of the Brain: Language Parts of the Brain: Language CentersCenters
Parts of CerebrumParts of Cerebrum• Frontal LobeFrontal Lobe• Motor CortexMotor Cortex• Broca’s AreaBroca’s Area• Temporal LobeTemporal Lobe• Auditory CortexAuditory Cortex• Wernicke’s AreaWernicke’s Area• Arcuate FasciculusArcuate Fasciculus• Parietal LobeParietal Lobe• Occipital LobeOccipital Lobe• Angular GyrusAngular Gyrus
Comic Relief, Anyone?Comic Relief, Anyone?(Courtesy of Geico)(Courtesy of Geico)
So easy a caveman can do it. . . .?So easy a caveman can do it. . . .?
So Why Do We Pick on the Bones?So Why Do We Pick on the Bones?
Bones are all we have to reconstruct past Bones are all we have to reconstruct past human and humanlike life formshuman and humanlike life forms- to coordinate what we know about - to coordinate what we know about anatomy—human and nonhuman primateanatomy—human and nonhuman primate- to reconstruct what our ancestors might have - to reconstruct what our ancestors might have
been like. been like. Bottom Line: We rely heavily on inference to Bottom Line: We rely heavily on inference to
trace our ancestrytrace our ancestry
Human Skill: A DescriptionHuman Skill: A Description
The forehead is high, making room for the The forehead is high, making room for the frontal lobefrontal lobe
The skull is rounded, allowing a greater The skull is rounded, allowing a greater volume for the entire brainvolume for the entire brain
There is no brow ridge or There is no brow ridge or supraorbital torus supraorbital torus The jaw does not jut forward; it is not The jaw does not jut forward; it is not
prognathousprognathous
Human Skull: Bones that Cover the Human Skull: Bones that Cover the LobesLobes
The bones of the skull are named after the The bones of the skull are named after the lobes they coverlobes they cover
The The frontal bone frontal bone covers the covers the frontal lobefrontal lobe The The parietal bone parietal bone covers the covers the parietal lobeparietal lobe The The occipital bone occipital bone covers the covers the occipital lobeoccipital lobe The The temporal bone temporal bone covers the covers the temporal lobetemporal lobe
Human Skull: The DiagramHuman Skull: The Diagram
Note the following:Note the following: High foreheadHigh forehead Rounded skullRounded skull No brow ridgeNo brow ridge Chin is presentChin is present Teeth are smallTeeth are small The bones are named The bones are named
after the lobes of the after the lobes of the brain they coverbrain they cover
Comparative Primate Anatomy: Comparative Primate Anatomy: Human and ChimpanzeeHuman and Chimpanzee
The area for brain of a chimp is more limited than The area for brain of a chimp is more limited than human brain because human brain because sloping forehead sloping forehead andand the heavy the heavy supraorbital torus supraorbital torus
that covers much of the foreheadthat covers much of the forehead the chimp jaw has a the chimp jaw has a prognathism prognathism absent in humansabsent in humans chimps have larger chimps have larger canine canine teeth than humans; so much teeth than humans; so much
so that there is a so that there is a diastema diastema (gap) for the opposite (gap) for the opposite canine to fitcanine to fit
Skull Morphology: Chimp and Skull Morphology: Chimp and HumanHuman
Note the followingNote the following Larger brow ridge (supraorbital torus) of chimp compared to humanLarger brow ridge (supraorbital torus) of chimp compared to human Sloping forehead of chimp compared to humanSloping forehead of chimp compared to human More prognathous (jutting) jaw of chimp compared to humanMore prognathous (jutting) jaw of chimp compared to human Larger canine and gap (diastema) of chimp compared to humanLarger canine and gap (diastema) of chimp compared to human
Comparative Brain Structure: Comparative Brain Structure: Human and ChimpanzeeHuman and Chimpanzee
The human brain has a The human brain has a Broca’s area Broca’s area for processing for processing speech.speech.
