Download - Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction
![Page 1: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cognition
• Middle English cognicion, from Anglo-French, from
Latin cognition-, cognitio, from cognoscere to become
acquainted with, know, from co- + gnoscere to come to
know
• The act or process of knowing; perception.
• the product of such a process; something thus known,
perceived,
• Faculty for processing information
• Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism become
aware of or obtain knowledge (MeSH)
• A conscious intellectual act , mental process of knowing
learning, thinking, judging
![Page 3: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Neuro Science
Cognitive Neuroscience
![Page 5: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Knowledge can be acquired by….
Surfing Diving
![Page 6: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Begin with beginning
•Trepanning done in South America over 10,000 years•To let the bad spirit out that tormented the brains
•Surgical Papyrus the oldest medical writing 1600 BC•the first known descriptions of cranial sutures, the external brain surface, brain liquor (CSF) and intracranial pulsation•Head and spine trauma and their effect
![Page 7: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Alcmaeon of Croton (500 BC)
•Brain as the site of sensation
•Optic nerve as hollow carried the information to
the brain where sensory modalities had its own
localization
![Page 8: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Brain and Heart
Hippocrates 460-377 BC
“Men ought to know that from the brain and from the brain only arise our pleasures, joys, laughter and
jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, grieves and tears”.
Aristotle 384-322 B.C
“the heart as the organ of thinking, of perception and feelings,”
“brain could cool the passion of heart”
![Page 9: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Galen 130-200 AD
![Page 10: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Brain as hollow organ
• The first pair of ventricles were the
seat of the “common senses”. They
would make the analysis of the
information originated in the sense
organs.
•The resultant images were carried
to the middle ventricle, the seat of
reason, thinking and wisdom.
•Then came into action the last
ventricle, the seat of memory”
![Page 12: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Renaissance
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564 CE)
![Page 13: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Descartes, Brain and Mind
•“most active and quickest particles of the blood” were taken by the arteries from the heart to the brain, where they were transformed in a very subtle air or wind, a very pure and active flame: the “animal spirits” •that filaments in the nerves (supposed to be tubes) could move little valvules, opening pores that would allow the flowing or the animal spirits.
![Page 14: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sleeping and Waking
Descartes 1662
![Page 15: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Phrenology 1806
![Page 16: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Lobar Localization
Paul Broca 1868
![Page 17: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Bioelectricity
![Page 18: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Discovery of Neuron
Ramony Cajal and Camillo Golgi 1906 Noble
![Page 19: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Nerve Cell
![Page 20: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Supporting cells
![Page 21: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ion distribution across cell membrane
A. Effect of concentration difference
B. Electrical potential difference affecting negative ions
C. Pressure difference
![Page 22: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Ion movement across cell
![Page 23: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Resting membrane Potential
![Page 24: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Action Potential
![Page 25: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Propagation of AP
![Page 26: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Refractory Period
![Page 27: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Synapse
![Page 28: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Electrical synapse
![Page 29: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Chemical Synapse
![Page 30: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Neurotransmitter release
![Page 31: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Post synaptic receptor
![Page 32: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Depolarization of Post Synaptic Neuron
![Page 33: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Repolarization
![Page 34: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Excitatory and Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
![Page 35: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
1. The substance must be present within the presynaptic neuron
2. The substance must be released in response to presynaptic depolarization, and the release must be Ca2+-dependent.
3. Specific receptors for the substance must be present on the postsynaptic cell
![Page 36: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Brain Development
![Page 37: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Anatomical planes
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
Medial
Anatomical Planes
![Page 38: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Cerebrum
![Page 40: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Functional Organization
![Page 41: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Functional Organization of NS
![Page 42: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Motor System
![Page 43: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Motor System
![Page 44: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Autonomic Nervous System
![Page 45: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Sensory System
Pain temp touch Position and vibration sense
![Page 46: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Smell and Taste
![Page 47: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Hearing
![Page 48: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Vision
![Page 49: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Consciousness
![Page 50: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Sleeping
![Page 51: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Language and Communication
![Page 53: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Intelligence
![Page 55: Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103110/548be228b47959cf398b4663/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)