SAGE BENCHMARKS IN COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION THEORY
VOLUME 1 General Approoches to Communication and the Processing of
Communication on the Intra-Individual Level
Edited by
Peter J. Schulz
ISAGE loo Angeles 1 London 1 New Def1i
Siigapore 1 Wasl*iglon DC
Contents
Appendix of Sources Editors Introduction Peter J. Schulz
xi xxi
Volume I: General Approaches to Communication and the Processing of Communication on the
Intra-Individual Level
1.GeneralApproaches
1. Symbolic lnteraction: An Approach to Human Communication 3 Herbert Blumer
2. Narration as a Human Communication Paradigm: The Case of Public Moral Argument 19 Walter R. Fisher
3. Ideology and Communication Theory 47 Stuart Hall
4. The Model of Language as Organon 61 Karl Bühler
5. Pragma-Dialectical Theory of Argumentation 71 Fraru H. van Eemeren
6. Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm 111 Robert M. Entman
Processing of Communication on the Intra-Individual Level
2. Focussing on the Communicator and the Message
7. The Logic of Message Design: Individual Differences in Reasoning about Communication Barbara J. O'Keefe
8. A Cognitive Approach to Human Communication: An Action Assembly Theory John 0. Greene
9. An Approach to the Study of Communicative Acts Theodore M. Newcomb
Processing of Communication on the Intra-Individual Level
3. Focussing on the R.ecipient
123
153
177
10. Attitudes and Cognitive Organization 195 Fritz Heider
11. The Principle of Congruity in the Prediction of Attitude Change 201 Charles E. Osgood and Percy H. Tannenlxwm
vi Contents
12. Actions and Attitudes: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance 219 Joel Cooper, Robert Mirabile and Steven J. Scher
13. Attribution and Comrnunication: Are People "Naive Scientists" or Just Naive? 237 Alan L. Sillars
14. Social Judgment Theory 269 Donald Granberg
Processing of Communication on the Intra-Individual Level
4. Focussing on the Effects
15. An Overview of Persuasibility Research lrving L. Janis and Carl 1. Havland
16. The Frarning of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman
17. The Pragmatic Perspective of Human Comrnunication: A View from System Theory B. Aubrey Fisher
Volume Il: Communication between People
1. Focussing on the Communicator
18. Communicating under Uncertainty Charles R. Berger
19. Dimensions of Compliance-gaining Behavior: An Empirical Analysis Gerald Marwell and David R. Schmitt
20. Notes on a Natural History of Fads Rolf Meyersohn and Elihu Katz
21. The Diffusion of an Innovation among Physicians James Coleman, Elihu Katz and Herbert Menzel
22. The Communication of Diagnostic Information by Doctors to Patients in the Consultation Peter J. Schulz
2. Focussing on the Message
297
309
327
3
27
41
53
71
23. Compliance without Pressure: The Foot-in-the-Door Technique 87 Jonathan L. Freedman and Scott C. Fraser
24. Reciprocal Concessions Procedure for Inducing Compliance: The Door-in-the-Face Technique 101 Robert B. Cialdin~ Joyu E. Vincent, Stephen K. Lewis, Jose Catalan, Diane Wheeler and Betty Lee Darby
25. The Contribution of Speech Act Theory to the Analysis of Conversation: How Pre-Sequences Work 119 Fran~is Cooren
26. Relationships as Dialogues Leslie A Baxter
3. Focussillg Oll the Recipiellt
Contents vii
143
27. To Think or Not to Think: E:xploring Two Routes to Persuasion 175 Ri.chard E. Petty, John T. Cadoppo, Alan J. Strathman and Joseph R. Priester
28. The Heuristic-Systematic Model of Social Information Processing 217 Alexander Todorov, Shelly Chaiken and Marlone D. Henderson
29. Problematic Integration Theory 239 Austin S. Babrow
30. Resistance to Persuasion Conferred by Active and Passive Prior Refutation of the Same and Alternative Counterarguments 265 William J. McGuire
31. From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior 277 IcekAjzen
4. Focussing Oll the Effects
32. Nonverbal E:xpectancy Violations: Model Elaboration and Application to Immediacy Behaviors Judee K. Burgoon and Jerold L. Hale
33. Dialogical Wisdom, Communicative Practice, and Organizational Life J. Kevin Barge and Martin Little
