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CloudComputing
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WhatisCloudComputing?
• CloudComputingisageneraltermusedtodescribeanew
classofnetworkbasedcomputingthattakesplaceoverthe
Internet,
– basicallyasteponfromUtilityComputing
– acollection/groupofintegratedandnetworkedhardware,
softwareandInternetinfrastructure(calledaplatform).
– UsingtheInternetforcommunicationandtransport
provideshardware,softwareandnetworkingservicesto
clients
• Theseplatformshidethecomplexityanddetailsofthe
underlyinginfrastructurefromusersandapplicationsby
providingverysimplegraphicalinterfaceorAPI(Applications
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WhatisCloudComputing?
• Inaddition,theplatformprovidesondemand
services,thatarealwayson,anywhere,
anytimeandanyplace.
• Payforuseandasneeded,elastic
– scaleupanddownincapacityandfunctionalities
• Thehardwareandsoftwareservicesare
availableto
– generalpublic,enterprises,corporationsand
businessesmarkets
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CloudSummary
• Cloudcomputingisanumbrellatermusedtoreferto
Internetbaseddevelopmentandservices
• Anumberofcharacteristicsdefineclouddata,
applicationsservicesandinfrastructure:
– Remotelyhosted:Servicesordataarehostedonremote
infrastructure.
– Ubiquitous:Servicesordataareavailablefromanywhere.
– Commodified:Theresultisautilitycomputingmodel
similartotraditionalthatoftraditionalutilities,likegas
andelectricity- youpayforwhatyouwouldwant!
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Architecture
• Thearchitecturebehindcloudcomputingisa
massivenetwork.
• Thecloudcomputinginfrastructureconsistsof
reliableservices.
• TheCloudappearsasasinglepointofaccess
forallthecomputingneedsofconsumers.
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CloudArchitecture
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WhatisCloudComputing
9Adopted from: Effectively and Securely Using the Cloud Computing Paradigm by peter Mell, Tim Grance
• Sharedpoolofconfigurablecomputingresources
• On-demandnetworkaccess
• ProvisionedbytheServiceProvider09/12/17 CMA. TCA Srinivasa Prasad
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CloudComputingCharacteristics
10
Common Characteristics:
Low Cost Software
Virtualization Service Orientation
Advanced Security
Homogeneity
Massive Scale Resilient Computing
Geographic Distribution
Essential Characteristics:
Resource Pooling
Broad Network Access Rapid Elasticity
Measured Service
On Demand Self-Service
Adopted from: Effectively and Securely Using the Cloud Computing Paradigm by peter Mell, Tim Grance
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CloudServiceModels
11
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Google App Engine
SalesForce CRM
LotusLive
Adopted from: Effectively and Securely Using the Cloud Computing Paradigm by peter Mell, Tim Grance
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SaaSMaturityModel
12Source: Frederick Chong and Gianpaolo Carraro, “Architectures Strategies for Catching the Long Tail”
Level2:Configurableper
customer
Level3:configurable&
Multi-Tenant-Efficient
Level1:Ad-Hoc/Custom–OneInstancepercustomer
Level4:Scalable,Configurable
&Multi-Tenant-Efficient
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DifferentCloudComputingLayers
Application Service(SaaS)
Application Platform
Server Platform
Storage Platform Amazon S3, Dell, Apple, ...
3Tera, EC2, SliceHost, GoGrid, RightScale, Linode
Google App Engine, Mosso,Force.com, Engine Yard,Facebook, Heroku, AWS
MS Live/ExchangeLabs, IBM, Google Apps; Salesforce.comQuicken Online, Zoho, Cisco
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Services
Application
Development
Platform
Storage
Hosting
CloudComputingServiceLayersDescriptionServices – Complete business services such as PayPal, OpenID, OAuth, Google Maps, Alexa
Services
ApplicationFocused
InfrastructureFocused
Application – Cloud based software that eliminates the need for local installation such as Google Apps, Microsoft Online
Storage – Data storage or cloud based NAS such as CTERA, iDisk, CloudNAS
Development – Software development platforms used to build custom cloud based applications (PAAS & SAAS) such as SalesForce
Platform – Cloud based platforms, typically provided using virtualization, such as Amazon ECC, Sun Grid
Hosting – Physical data centers such as those run by IBM, HP, NaviSite, etc.