The chimp brain has a Brodman’s area, where calls The chimp brain has a Brodman’s area, where calls may originate, but no speechmay originate, but no speech
Our Our Wernicke’s area, Wernicke’s area, which receives speech,which receives speech, is at is at the same place as the the same place as the planum temporaleplanum temporale among the among the chimpschimps
Human and Chimp Skulls Human and Chimp Skulls Compared: Brain StructureCompared: Brain Structure
Compare the followingCompare the following Chimp’s brain is much smaller Chimp’s brain is much smaller
(400cc vs. 1400cc)(400cc vs. 1400cc) It has reduced frontal lobeIt has reduced frontal lobe It has no Broca’s or Wernicke’s It has no Broca’s or Wernicke’s
areaarea It does have Brodmann’s area It does have Brodmann’s area
10, where calls may originate—10, where calls may originate—but no speechbut no speech
It does have planum temporale, It does have planum temporale, where calls are received—but where calls are received—but not processed as languagenot processed as language
What This All MeansWhat This All Means
Our brains are larger than the chimps’Our brains are larger than the chimps’ We have a well-developed frontal lobeWe have a well-developed frontal lobe We have well developed language areas: We have well developed language areas:
Broca’s and Wernicke’s areaBroca’s and Wernicke’s area The motor strip is more well developed among The motor strip is more well developed among
humans than among chimpshumans than among chimps
Comparative Primate Anatomy: Comparative Primate Anatomy: Chewing MechanismChewing Mechanism
dentition dentition (structure of teeth)(structure of teeth) dental arcade dental arcade (arrangement of teeth) is more (arrangement of teeth) is more
rounded (arc-like) than the chimpsrounded (arc-like) than the chimps Chimpanzee have a more rectangular dental arcade, Chimpanzee have a more rectangular dental arcade,
with the back teeth more parallelwith the back teeth more parallel Our teeth are much smaller than the chimps’Our teeth are much smaller than the chimps’ We have small canines (jagged teeth)We have small canines (jagged teeth) Chimps have large canines- gap Chimps have large canines- gap (diastema)(diastema)
Human Dentition: DiagramHuman Dentition: Diagram
For each jaw (upper or For each jaw (upper or maxillamaxilla or lower or or lower or mandible:mandible:
IncisorsIncisors (4) in the front (4) in the front for cutting food)for cutting food)
CaninesCanines (cuspid) (2) for (cuspid) (2) for piercingpiercing
Premolars Premolars (4) for light (4) for light grinding of foodgrinding of food
Molars Molars (6) in back for (6) in back for heavy grinding of foodheavy grinding of food
Chimp and Human DentitionChimp and Human Dentition
Note the following:Note the following: Dental Arcade: Humans’ are arc-like; apes, parallel back Dental Arcade: Humans’ are arc-like; apes, parallel back
teethteeth Canines and Diastema (gap): Apes have larger canines Canines and Diastema (gap): Apes have larger canines
and gaps in opposite jaw to fit them; humans do not and gaps in opposite jaw to fit them; humans do not
Comparative Primate Anatomy: Comparative Primate Anatomy: Hand Structure Hand Structure
Our fingers are straight; that of the chimps and Our fingers are straight; that of the chimps and other apes are curvedother apes are curved
We have a much longer thumb than do the We have a much longer thumb than do the apesapes
Importance: we are capable of a more precise Importance: we are capable of a more precise grip than the apesgrip than the apes
This implies that we can make finer tools than This implies that we can make finer tools than those apes who can make and use toolsthose apes who can make and use tools
Human Hand Structure: DiagramHuman Hand Structure: Diagram
Our digits are straightOur digits are straight Our thumb is opposableOur thumb is opposable The thumb is longThe thumb is long
Ape and Human Hands: Ape and Human Hands: DiagramDiagram
Hands of orangutan, chimpanzee, gorilla and human Hands of orangutan, chimpanzee, gorilla and human Our thumbs are longer than the others’Our thumbs are longer than the others’ Less visible: apes’ digits are curved, ours are straightLess visible: apes’ digits are curved, ours are straight