34. Toward a Theory of Family Communication Ascan E Koemer and Mary Anne Fitzpatrick
35. Interpersonal Effects in Computer-mediated lnteraction: A Relational Perspective Joseph B. Walther
311
339
361
383
Volume m: Communication in Organi7.ations and Groups
1. Focussing Oll the Communicator
36. The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-to-Date Repon on an Hypothesis 3 Elihu Katz
37. The Influentials: Back to the Concept of Opinion Leaders? 21 Gabriel Weimann
38. Group Decision-making as a Structurational Process 33 Marshall Scott Poole, David R. Seibold and Robert D. McPhee
39. The Evolution and Current Status of the Functional Perspective on Communication in Decision-making and Problem-solving Groups 69 Dennis S. Gouran. Randy Y. Hirokawa, Kelly M. Julian and Geoff B. Leatham
viii Contents
2. Focussing on the Message
40. Notes towards a Description of Social Representations Serge Moscovici
41. Perspectives on Group Argument: A Critical Review of Persuasive Arguments Theory and an Alternative Structurational View Renee A Meyers and David R Seibold
42. Critical Theory Stanley Deetz
43. The Communicational Basis of Organization: Between the Conversation and the Text James R Taylor, Franfois Cooren, Nicole Giroux and Daniel Robichaud
3. Focussing on the Recipient
44. Collective Mind in Organizations: Heedful Interrelating
99
145
183
207
on Flight Decks 249 Karl E. Weick and Karlene H. Roberts
45. Opinion Spirals, Silent and Otherwise: Applying Small-Group Research to Public Opinion Phenomena 277 Vincent Price and Scott Allen
46. The Network Level of Analysis 299 Peter R Monge
47. Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change 329 Albert Bandura
4. Focussing on the Effects
48. Gossip and Scandal Max Gluckman
49. The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior Henri Taifel and John C. Turner
50. Communication in Interpersonal Relationships: Social Penetration Processes Dalma.s A Taylor and lrwin Altman
Volume IV: Mass Communication
1. Focussing on the Communicator
51. A Conceptual Model for Communications Research Bruce H. Westley and Malcolm S. MacLean Jr.
52. Social Control in the Newsroom: A Functional Analysis Warren Breed
365
385
413
3
13
53. Objectivity as Strategie Ritual: An Examination of Newsmen's Notions of Objectivity Gaye Tuchman
54. Tue Structure of Foreign News Johan Galtung and Mari Holmboe Ruge
2. Focussing on the Message
55. Information Theory and Mass Communication Wübur Schramm
56. Up and Down with Ecology - Tue "Issue-Attention Cycle" Anthony Downs
57. International News: Intra and Extra Media Data Karl Erik Rosengren
58. Instrumental Actualization: A Theory of Mediated Conflicts Hans Mathias Kepplinger, Hans-Bernd Brosius and Joachim Friedrich Staab
59. Theoretical Foundations of Campaigns William J. McGuire
3. Focussing on the Recipient
Contents ix
29
47
85
105
117
135
157
60. Consensus and Mass Communication 183 Louis Wirth
61. Tue Role ofTheory in Uses and Gratifications Studies 203 Jay G. Blumler
62. Exposure to Political Content in Newspapers: The Impact of Cognitive Dissonance on Readers' Selectivity 223 Wolfgang Donsbach
63. Tue Theory of Public Opinion: Tue Concept of the Spiral of Silence 24 7 Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann
64. Media Priming Effects: Accessibility, Association, and Activation 279 David Domke, Dhavan V. Shah and Daniel B. Wackman
4. Focussing on the Effects
65. Mass Communication, Popular Taste, and Organized Social Action 303 Paul E Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton
66. Tue Obstinate Audience: Tue Influence Process from the Point of View of Social Communication 321 Raymond A Bauer
67. Communication and Social Change 337 Bruce H. Westley
68. Living with Television: Tue Dynamics of the Cultivation Process 355 George Gerbner, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan and Nancy Signorielli
69. Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge 379 P.J. Tichenor, GA Donohue and C.N. Olien
70. Information, Values, and Opinion 391 John Zaller