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BasicCloudCharacteristics
• The“no-need-to-know”intermsoftheunderlying
detailsofinfrastructure,applicationsinterfacewith
theinfrastructureviatheAPIs.
• The“flexibilityandelasticity”allowsthesesystems
toscaleupanddownatwill
– utilisingtheresourcesofallkinds
• CPU,storage,servercapacity,loadbalancing,anddatabases
• The“payasmuchasusedandneeded”typeofutilitycomputingandthe“alwayson!,anywhereandanyplace”typeofnetwork-basedcomputing.
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BasicCloudCharacteristics
• Cloudaretransparenttousersand
applications,theycanbebuiltinmultiple
ways
– brandedproducts,proprietaryopensource,
hardwareorsoftware,orjustoff-the-shelfPCs.
• Ingeneral,theyarebuiltonclustersofPC
serversandoff-the-shelfcomponentsplus
OpenSourcesoftwarecombinedwithin-
houseapplicationsand/orsystemsoftware.
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SoftwareasaService(SaaS)
• SaaSisamodelofsoftwaredeploymentwherean
applicationishostedasaserviceprovidedto
customersacrosstheInternet.
• Saasalleviatestheburdenofsoftware
maintenance/support
– butusersrelinquishcontroloversoftwareversionsand
requirements.
• Termsthatareusedinthissphereinclude
– PlatformasaService(PaaS)and– InfrastructureasaService(IaaS)
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Virtualization
• Virtualworkspaces:
– Anabstractionofanexecutionenvironmentthatcanbemade
dynamicallyavailabletoauthorizedclientsbyusingwell-defined
protocols,
– Resourcequota(e.g.CPU,memoryshare),
– Softwareconfiguration(e.g.O/S,providedservices).
• ImplementonVirtualMachines(VMs):
– Abstractionofaphysicalhostmachine,
– HypervisorinterceptsandemulatesinstructionsfromVMs,andallows
managementofVMs,
– VMWare,Xen,etc.
• ProvideinfrastructureAPI:
– Plug-instohardware/supportstructures Hardware
OS
App App App
Hypervisor
OS OS
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VirtualMachines
• VMtechnologyallowsmultiplevirtual
machinestorunonasinglephysicalmachine.
Hardware
Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) / Hypervisor
Guest OS(Linux)
Guest OS(NetBSD)
Guest OS(Windows)
VM VM VM
AppApp AppAppAppXen
VMWare
UML
Denalietc.
Performance: Para-virtualization (e.g. Xen) is very close to raw physical performance!
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VirtualizationinGeneral
• Advantagesofvirtualmachines:
– Runoperatingsystemswherethephysicalhardwareis
unavailable,
– Easiertocreatenewmachines,backupmachines,etc.,
– Softwaretestingusing“clean”installsofoperatingsystems
andsoftware,
– Emulatemoremachinesthanarephysicallyavailable,
– Timesharelightlyloadedsystemsononehost,
– Debugproblems(suspendandresumetheproblemmachine),
– Easymigrationofvirtualmachines(shutdownneededornot).
– Runlegacysystems!
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Whatisthepurposeandbenefits?
• Cloudcomputingenablescompaniesand
applications,whicharesysteminfrastructure
dependent,tobeinfrastructure-less.
• ByusingtheCloudinfrastructureon“payasused
andondemand”,allofuscansaveincapitaland
operationalinvestment!
• Clientscan:
– Puttheirdataontheplatforminsteadofontheirown
desktopPCsand/orontheirownservers.
