Download - Cognitive Dissonance
• Cognitive Dissonance
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Persuasion - Cognitive Dissonance Theory
1 For example, a person who is addicted to smoking cigarettes but
also suspects it could be detrimental to his health suffers from cognitive
dissonance.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Persuasion - Cognitive Dissonance Theory
1 The most famous example of how Cognitive Dissonance can be used for persuasion comes from Festinger and
Carlsmith’s 1959 experiment in which participants were asked to
complete a very dull task for an hour
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Interpersonal communication - Cognitive dissonance theory
1 The theory of cognitive dissonance, part of the Cybernetic Tradition, explains how humans are
consistency seekers and attempt to reduce their dissonance, or discomfort, in new
situations.Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press. The theory was developed in the 1950s by Leon Festinger.Donsbach,
Wolfgang (2008). Cognitive Dissonance Theory. The International Encyclopedia of
Communication. Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed). Blackwell Publishing.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Interpersonal communication - Cognitive dissonance theory
1 For this reason, cognitive dissonance is considered a drive state that
encourages motivation to achieve consonance and reduce dissonance.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Interpersonal communication - Cognitive dissonance theory
1 An example of cognitive dissonance would be if someone holds the belief that maintaining a healthy lifestyle is important, but they don’t regularly work out or eat healthy, they may
experience dissonance between their beliefs and their actions
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Choice-supportive bias - Relation to cognitive dissonance
1 The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce Cognitive dissonance|dissonance.
Choice-supportive bias is potentially related to the aspect of cognitive dissonance
explored by Jack Brehm (1956) as postdecisional dissonance. Within the
context of cognitive dissonance, choice-supportive bias would be seen as reducing the conflict between I prefer X and I have
committed to Y.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Persuade - Cognitive Dissonance Theory
1 For example, a person who is addicted to smoking cigarettes but
also suspects it could be detrimental to his health suffers from cognitive
dissonance.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Persuade - Cognitive Dissonance Theory
1 The most famous example of how Cognitive Dissonance can be used for persuasion comes from Festinger and
Carlsmith’s 1959 experiment in which participants were asked to
complete a very dull task for an hour
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Motivation - Cognitive dissonance theory
1 Suggested by Leon Festinger, cognitive dissonance occurs when an individual experiences some degree
of discomfort resulting from an inconsistency between two
cognitions: their views on the world around them, and their own personal
feelings and actions
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Motivation - Cognitive dissonance theory
1 While not a theory of motivation, per se, the theory of cognitive
dissonance proposes that people have a drive theory|motivational
drive to reduce dissonance
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance
1 Cognitive dissonance
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance
1 Leon Festinger's 'theory of cognitive dissonance' focuses on how humans strive for internal consistency. When
inconsistency (dissonance) is experienced, individuals largely
become psychologically distressed. His basic hypotheses are listed
below:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Magnitude of dissonance
1 The pressure to reduce cognitive dissonance is a function of the magnitude of said
dissonance.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Reducing cognitive dissonance
1 Cognitive dissonance theory is founded on the assumption that individuals seek
consistency between their expectations and their reality. Because of this, people
engage in a process called dissonance reduction to bring their cognitions and actions in line with one another. This
creation of uniformity allows for a lessening of psychological tension and distress.
According to Festinger, dissonance reduction can be achieved in three ways:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Theory and research
1 Most of the research on cognitive dissonance takes the form of one of four
major paradigms. Important research generated by the theory has been
concerned with the consequences of exposure to information inconsistent with a prior belief, what happens after individuals act in ways that are inconsistent with their
prior attitudes, what happens after individuals make decisions, and the effects
of effort expenditure.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Belief disconfirmation paradigm
1 If the dissonance is not reduced by changing one's belief, the dissonance can result in
restoring consonance through misperception, rejection or refutation of the information,
seeking support from others who share the beliefs, and attempting to persuade
others.Harmon-Jones, Eddie, A Cognitive Dissonance Theory Perspective on
Persuasion, in The Persuasion Handbook: Developments in Theory and Practice, James
Price Dillard, Michael Pfau, eds
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Belief disconfirmation paradigm
1 They faced acute cognitive dissonance: had they been the victim of a hoax? Had they donated their worldly possessions in
vain? Most members chose to believe something less dissonant to resolve
reality not meeting their expectations: they believed that the aliens had given Earth a second chance, and the group
was now empowered to spread the word that earth-spoiling must stop
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Induced-compliance paradigm
1 A 2012 study using a version of the forbidden toy paradigm showed that
hearing music reduces the development of cognitive dissonance