Power and Precision GripPower and Precision Grip
Power grip:Power grip: Fingers Fingers and thumbs wrap and thumbs wrap around the objectaround the object
Precision grip:Precision grip: Forefingers and thumb Forefingers and thumb hold the objecthold the object
Importance: Importance: We can do We can do finer work compared to finer work compared to nonhuman primatesnonhuman primates
Comparative Primate Anatomy: Comparative Primate Anatomy: Bipedalism vs. QuadrupedalismBipedalism vs. Quadrupedalism
Humans are capable of Humans are capable of bipedalismbipedalism**the ability to stand and walk entirely on two feetthe ability to stand and walk entirely on two feet
Chimpanzees can walk on two feet, but they are Chimpanzees can walk on two feet, but they are closer to closer to quadrupedalismquadrupedalism**the ability to move around on four feetthe ability to move around on four feet
Advantages of BipedalismAdvantages of Bipedalism
Efficient locomotionEfficient locomotion Freeing of hands for many proposesFreeing of hands for many proposes::
Foraging and hunting/scavengingForaging and hunting/scavenging
Tool making and useTool making and use
Care and provisioning of offspringCare and provisioning of offspring Increased height for viewing across landscapeIncreased height for viewing across landscape::
Tracking migrating herdsTracking migrating herds
Predator avoidancePredator avoidance
Bipedalism: DiagramBipedalism: Diagram apes are semi-bipedal, but use apes are semi-bipedal, but use
their knuckles to get around their knuckles to get around
the “quadrupedalism” of a the “quadrupedalism” of a human with that of a chimphuman with that of a chimp*the human is on his knees, not *the human is on his knees, not just his feetjust his feet*the chimp is using its hind *the chimp is using its hind feet, not its kneesfeet, not its knees
Comparative Human Anatomy: Comparative Human Anatomy: Locomotion Locomotion
Pelvis: length of the iliumPelvis: length of the ilium Arm lengthArm length Leg bonesLeg bones Foot structureFoot structure
Vertebral Column and PelvisVertebral Column and Pelvis Note the following:Note the following: Human vertebral column Human vertebral column
is S-shaped, supporting is S-shaped, supporting the upper torsothe upper torso
Chimp vertebral column is Chimp vertebral column is bow-shapedbow-shaped
Human pelvis, with ilium, Human pelvis, with ilium, is bowl-shaped; muscles is bowl-shaped; muscles from the thigh keep him from the thigh keep him uprightupright
Chimp pelvis is long, with Chimp pelvis is long, with flat ilium flat ilium
Pelvis and FemurPelvis and Femur Longer ilium of chimpLonger ilium of chimp Shorter, more curved Shorter, more curved
ilium of humanilium of human Straight vertical Straight vertical
orientation of chimp orientation of chimp femurs, do not support femurs, do not support the upper body wellthe upper body well
Inward angle of human Inward angle of human femurs, support the femurs, support the upper body more upper body more efficientlyefficiently
Foot StructureFoot Structure
Note the following:Note the following: Large toe of chimp foot Large toe of chimp foot
(right) is opposable to other (right) is opposable to other digitsdigits
Large toe of human foot Large toe of human foot (left) is aligned with other (left) is aligned with other digitsdigits
Ankle bones (tarsals) of Ankle bones (tarsals) of human foot are larger and human foot are larger and more rigid than the chimps more rigid than the chimps
Foot Arch: Longitudinal and Foot Arch: Longitudinal and TransverseTransverse
Note the following:Note the following: Longitudinal arch that runs Longitudinal arch that runs
from the first metatarsal to from the first metatarsal to the calcaneus (heel bone)the calcaneus (heel bone)
Large tarsals to the rear Large tarsals to the rear contribute to the rigid contribute to the rigid structure of the foot and its structure of the foot and its archarch
Transverse arch can be Transverse arch can be inferred from lower inferred from lower placement of outside foot to placement of outside foot to the instepthe instep
The chimp chromosomes 2a and 2b fused to The chimp chromosomes 2a and 2b fused to form the human chromosome 2form the human chromosome 2
Human
Great apes