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Community AssessmentSetting the Stage for Effective Programs
August 2020
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Welcome and Presenter Introductions
Cam Escoffery, PhD, MPH, CHESAssociate Director, Emory Prevention Research CenterProfessor, Rollins School of Public Health
Erin Lebow-Skelley, MPH Training and Communications Lead, Emory Prevention Research CenterLead Pubic Health Program Associate, Rollins School of Public Health
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Emory Prevention Research Center (EPRC)
• EPRC is one of 25 prevention research centers that conducts research on public health interventions focused on prevention
• It is based at the Rollins School of Public Health under the leadership of Dr. Michelle Kegler
• Our core research is to disseminate a healthy eating intervention among residents in Georgia through the 2-1-1 networks
• Website: http://web1.sph.emory.edu/eprc/
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Learning Objectives
1. Define a community assessment
2. Explain the benefits of conducting a comprehensive community assessment
3. Define the three phases of a community assessment
4. Describe methods of data collection for a community assessment
5. Locate data sources for your community assets and needs to inform future planning or grant writing
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Introduction to Community Assessment
• Defining community
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What is a Community and what are the Community Members?A group of people
• Linked by social ties
• Sharing common perspectives or interests
• Who may or may not share a geographic location
• Common culture or ethnic heritage
• Where they live
• Similar age
• Speak the same language
• Religion
• Communities are not homogeneous and seldom speak with one voice
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Healthy Community
• A healthy community is a place where:
• people provide leadership in assessing their own resources and needs
• public health and social infrastructure and policies support health
• where essential public health services, including quality health care, are available
-Institute of Medicine, 2003
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What is Community Assessment?
A process by which community members gain an understanding of the health, concerns, and health care systems of the community by identifying, collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information on community assets, strengths, resources, and needs.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
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Considerations: Planning for your Community Assessment (CA)• What do you want to
know?• What does your
community look like?
• Who should be part of the CA team?
• When do you need the CA results?
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Program Planning Model: 1st Step
Community Assessment
Goals and Objectives
Program Planning
Formative Evaluation
Program Implementation
Program Evaluation
Process Evaluation
Dissemination of Results
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Why do a Community Assessment (CA)?
• Identify and set priorities based on the need
• Understand the determinants of a health issue
• Identify assets, strengths, and resources in the community that might support a program*
• Outline goals and objectives of a program
• Provide standards for an evaluation of a program
*shift from term “community needs assessment”
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Why do a Community Assessment (CA)? (cont)• Identify outside organizations to
help meet needs or provide resources
• Help to decide how to best address a health issue
• Provide a systematic basis for which organizational decisions are made
• Create an awareness of a community concern or problem
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Benefits to Conducting CA• Understanding of the needs or concerns in your community
• Strengthening community involvement in decision making
• Better understanding of assets in the community and use of resources
• Improved communication with the public and other organizations
• Sustaining health initiatives when resources decline
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Challenges to Conducting CA
• Working across professional boundaries- tackling territorial attitudes preventing power or information sharing
• Lack of shared language between community sectors
• Lack of commitment from key stakeholders or team members
• Difficulties in accessing relevant local data (national data easier to find)
• Difficulties in accessing the target population
• Difficulties in translating findings into effective action
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Critical to Understanding Communities
Personal opinions, attitudes, risk or behavior assessment
Ecological or contextual influences on health behaviors or healthy environments
Catalog resources, capacities, or assets available (community strengths)
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Three-Phase Plan for Assessing Needs
Exploration Data Collection Utilization
Phase 1Pre-assessment
Phase 2Assessment
Phase 3Post-
assessment
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Phase 1: Pre-assessmentExploring and Organizing for Action
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Phase 1: Pre-assessment - Exploration
• Set up CA committee
• Investigate what is already known about the needs of the target group
• Determine the focus and scope of the assessment
• Determine specific data to collect and how data will be used
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Definitions of Stakeholders, Partners, and Target Population• Stakeholders – key contacts and other key informants in the
community, public health organizations and other related services, target population• Examples: Key agencies, participants, health professionals
• Partners – Coalition members, advisory board members
• Target Population – people directly affected by the needs assessment process (often termed priority population)
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Pre-assessment Steps
• Form a CA assessment committee and gain commitment for all stages of the assessment
• Interview key contacts, stakeholders, and informants
• Conduct community analysis and review of literature
• Identify major areas of need for data collection instrument
• Finalize a community assessment plan
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Set up CA Committee
Include voices of the community: Community members
Stakeholders Key Organizations
Health professionals
Staff
Leaders from community organizations
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Phase 2: AssessmentGathering What You Need
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Types of Date Sources
• Primary Data Sources- information collected directly by you or your organization
For example:
Community health concern survey
Key informant interviews
• Secondary Data Sources- information collected by someone else
For example:
Census data about your population in your city
Emergency room discharge records
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Types of Data Collection
1. Key Informant Interviews
2. Group Data Collection
3. Secondary Data*
*Focus on this data collection for this training
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Key Informant Interviews
Held with people who are knowledgeable of the community, health topic or organization
Interviews are interactive and allow open dialogue
They are conversations with a reason between 2 people
Help to frame what topics to ask about during data collection
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Interviewing Key Informants
Key informantA person in the community or target population
A person working with the community
A person who has access to information about the target population
What are some interview questions that you would want to ask your key informants?For community members
For service providers
For elected officials
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Primary Data Sources
Quantitative: Surveys/questionnaires
for key community members (key stakeholders) or target population
Methods:
Surveys
Direct observation of community or people
Qualitative: Professionals or community
members who are knowledgeable about health issue or audience
Methods: Interviews Group
Focus Groups Public meetings or forum
Windshield survey (drive/walk around community)
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Types of Questions – Primary Data Collection
Community
• How would you rate your health/health of your community?