– Theycanputtheirapplicationsonthecloudandusethe
serverswithinthecloudtodoprocessinganddata
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Cloud-Sourcing
• WhyisitbecomingaBigDeal:
– Usinghigh-scale/low-costproviders,
– Anytime/placeaccessviawebbrowser,
– Rapidscalability;incrementalcostandloadsharing,
– CanforgetneedtofocusonlocalIT.
• Concerns:
– Performance,reliability,andSLAs,
– Controlofdata,andserviceparameters,
– Applicationfeaturesandchoices,
– InteractionbetweenCloudproviders,
– NostandardAPI– mixofSOAPandREST!
– Privacy,security,compliance,trust…2209/12/17 CMA. TCA Srinivasa Prasad
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SomeCommercialCloudOfferings
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CloudTaxonomy
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CloudStorage
• SeverallargeWebcompaniesarenowexploitingthe
factthattheyhavedatastoragecapacitythatcanbe
hiredouttoothers.
– allowsdatastoredremotelytobetemporarilycachedon
desktopcomputers,mobilephonesorotherInternet-
linkeddevices.
• Amazon’sElasticComputeCloud(EC2)andSimple
StorageSolution(S3)arewellknownexamples
– MechanicalTurk
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AmazonSimpleStorageService(S3)
• UnlimitedStorage.
• Payforwhatyouuse:
– $0.20perGByteofdatatransferred,
– $0.15perGByte-Monthforstorageused,
– SecondLifeUpdate:
• 1TBytes,40,000downloadsin24hours- $200,
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UtilityComputing– EC2
• AmazonElasticComputeCloud(EC2):
– Elastic,marshal1to100+PCsviaWS,
– MachineSpecs…,
– Fairlycheap!
• PoweredbyXen– aVirtualMachine:
– DifferentfromVmwareandVPCasuses“para-virtualization”where
theguestOSismodifiedtousespecialhyper-calls:
– HardwarecontributionsbyIntel(VT-x/Vanderpool)andAMD(AMD-V).
– Supports“LiveMigration”ofavirtualmachinebetweenhosts.
• Linux,Windows,OpenSolaris
• ManagementConsole/AP
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EC2– TheBasics
• LoadyourimageontoS3andregisterit.
• BootyourimagefromtheWebService.
• Openuprequiredportsforyourimage.
• ConnecttoyourimagethroughSSH.
• Executeyouapplication…
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OpportunitiesandChallenges
• Theuseofthecloudprovidesanumberof
opportunities:
– Itenablesservicestobeusedwithoutanyunderstanding
oftheirinfrastructure.
– Cloudcomputingworksusingeconomiesofscale:
• Itpotentiallylowerstheoutlayexpenseforstartupcompanies,as
theywouldnolongerneedtobuytheirownsoftwareorservers.
• Costwouldbebyon-demandpricing.
• VendorsandServiceprovidersclaimcostsbyestablishingan
ongoingrevenuestream.
– Dataandservicesarestoredremotelybutaccessiblefrom
“anywhere”.
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OpportunitiesandChallenges• Inparalleltherehasbeenbacklashagainstcloudcomputing:
– Useofcloudcomputingmeansdependenceonothersandthatcould
possiblylimitflexibilityandinnovation:
• TheothersarelikelybecomethebiggerInternetcompanieslikeGoogle
andIBM,whomaymonopolisethemarket.
• Somearguethatthisuseofsupercomputersisareturntothetimeof
mainframecomputingthatthePCwasareactionagainst.
– Securitycouldprovetobeabigissue:
• Itisstillunclearhowsafeout-sourceddataisandwhenusingthese
servicesownershipofdataisnotalwaysclear.
– Therearealsoissuesrelatingtopolicyandaccess:
• Ifyourdataisstoredabroadwhosepolicydoyouadhereto?