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Free-choice paradigm
1 This can be explained in terms of cognitive dissonance
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - The Fox and the Grapes
1 A classic illustration of cognitive dissonance is expressed in the fable The Fox and the Grapes by Aesop (ca
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Other related phenomena
1 Cognitive dissonance has also been demonstrated to occur when people seek to:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Other related phenomena
1 There are other ways that cognitive dissonance is involved in shaping our
views about people, as well as our own identities (as discussed more in
the sections below)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Applications of research
1 In addition to explaining certain counter-intuitive human behaviour, the theory of cognitive dissonance
has practical applications in several fields.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Education
1 Creating and resolving cognitive dissonance can have a powerful
impact on students' motivation for learning.Aronson, E
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Education
1 Psychologists have incorporated cognitive dissonance into models of basic processes of learning, notably
constructivism (learning theory)|constructivist models
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Education
1 Meta-analysis|Meta-analytic methods suggest that interventions that provoke cognitive dissonance to achieve directed conceptual change
have been demonstrated across numerous studies to significantly increase learning in science and
reading.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Therapy
1 Cognitive dissonance: 50
years of a classic theory
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Therapy
1 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(85)90012-5 Cognitive
dissonance and psychotherapy: The role of effort justification in inducing weight loss.] Journal of Experimental
Social Psychology, 21, 149 –160.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Promoting healthy and pro-social behavior
1 Other studies suggest that cognitive dissonance can also be used to
encourage individuals to engage in prosocial behaviour under various
contexts such as campaigning against littering,Fried, C
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Marketing
1 Research and understanding of cognitive dissonance in consumers
reveals potential for developing marketing practices.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Marketing
1 Cognitive dissonance is also useful to explain and manage post-purchase
concerns. If a consumer feels that an alternate purchase would have been better it is likely he will not buy the product again. To counter this marketers have to convince
the buyer constantly that the product satisfies their need and thereby help to
reduce his cognitive dissonance and ensure repurchase of the same brand in the future.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Social engineering
1 Exploitation of weaknesses caused by inducing cognitive dissonance in
targets is one of the techniques used by perpetrators.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Challenges and alternative theories
1 While cognitive dissonance theory has been utilized in experiments and is generally (although not entirely)
accepted by those in the psychology field, there are alternative theories
that account for human attitudes and behaviors.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Self-perception theory (Bem)
1 Daryl Bem was an early critic of cognitive dissonance theory
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Self-perception theory (Bem)
1 [http://dbem.ws/SP%20Theory%20Cognitive%20Dissonance.pdf
Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena.]
Psychological Review, 74(3), 183–200.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Self-perception theory (Bem)
1 This provides support for cognitive dissonance theory and makes it
unlikely that self-perception by itself can account for all the laboratory
findings.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Self-perception theory (Bem)
1 Cognitive dissonance: Private ratiocination or public spectacle?
American Psychologist, 26(8), 685–695
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Averse consequences vs. inconsistency (Cooper Fazio)
1 [http://www.socialemotiveneuroscience.org/pubs/hj_etal96.pdf Evidence that the production of aversive consequences is not necessary to create cognitive dissonance.] Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 5–16.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Free-choice paradigm criticism (Chen et al.)
1 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011879108 Neural correlates of cognitive dissonance and choice-
induced preference change.] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 107(51), 22014-
22019.Sharot, T., Velasquez, C
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Neuroscience findings
1 [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/
26817210_Neural_activity_predicts_attitude_change_in_cognitive_dissona
nce/file/3deec51b8bf291652a.pdf Neural activity predicts attitude change in cognitive dissonance.]
Nature Neuroscience, 12(11), 1469–1474.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Neuroscience findings
1 [http://courses.washington.edu/evpsych/Egan%20Santos%20Bloom
%20-%20origins%20cog%20diss%20-%20Psy%20Sci%202007.pdf
The origins of cognitive dissonance: Evidence from children and monkeys] Psychological Science, 18(11), 978-
983.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Modeling in neural networks
1 Neural network models of cognition have provided the necessary
framework to integrate the empirical research done on cognitive
dissonance and attitudes into one model of explanation of attitude formation and change.Read, S.J.,
Vanman, E.J., Miller L.C
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Cognitive dissonance - Modeling in neural networks
1 Various neural network models have been developed to predict how
cognitive dissonance will influence an individual's attitude and behavior.
