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Cohesion: Reference words
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IntroductionReference words are used to:
• refer back to people, objects and ideas that have been mentioned earlier, or
• refer forward to people, objects and ideas that will be mentioned later.
These words allow the writer to avoid repeating words, paragraphs, and sometimes whole sentences.
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IntroductionReference words include:
• it/they/them
• this/that
• these/those
• the former/the latter/respectively
• who/which/that
• one/ones
• such
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It/they/them
‘It’, ‘they’ and ‘them’ are used to replace subjects or ideas that have been mentioned previously.
Relocating the research facility to Osaka would seem sensible. It would save the company a considerable amount of money each year.
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It/they/them
Bavaria is an attractive region in which to live.
It has mountains and lakes, and is close to the
ski resorts in Germany and Austria.
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It/they/them
We have received large numbers of reports about the economic outlook in Japan. We are studying them carefully. They contain useful marketing information.
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This/that/these/those
‘This’ and ‘these’ are used to refer to objects or ideas that are near in place or time. For example, ‘this/these proposal(s)’ mean(s) the one(s) just made or about to be made.
‘That’ and ‘those’ are used to refer to objects or ideas that are more remote in place or time.
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This/that/these/those
At our recent meeting, you suggested we
establish a joint venture in Japan. This
seems to be an attractive proposal, and I
should like to discuss it with you further.
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This/that/these/those
Thank you for sending me some samples of
your products. These are being inspected by
our engineers and we expect to make a
purchase order in the near future.
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This/that/these/those
The Prime minister was accused in the press of
wishing to increase taxation. That is not the
policy of the government, however, and the
press reports are incorrect.
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This/that/these/those
Queries from customers are dealt with by the
Customer Services Department. Those who
complain receive an answer within 24 hours.
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The former/the latterWhen you have written about two subjects or two ideas, you may then wish to refer to them again in the next sentence. If you write ‘it’ or ‘he’, the reader may not understand which of the two you are referring to.
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The former/the latterYou can use:
• ‘the former’ which refers to the first mentioned of two items
• ‘the latter’ which refers to the second mentioned of two items
• ‘respectively’ which refers to each of the items in the order in which they were written, the former, then the latter
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The former/the latter
Last week , we experienced production
problems at our plants in Leeds and London. At
the former, there was a two-day strike by the
workers. At the latter, there was a machine
breakdown. Output, as a percentage of normal
capacity at these factories was 60% and 75%
respectively.
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The former/the latter
We will be visited on Tuesday 12 March by
Mr Laclos and Mr Ibsen. The former is
Managing Director of our operation in
France and Italy.
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The former/the latter
Our new 6 series and 8 series models sell for
60,000 US dollars and 100,000 US dollars
respectively.
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Who/which/that ‘Who’ refers only to people. ‘Which’ refers to things or ideas. ‘That’ refers to people, things or ideas, and can be used instead of who and which.
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Who/which/that
Thank you for your letter of 25 October, which I
received today.
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Who/which/that
A dispute has arisen between management and
the sales staff who think that they are being
asked to do too much.
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Who/which/that
At the conference, Mr Naumann will talk about
the developments that are taking place in the
company.
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Who/which/thatNote:
‘Which’ can be used with ‘all of’, ‘some of’ or ‘none of’ to qualify the amount or number of things being referred to.
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Who/which/that
The computers, all of which have been upgraded, will be in use from the beginning of next month.
The goods, some of which have been dispatched already, should all have arrived by next Friday.
The prices, none of which has been changed, are listed in the brochure.
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One/ones‘One’ (singular) or ‘ones’ (plural) can be used as a substitute for a noun that has previously been mentioned.
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One/ones
There are two relevant laws. The most important one refers to the rates of tax applicable.
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One/ones
I have quite a large number of 35 millimeter
slides that you could borrow. I can let you have
any of the ones I don’t need myself.
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One/ones
There are many problems to overcome,
one of which is the security issue.
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One/ones‘One of which’ can be used to refer to one item from a number of previously mentioned items.
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One/ones
There are three new production assistants,
one of whom is a French graduate.
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One/ones‘One of whom’ can be used to refer to one person from a number of previously mentioned people.
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Such‘Such’ refers to things or people of a similar type to ones that have been mentioned previously.
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Such
Profits form selling investments are capital gains.
Such gains are taxable at a rate of 40%.
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Such
In recent months, we have experienced many
problems with hardware. Such problems are not
easy to solve and we have had to ask for technical
assistance.