• Whathappensiftheremoteservergoesdown?
• Howwillyouthenaccessfiles?
• Therehavebeencasesofusersbeinglockedoutofaccountsandlosing
accesstodata.
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AdvantagesofCloudComputing
• Lowercomputercosts:
– Youdonotneedahigh-poweredandhigh-pricedcomputer
toruncloudcomputing'sweb-basedapplications.
– Sinceapplicationsruninthecloud,notonthedesktopPC,
yourdesktopPCdoesnotneedtheprocessingpowerorhard
diskspacedemandedbytraditionaldesktopsoftware.
– Whenyouareusingweb-basedapplications,yourPCcanbe
lessexpensive,withasmallerharddisk,lessmemory,more
efficientprocessor...
– Infact,yourPCinthisscenariodoesnotevenneedaCDor
DVDdrive,asnosoftwareprogramshavetobeloadedand
nodocumentfilesneedtobesaved.
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AdvantagesofCloudComputing
• Improvedperformance:
– Withfewlargeprogramshoggingyourcomputer's
memory,youwillseebetterperformancefromyourPC.
– Computersinacloudcomputingsystembootandrun
fasterbecausetheyhavefewerprogramsandprocesses
loadedintomemory…
• Reducedsoftwarecosts:
– Insteadofpurchasingexpensivesoftwareapplications,you
cangetmostofwhatyouneedforfree-ish!• mostcloudcomputingapplicationstoday,suchastheGoogleDocssuite.
– betterthanpayingforsimilarcommercialsoftware• whichalonemaybejustificationforswitchingtocloudapplications.
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AdvantagesofCloudComputing
• Instantsoftwareupdates:
– Anotheradvantagetocloudcomputingisthatyouarenolongerfaced
withchoosingbetweenobsoletesoftwareandhighupgradecosts.
– Whentheapplicationisweb-based,updateshappenautomatically
• availablethenexttimeyoulogintothecloud.
– Whenyouaccessaweb-basedapplication,yougetthelatestversion
• withoutneedingtopayforordownloadanupgrade.
• Improveddocumentformatcompatibility.
– Youdonothavetoworryaboutthedocumentsyoucreateonyour
machinebeingcompatiblewithotherusers'applicationsorOSes
– Therearepotentiallynoformatincompatibilitieswheneveryoneis
sharingdocumentsandapplicationsinthecloud.
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AdvantagesofCloudComputing
• Unlimitedstoragecapacity:
– Cloudcomputingoffersvirtuallylimitlessstorage.
– Yourcomputer'scurrent1Tbyte harddriveissmall
comparedtothehundredsofPbytes availableinthecloud.
• Increaseddatareliability:
– Unlikedesktopcomputing,inwhichifaharddiskcrashes
anddestroyallyourvaluabledata,acomputercrashingin
thecloudshouldnotaffectthestorageofyourdata.
• ifyourpersonalcomputercrashes,allyourdataisstillouttherein
thecloud,stillaccessible
– InaworldwherefewindividualdesktopPCusersbackup
theirdataonaregularbasis,cloudcomputingisadata-
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AdvantagesofCloudComputing
• Universaldocumentaccess:
– Thatisnotaproblemwithcloudcomputing,becauseyou
donottakeyourdocumentswithyou.
– Instead,theystayinthecloud,andyoucanaccessthem
wheneveryouhaveacomputerandanInternetconnection
– Documentsareinstantlyavailablefromwhereveryouare
• Latestversionavailability:
– Whenyoueditadocumentathome,thateditedversionis
whatyouseewhenyouaccessthedocumentatwork.
– Thecloudalwayshoststhelatestversionofyourdocuments• aslongasyouareconnected,youarenotindangerofhavinganoutdated
version
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AdvantagesofCloudComputing
• Easiergroupcollaboration:
– Sharingdocumentsleadsdirectlytobettercollaboration.
