CNS STIMULANTS
JENNA WASHULESKI
AUDIENCE You may be suffering from an addiction, or
maybe you are an occasional user. You could be a family member or friend of an addict, or
you could just be a curious individual. No matter who you are, you are welcome to view this power point on CNS Stimulants,
health related symptoms, street slang terms, withdrawal symptoms, and more.
Addiction is a serious issue. Become aware of what CNS Stimulants are and how they effect our bodies in
this 20 minute presentation. Enjoy.
WHAT ARE CNS STIMULANTS
Central Nervous System Stimulants increase alertness, euphoria, and cause the user to feel more energized
• Also known as an “Upper”• Reason for Dependence and Misuse
Stimulants are classified in two categories
• Schedule I• “Designer” Amphetamines
• Schedule II• Amphetamine, Cocaine, Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society. 11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print..
CNS STIMULATES
Can be
• Prescribed by a doctor• Over-the-counter (OTC)• In small doses such as in chocolate and coffee
Abuse can occur to individuals who use stimulants for legitimate reasons or for illicit reasons.
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society. 11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print..
AMPHETAMINES
Video on Amphetamines (End video at 1:36)
Amphetamines are a sympathomimetic drug
• Similar to neurotransmitters like dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
Amphetamines increase the production of neurotransmitters (like dopamine) and prevent it from being recycled which creates a longer high feeling
BlueBelly. "How Stimulant Drugs Work." How Stimulant Drugs Work. BlueBelly, 09 June 2009. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.
APPROVED USES OF AMPHETAMINES
In 1932, inhalers were used to treat nasal congestion
• The first therapeutic use of amphetamine
Originally sold for obesity, alcoholism bed-wetting, depression, schizophrenia, morphine and codeine addiction, heart block,
head injuries, seasickness, persistent hiccups, and caffeine mania.
“In 1967, some 31 million prescriptions were written for anorexiants (diet pills) alone.”
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society. 11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print..
APPROVED USES OF AMPHETAMINES (CONTINUED)
In 1970, the Food And Drug Administration restricted legal use of amphetamines to three
medical conditions
1. Narcolepsy
2. Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
3. Short term weight reduction programs
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society. 11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print..
TYPES OF AMPHETAMINES
Methcathinone (“Cat”)
• Properties similar to methamphetamine and cocaine
Methylenedioxy-n-methylamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)• Stimulant and Hallucinogen
Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
Designer drugs are a product of amphetamine and methamphetamine that have prominent psychedelic effects in addition to their CNS stimulatory action.Some designer drugs are…
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society. 11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print..
TYPES OF AMPHETAMINES (CONTINUED)
Methamphetamine
Adderall
Adderall XR
Dexedrine
Detroamphetamine• Used for ADHD and
narcolepsyLevoamphetamine
• A psychostimulant used to increase alertness
Dextrostat
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Concerta
Vyvanse
Procentra
Focalin
Strattera
Lisdexamfetamine• Used for ADHD
"Lists of Amphetamines." Amphetamines.com. N.p., 2014. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.
COMMON SLANG TERMS FOR AMPHETAMINES
Speed Crystal Meth Bennies Dexies
Uppers Pep pills Ice Whiz Diet pills
Jolly beans Copilots Hearts Footballs White
crosses
Crank Chalk Glass
"Amphetamine Facts." Amphetamines. Australian Drug Foundation, 27 Jan. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
WHAT DO AMPHETAMINES LOOK LIKE?
Powder• Can vary in color, most common in white to
brown
Tablets And Capsules• Varies in color
Crystal• Most potent form of amphetamine• Large sheet like crystals or crystalline
powder
"Amphetamine Facts." Amphetamines. Australian Drug Foundation, 27 Jan. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATIONOral
Insufflation (Snorting)
Injection
Rectal
"Amphetamine." Drugs Forum RSS. SIN Foundation, 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.
AMPHETAMINE EFFECTS
Increases Energy Insomnia Euphoria
Decreases appetite• Weight loss
Increases concentration
Increases Motivation Irritability Dry mouth Alertness Anxiety and
panic
HeadacheIncreased heart rate and blood
pressure
Increased body temperature and sweating
Increased breathing rate Mood swings
Depression
Behavioral stereotypy•Meaningless repetition of single activity
"Amphetamine." Drugs Forum RSS. SIN Foundation, 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.
METHYLPHENIDATE (RITALIN)“A Special Amphetamine”
Mild stimulant
Schedule II drug
Blocks the reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline into their receptive neurons
Treats narcolepsy and ADHD
Intended to be used orally
• Can be abused by snorting or when used as a performance enhancer
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society. 11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print..
OTHER STIMULANT PRODUCTSCaffeine
Caffeine-like drugs (Xanthines)
• Stay-Awake Products• Picker-Uppers
Herbal stimulants
• Contain ephedrine, ephedra, or guarana
OTC Sympathomimetics
• Cold, allergic, and diet aid medications
Performance Enhancers
• Drugs taken to increase physical or mental performance to achieve a more positive result (Adderall for tests in school)
Methamphetamine
Cocaine
Crack cocaine
Daughtery, R., & O'Bryan, T. (2014). Prime for life. (8.0 ed.). Lexington, Kentucky, USA: Prevention Research Institute.
