Download - Commas
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GrammarFrom the batting cage
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Some COMMA
Rules
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Use a comma after an introductory prepositional phrase of four or more words.
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Down the roadDown the road an old man walks his dog.
Down the dusty roadDown the dusty road,, an old man walks his dog.
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Use a comma after introductory adverbs and verbal clauses regardless of length.
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Slowly,Slowly, the old man picked up a stick.
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While resting,While resting, he tossed the stick.
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Grumbling,Grumbling, the dog fetched the stick.
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While whistling,While whistling, the old man lost a tooth.
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Before he left,Before he left, he picked it up.
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Use a comma after introductory interjections.
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Yes,Yes, the old man loves his dog.
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No,No, he’s not interested in selling it.
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Well,Well, he might loan you the dog for a day.
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Oh,Oh, I see.
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Hey,Hey, I get I get it already.it already.
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Use a comma between two adjectives modifying a noun.
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The tired, oldtired, old man walked his dog every day.
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The grizzled, grizzled, ancientancient dog walked with his old man every day.
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The long, windinglong, winding road leads to his door.
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The hot, dusty, hot, dusty, dry, uphill trail dry, uphill trail tired the old man.
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The extremely old man hugged his dog.
extremely is an adverb. It is modifying the adjective, not the noun
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More adverbs without commas
The barely conscious dog grunted.The extremely tired runner collapsed.He walked into the mostly empty room.It is an openly aggressive act.It is a commonly heard expression.A terribly humid day shortened the hike.
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Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series.
Use a comma after each item except the last.
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The colors of the flag are red,
white, and blue.
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My favorite flavors are chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry.
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He opened the letter, read it
carefully, and stuck it in his pocket.
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My favorite foods are tacos, tangerines, and
peanut butter and jelly sandwiches.
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My favorite foods are tacos, tangerines, peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, and ham and eggs.
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Use commas to separate nonessential phrases
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The old man, alone , alone with his thoughts,with his thoughts, continued to walk his dog.
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The old man, alone , alone with his thoughts,with his thoughts, continued to walk his dog.
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The dog, hungry , hungry and tired,and tired, followed along behind.
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The dog, hungry , hungry and tired,and tired, followed along behind.
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The old man jumped when he saw the stick, thinking it , thinking it was a snake.was a snake.
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The old man jumped when he saw the stick, thinking it , thinking it was a snake.was a snake.
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The students, who found the material difficult, met after school.
The students who found the material difficult met after school.
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My sister, Mary, is visiting.My sister, Mary, is visiting.
My sister Mary is visiting.My sister Mary is visiting.
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Use a comma before which, but no comma before that.
THAT is a defining pronoun.
WHICH is a non-defining pronoun.
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The computer that is computer that is brokenbroken is in the shop.
The computer, which is which is broken,broken, is in the shop.
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This is the house that Jack built.
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This is the house, which Jack built.
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Use commas to separate states.
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I drove to Lansing, Michigan, with my cousin.
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Use a comma to when giving dates to separate the year from the month and day.
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We arrived on January 27, 1998, and booked a hotel.
Sam visited Boston in May 1997 to see his uncle.
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Use commas to set off words of direct address.
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Johnny, do your homework.
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Mother, may I go to Gilman Street?
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Honey, take out the trash.
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I am trying, dear, to fix your radio.
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I want you to do it, Ed.
I want Ed to do it.
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Use commas before coordinating conjunctions that join independent clauses of a compound sentence.
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INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: a group of words that contain both a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentence when separated from a compound sentence
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Two sentences stuck together with and, but, or between them.
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The old man reached his house, and he opened the front gate.
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The old man reached his house and opened the front gate.
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The old man reached his house. He opened the front gate.
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The leash seemed heavy in his hand, but he didn’t turn to check on his dog.
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The leash seemed heavy in his hand. He didn’t turn to check on his dog.
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He saw old Luke He saw old Luke was out cold and was out cold and bent down to bent down to check on him.check on him.
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Final note: Linguistically, a comma translates as a pause in speech.
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When in doubt, read your writing read your writing aloud,aloud, and punctuate according to sound.
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