• What are your key unmet health needs or concerns?
Health/Social Service Organization• How would you describe the current status of
the organization?
• What are you doing well? (start with assets)
• What are areas in your organization that need improvement? (weaknesses)
• What issues or challenges does the organizations face?
• What are key unmet needs or issues of your participants?
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Individual vs Organizational Assets
Individual Assets
Skills, talents, and experience
Individual businesses
Home-based enterprises
Personal income
Gifts of labeled people
Organizational Assets Association of
businesses Citizens’ associations Cultural organizations Communication
organizations Religious organizations
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Secondary Data Sources
• Reports about the community from schools, medical systems, health departments, or city governments
• Reports about health topics from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that describe rates and who has diseases
• Literature review
• Health information on websites
• Your agency (services, participation)
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Levels of Data for Community Analysis
National
State
Local
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National Level
U.S. Census Bureau (people)
Vital Registration System (births, marriages)
National Case Reporting SystemFederal Reporting System
National Health SurveysBehavior Risk Factor Surveillance
System (BRFSS)National Health Information Survey
National Health OrganizationsCenters for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC)American Cancer Society, etc.
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State Level
Bureau of Vital Statistics
State Health Department
State Department of Education
State Department of Justice
Office for Motor Vehicles
Offices of Voluntary and Private Health Agencies
Fact Books
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Local Level
Chamber of Commerce
City, county, regional planning offices
Newspaper Offices
Public Libraries
Insurance Companies
School Systems
Hospitals
Public/Private Mental and Public Health Centers
Community Residents Participants in Programs or
Services Neighborhood leaders
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Types of Health Data
Health Statistic Definition
Vital Statistics government database recording births and deaths
Mortality the number of deaths in a population (i.e., COVID-19 deaths in a county)
Morbidity number of cases of a specific disease in a population (i.e., diabetes)
Incidence the number of new cases of a specific disease occurring during a certain period in a population at risk
Hospital Discharge number of hospital stays and the reason for hospitalization
Risk Factor variable associated with an increased risk for disease(i.e., smoking, unhealthy eating)
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Some Useful Web Sites
U.S. Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov
National Center for Health Statistics: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs
State Cancer Profiles: http://statecancerprofiles.cancer.gov (can be accessed through the Cancer Control PLANET Web site, http://cancercontrolplanet.cancer.gov)
American Cancer Society’s Facts and Figures: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/STT/stt_0.asp
Online Analytical Statistical Information System (Oasis)
http://oasis.state.ga.us/
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Goal of Phase 2:Data Collection MethodsCollect data and hear voices from the
community
Learn about the communityLearn about assets and perceived needs
Elicit voice of community
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Secondary Data CollectionExample of Key Online Community Assessment Resources
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U.S. Census Bureau
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About the U.S. Census Bureau
• The Census Bureau serves as a primary source of quality data about a community’s people and economy (i.e., # of people in the home, race/ethnicity, adults/children)
• The Census Bureau includes more than just the 10 year Census! • the American Community Survey is an annual survey that provides updated
estimates based on Census data and more detailed information.
• Census data allow for a closer look into information from different geographies: counties, cities, zip codes, etc.
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U.S. Census Bureau – Explore Census Datahttps://www.census.gov/en.html
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U.S. Census Bureau – Explore Data Main Page
NOTE: American FactFinder has been replaced by Data.Census.Gov!
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U.S. Census Bureau – Explore Census Data
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U.S. Census Bureau – Albany, Georgia
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U.S. Census Bureau – Albany, GA Data Search
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U.S. Census Bureau – Maps and Profiles
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OASIS
Full of interactive tools that have access to Georgia Department of Public Health’s standardized health data storage
Includes vital statistics (e.g. births, deaths, and pregnancies), hospital discharge, ER visit, population, and behavior risk factor surveillance survey data
Choose data based on certain criteria such as age, race, ethnicity, sex/gender, and health/county district
https://oasis.state.ga.us/
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Online Analytical Statistical Information System (OASIS)
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https://covid19.emory.edu/
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Activity
Explore one of these two sites and find a data point or interesting fact about your county
• https://data.census.gov/cedsci/
• https://oasis.state.ga.us/
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County Health Rankings Home Page
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About County Health Rankings
• The rankings help measure the health of counties in all 50 states
• Translates complex data into accessible reports and models that helps with understanding community health needs as well as evaluation of improvement efforts
• It offers reliable source of local data to communities that assists community leaders in identifying opportunities to improve the population’s health
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Georgia County Health Rankings
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Phase 3: Posttest-assessmentAction Items and Dissemination of Results
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Post-Assessment Activities
• Review community assessment data or report
• Consider recommendation of actions based on the data reported and placed them into some level of prioritization (i.e., short-term activities vs longer-term activities)
• Discuss ways of sharing the data with your assessment team• Public/Community: newsletter or article, public forum, factsheet, summary
on agency’s website
• Health Professionals: executive summary, full report
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Questions?
Next Training:Grantwriting Webinar: September 11th
Check out the EPRC website for more information: http://web1.sph.emory.edu/eprc/
Questions: Contact Erin Lebow-Skelley, [email protected]
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
This presentation was supported by Cooperative Agreement 5U48-DP001909 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The
findings and conclusions in this presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Community Toolbox Website
http://ctb.ku.edu/en/dothework/tools_tk_2.aspx
Mission: Promoting community health and development by connecting people, ideas and resources
Provides information for a variety of actions for community health enhancement Including Community Needs Assessments
Outline for conducting CNA
Resources
Examples of CNAs
Community Assessment Handout