CAFFEINE
The worlds most frequently used and potentially the most popular drug. • Most commonly
consumed are methylxanthines (also known as Xanthines)
“Almost 80% of the world’s population consumes caffeine daily.”
“30% of Americans consume 600mg or more per day.”
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society. 11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print..
XANTHINE
Consumed in beverages and foods
• Coffee beans• Tea plants• Kola nuts• Mate leaves• Guarana paste• Yoco bark
OTC Medication
• NoDoz• Excedrin• Vivarin
• Herbal “natural products”
• Energy Drinks• Chocolate• Cocoa• Soft Drinks (Mountain
Dew, Pepsi, Coca-Cola, etc.)
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society. 11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print..
PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF XANTHINECNS Effects
• 100-200 mg/day - Alertness, arousal, and reduces tiredness• 300+ mg/day – Insomnia, increased tension, anxiety, and muscle twitches• 500+ mg/day – panic sensations, chills, nausea, and clumsiness• Extreme doses/day – May result in seizures, respiratory failure, and even death
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Effects • 500+ mg leads to increased heart activity• Can help with asthma-related respiratory problems
Caffeine Intoxication• Caffeinism: frequent high does of caffeine
Caffeine Dependence• Not likely to be an issue. Individual may experience headaches when not consuming
caffeine, but it shouldn’t interfere with daily activity.
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society. 11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print..
MDMA (ECSTASY)In late 1970s and early 1980s MDMA was used for psychotherapy
Schedule I Drug
Illegally manufactured
Causes user to feel sensory enhancement, psychedelic effects, hallucinations, and extreme euphoria
Often used at raves, clubs, and bars
Video on what MDMA does to your brain
“MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)” NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
MDMA (ECSTASY) STREET SLANG NAMES
Molly E X XTC
Adam Hug Beans Clarity
Lover’s Speed Love Drug
Taking more than one pill at once is called
“Bumping”
“MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)” NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
MDMA (ECSTASY)Form
• Pill, tablet, or capsule• Varies in colors• Often have cartoon-like images on them
Takes 15 minutes to enter bloodstream and reach brain
Takes 45 minutes to feel “high”
Last for 3 to 6 hours
“MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)” NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
MDMA (ECSTASY) NEGATIVE EFFECTS
Anxiousness
Sweating and chills
Dizziness
Muscle tension
Nausea
Blurred Vision
Increased heart rate
Increased blood pressure
Intense clenching of the teeth
Sadness and depression
• Can last for several days to a week
Memory difficulties
• Can become permanent
Dehydration that leads to hyperthermia
• Lead to heart and kidney problems
• Could lead to death
High levels in blood stream can lead to seizures
“MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)” NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
METHAMPHETAMINE
“More than 12 Million Americans have abused methamphetamine and 1.5 million of these uses are
addicted to this potent stimulant.”
“In 2009 approximately 500,000 people were using this potent
stimulant monthly.”
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society. 11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print..
METHAMPHETAMINE STREET SLANG NAMES
Meth Speed Chalk Tina
Ice Crystal Crank Glass
Fire Go fast
“Methamphetamine (Meth)." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
METHAMPHETAMINE
Chemically similar to amphetamines
Increase mood and happiness
Increase energy and alertness
“Methamphetamine (Meth)." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
METHAMPHETAMINE
Is a synthetic drug • Made with over-the-counter, toxic ingredients• Drain cleaner, battery acid, antifreeze, and more
Illegally man-made in… • Small laboratories • “Superlabs” • Big illegal laboratories
that make large quantities of meth
“Methamphetamine (Meth)." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
METHAMPHETAMINE
Forms• Powder• Pill• Rock called crystal• Shiny, white or clear
Method of Administration• Snorted• Smoked• Oral Ingestion • Sometimes mixed with alcohol or marijuana
“Methamphetamine (Meth)." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
Consumption of Methamphetamine can lead to overdose and death.
STAY AWAY FROM METH!
COCAINE
Derived from the leaves of
the Erthroxlon coca plant
Then produced into coca
paste (80% cocaine)
Paste is processed at laboratories
to form powder
Before Cocaine is sold on the streets, it is often mixed with other substances like powdered sugar, arsenic, methamphetamine, etc.• Purity can be
from 10% to 85%
“Cocaine has been used as a stimulant for thousands of years.”
Schedule II Drug
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
STREET SLANG FOR COCAINE
Blow Snow Flake C
Coke Toot White lady Nuggets
Tornado Rock(s) Fat Bags
Nose Candy
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
FORMS OF COCAINE
Little Pellets also known as rocks
• Must be crushed before use
Flakes or Powder
Speedball: cocaine typically mixed with heroin and smoked
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION
Orally Inhaled (snorted)
Injected Smoked
Sometimes powder cocaine is rubbed
onto tissues such as gums.