These include:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Leon Festinger - Cognitive dissonance
1 Festinger's seminal 1957 work integrated existing research
literature on influence and social communication under his theory of
cognitive dissonance.Festinger, 1957 The theory was motivated by a study
of rumors immediately following a severe earthquake in India in 1934
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Leon Festinger - Cognitive dissonance
1 Carlsmith published their classic cognitive dissonance experiment in 1959.Festinger Carlsmith, 1959 In
the experiment, subjects were asked to perform an hour of boring and
monotonous tasks (i.e., repeatedly filling and emptying a tray with 12
spools and turning 48 square pegs in a board clockwise)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Human subject research - Cognitive Dissonance
1 2007 Cognitive Dissonance, Fifty Years of a Classic Theory, SAGE
Publications In 1959, Festinger and Carlsmith devised a situation in
which participants would undergo excessively tedious and monotonous
tasks
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Rationalization (making excuses) - Cognitive dissonance
1 A rather different, but perhaps complementary, approach to rationalization comes from cognitive dissonance. 'In 1957.
Leon Festinger...argued that when people become aware that their attitudes, thoughts, and beliefs (cognitions) are inconsistent with one another, this realization brings with it an
uncomfortable state of tension called cognitive dissonance '.E. R. Smith and D. M. Mackie, Social Psychology (Hove 2007) p.
277-8
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
The Illuminatus! Trilogy - Cognitive dissonance
1 Those who experience cognitive dissonance become either very
flexible and agnostic or very rigid and schizophrenic
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Elliot Aronson - Cognitive dissonance
1 A theory of cognitive dissonance
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Buyer's remorse - Cognitive dissonance
1 The phenomenon of buyer’s remorse has been generally associated with
the psychological theory of cognitive dissonance, a state of psychological
discomfort when at least two elements of cognition are in
opposition, and which motivates the person to appease it by changing how they think about the situation
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Buyer's remorse - Cognitive dissonance
1 Low rewards matched with these three conditions will most likely result
in buyer’s remorse via cognitive dissonance
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Buyer's remorse - Cognitive dissonance
1 In this extension of cognitive dissonance, the duality of
satisfaction and intention are separate phenomena within buyer’s
remorse.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Ben Franklin effect - Effect as an example of cognitive dissonance
1 This perception of Franklin has been cited as an example within cognitive dissonance theory, which says that
people change their attitudes or behavior to resolve tensions, or
dissonance, between their thoughts, attitudes, and actions
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Self-justification - Cognitive dissonance: the engine that drives self-justification
1 The need to justify our actions and decisions, especially the ones inconsistent with our beliefs,
comes from the unpleasant feeling called cognitive dissonance.Festinger, L. (1957). A
theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Cognitive dissonance
is a state of tension that occurs whenever a person holds two inconsistent cognitions. For example, smoking will shorten the life which I wish to live for as long as possible and yet I
smoke three packs a day.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
System justification - Cognitive dissonance theory
1 One of the most popular and well-known social psychological theories, cognitive dissonance|
cognitive dissonance theory explains that people have a need to maintain cognitive
consistency in order to retain a positive self-image. System justification theory builds off the cognitive dissonance framework, in that it posits
people will justify a social system in order to retain a positive image of that social system,
which in turn could actually cause more conflict and dissonance within some people.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Attitude change - Cognitive dissonance theory
1 Cooper Fazio's (1984) have also added that cognitive dissonance does not arise from any simple
cognitive inconsistency, but rather results from freely chosen behavior
that may bring about negative consequences.Cooper J, Fazio RH
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Attitude change - Cognitive dissonance theory
1 Thus, attitude change is achieved when individuals experience feelings
of uneasiness or guilt due to cognitive dissonance, and actively
reduce the dissonance through changing their attitude, beliefs, or
behavior relating in order to achieve consistency with the inconsistent
cognitions.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Selective exposure theory - Cognitive dissonance theory
1 From a motivational account, the cognitive dissonance theory suggests that decision makers systematically
prefer supporting information in order to reduce the aversive
motivational state of dissonance
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Selective exposure theory - Cognitive dissonance theory
1 2) When dissonance is present, in addition to trying to reduce it, the
person will actively avoid situations and information which would likely increase the dissonance (Festinger, 1957).Festinger, L. (1957) A Theory
of Cognitive Dissonance, p. 3
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Selective exposure theory - Cognitive dissonance theory
1 Cognitive dissonance also occurs when people feel an attachment to
and responsibility for a decision, position or behavior
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Selective exposure theory - Cognitive dissonance theory
1 A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance p
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Selective exposure theory - Cognitive dissonance theory
1 The reduction in cognitive dissonance following a decision can
be achieved by selectively looking for decision-consonant information and avoiding contradictory information
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
Persuaded - Cognitive dissonance theory
1 For example, a person who is addicted to smoking cigarettes but
also suspects it could be detrimental to his health suffers from cognitive
dissonance.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
For More Information, Visit:
• https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html
The Art of Servicehttps://store.theartofservice.com