– Manyusersdothisasitisanimportantadvantagesofcloud
computing
• multipleuserscancollaborateeasilyondocumentsandprojects
• Deviceindependence.
– Youarenolongertetheredtoasinglecomputerornetwork.
– Changestocomputers,applicationsanddocumentsfollow
youthroughthecloud.
– Movetoaportabledevice,andyourapplicationsand
documentsarestillavailable.
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DisadvantagesofCloudComputing
• RequiresaconstantInternetconnection:
– Cloudcomputingisimpossibleifyoucannotconnecttothe
Internet.
– SinceyouusetheInternettoconnecttobothyour
applicationsanddocuments,ifyoudonothaveanInternet
connectionyoucannotaccessanything,evenyourown
documents.
– AdeadInternetconnectionmeansnoworkandinareas
whereInternetconnectionsarefeworinherently
unreliable,thiscouldbeadeal-breaker.
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DisadvantagesofCloudComputing
• Doesnotworkwellwithlow-speedconnections:
– Similarly,alow-speedInternetconnection,suchasthat
foundwithdial-upservices,makescloudcomputing
painfulatbestandoftenimpossible.
– Web-basedapplicationsrequirealotofbandwidthto
download,asdolargedocuments.
• Featuresmightbelimited:
– Thissituationisboundtochange,buttodaymanyweb-
basedapplicationssimplyarenotasfull-featuredastheir
desktop-basedapplications.
• Forexample,youcandoalotmorewithMicrosoftPowerPoint
thanwithGooglePresentation'sweb-basedoffering
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DisadvantagesofCloudComputing
• Canbeslow:
– Evenwithafastconnection,web-basedapplicationscan
sometimesbeslowerthanaccessingasimilarsoftware
programonyourdesktopPC.
– Everythingabouttheprogram,fromtheinterfacetothe
currentdocument,hastobesentbackandforthfromyour
computertothecomputersinthecloud.
– Ifthecloudservershappentobebackedupatthat
moment,oriftheInternetishavingaslowday,youwould
notgettheinstantaneousaccessyoumightexpectfrom
desktopapplications.
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DisadvantagesofCloudComputing
• Storeddatamightnotbesecure:
– Withcloudcomputing,allyourdataisstoredonthecloud.
• ThequestionsisHowsecureisthecloud?
– Canunauthorisedusersgainaccesstoyourconfidentialdata?
• Storeddatacanbelost:
– Theoretically,datastoredinthecloudissafe,replicated
acrossmultiplemachines.
– Butontheoffchancethatyourdatagoesmissing,youhave
nophysicalorlocalbackup.
• Putsimply,relyingonthecloudputsyouatriskifthecloudletsyou
down.
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DisadvantagesofCloudComputing
• HPCSystems:
– Notclearthatyoucanruncompute-intensiveHPC
applicationsthatuseMPI/OpenMP!
– Schedulingisimportantwiththistypeofapplication
• asyouwantalltheVMtobeco-locatedtominimizecommunication
latency!
• GeneralConcerns:
– EachcloudsystemsusesdifferentprotocolsanddifferentAPIs
• maynotbepossibletorunapplicationsbetweencloudbasedsystems
– AmazonhascreateditsownDBsystem(notSQL92),and
workflowsystem(manypopularworkflowsystemsoutthere)
• soyournormalapplicationswillhavetobeadaptedtoexecuteon
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TheFuture
• Manyoftheactivitieslooselygroupedtogetherundercloud
computinghavealreadybeenhappeningandcentralised
computingactivityisnotanewphenomena
• GridComputingwasthelastresearch-ledcentralised
approach
• Howeverthereareconcernsthatthemainstreamadoptionof
cloudcomputingcouldcausemanyproblemsforusers
• Manynewopensourcesystemsappearingthatyoucaninstall
andrunonyourlocalcluster
– shouldbeabletorunavarietyofapplicationsonthesesystems
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