Freebasing: conversion of
cocaine into its alkaline form for
smoking
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
PHARMACOLOGICALEFFECTS OF COCAINEEnhanced activity of dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and serotonin transmitters
Blocks the reuptake and inactivation of these elements following their release from neurons
CNS Effects
• Creates increased strength, energy, and performance• Increases euphoria, self-confidence, well-being, and sociability
Cardiovascular System Effects
• Increases the levels of adrenaline, increases heart rate, raises blood pressure
Local Anesthetic Effects
• Reduces bleeding• Topical numbing effects
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society. 11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print..
EFFECTS OF COCAINEIncreased happiness and excitement
Talk, move, and think quickly
Alertness, wakefulness, restlessness
Heart beats faster
Nervousness and anxiety
Mood swings
Aggressiveness
Paranoia
Twitching and shaking of the body
Increased Blood Pressure
Could lead to heart attack or stroke
Suppressed appetite
Possible weight loss
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
EFFECTS OF COCAINEIf Individuals inject cocaine with dirty/shared needles, they are at higher risk for HIV/AIDS and hepatitis
Repeated snorting of cocaine can result in nosebleeds, constant runny nose, hoarseness, and sense of smell
• Cocaine user developed a hole in their nose over a period of time.
Oral consumption may lead to bowel problems and reduce blood flow in the intestines
Overdose
• Death
When the “high” wears off
• “Crash” feeling• Fatigue • Sadness• Cravings to do more cocaine• Feeling of sickness, stomach pain, headaches
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
COCAINE ABSTINENCE PHASESPhase 1: “Crash”• 28-48 hours since last binge• Depression, anorexia, suicidal thoughts, fatigue, no
craving, insomnia, and exhaustion
Phase 2: Withdrawal• 1-10 weeks since last binge• Mood swings, sleep returns, some craving, little anxiety,
intense craving, and obsessed with drug seeking
Phase 3: Extinction• Indefinite since last binge• Normal pleasure, mood swings, cues trigger craving
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society. 11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print..
CRACK COCAINE
Already processed cocaine and making it pure again is crack cocaine
• Could contain as much as 90% pure cocaine
Inexpensive
Typically smoked in a glass water pipe
• A rush or high happens within 8 to 10 seconds• The high can last about 3 to 5 minutes• “Crash” occurs for 10 to 40 minutes
• Extreme state of depression
Cocaine Hydrochloride Baking soda Water
Paste which dries into hard
rock pieces
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
WITHDRAWALS FROM CNS STIMULANTS
Hunger Anxiety Irritability Aggression
Radical mood swings
Depression Paranoia Extreme fatigue
Long but restless sleep
NightmaresSevere
distress and panic
"Amphetamine Facts." Amphetamines. Australian Drug Foundation, 27 Jan. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
CSN STIMULANTS AND PREGNANCY
Amphetamines – If a pregnant mother are taking prescription medicine, she should talk to her doctor about further taking medication.
Caffeine - Pregnant mothers should have less than 200 mg/day. Mothers who chose to drink caffeine are at higher risk of miscarriage and stillbirth. There can be slight reduction in weight of baby at birth.
MDMA (Ecstasy) - There has not been enough research in this area.
Methamphetamine – Low birth weight, Cleft palates, Premature birth, Mental and physical birth defects, Increased risk of miscarriage
Cocaine “Cocaine Babies” - Low birth weight, Premature birth, Small head, Increased irritability, Cognitive defects, Problems with motor skills and language development, Problems gathering info, short attention span. There is a high rate of mother’s abandoning their babies after birth.
Crack Cocaine “Crack Babies” – Similar defects to Cocaine Babies
Research done on CNS Stimulants and pregnancy is not fully understood and is not always clear because either there aren’t enough studies, or the current studies do not have well defined or properly matched pregnancy populations. Studies can also be contaminated there are poor nutrition, living conditions, and lifestyles, and other drug use such as alcohol was present during pregnancy. These symptoms are what may happen…
Chait, Jennifer. "What Are the Effects of Crystal Meth on Pregnancy?"LoveToKnow. Love To Know Corp., 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.
Pappas, Stephanie. "Ecstasy in Pregnancy Is Bad for Baby, Study Finds."LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 08 Mar. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.
"Caffeine during Pregnancy." BabyCenter. BabyCenter, L.L.C., Apr. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
Daughtery, R., & O'Bryan, T. (2014). Prime for life. (8.0 ed.). Lexington, Kentucky, USA: Prevention Research Institute.
"Amphetamine Facts." Amphetamines. Australian Drug Foundation, 27 Jan. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
TREATMENT FOR DEPENDENCE ON CNS STIMULANTS
Inpatient and outpatient programs
AODA Counseling
Psychological counseling
Motivation
Goals
Recovery Story, 15 Reasons to Overcome Addiction
IN THE APPROPRIATE BOX, WRITE DOWN THE PROS AND CONS BASED ON YOUR LOW RISK CHOICES TOWARDS CNS STIMULANTS. THEN WRITE DOWN THE PROS AND CONS OF CONTINUED HIGH RISK CHOICES.
Low Risk Choices High Risk Choices
PROS
CONS
In the video from the previous slide, Jessica listed 15 reasons to stay sober. What reasons can you think of? This chart will help you decide.
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CONCLUSION
If you or someone you know has an addiction, take action today!