![Page 2: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Data Centers
• What sorts of things go on in a data center?
![Page 3: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Data Center Problems
• “I want to set up a publicly visible web server”
• “I want to have 50 servers working in parallel on my social modeling simulation”
• “I’m a facebook competitor and will start with 500 webservers and 50 databases, then scale up from there”
![Page 4: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Data Centers
• Really old solution: you buy some computers to do this task for your group. Say, ten desktops, crammed into a spare room
• A better solution: there’s a central data center on campus with AC, backup generator, fire suppression, power, access control, etc
• But this involves having your organization buy, rack, set up, and configure N boxes
![Page 5: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Virtual Servers
• A key piece of technology is “virtual machines”. The idea is to have one piece of hardware run multiple operating systems at once
• Often seen with VMWare, Virtual Box, Xen, and others.
• The idea is to run multiple operating systems on one piece of hardware—say, two Linux instances, one windows instance, etc
![Page 6: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
One Box, Multiple OSes
![Page 7: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Virtual Machines
• Most modern hardware is hardly taxed most of the time
• We can run multiple operating systems at the same time on one piece of hardware, just like we can run multiple programs at the same time within one OS
• So the idea is to buy racks full of powerful hardware and run multiple VMs on each piece of hardware
![Page 8: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Virtual Machines
• This gives us all sorts of benefits: for example we can migrate a VM from one physical machine to another if we have hardware problems
• Lets us make better use of the hardware• Instead of buying and configuring a new web
server, call the IT department and tell them to spin up a new OS VM on existing hardware
• The virtual machine can be configured in an automated way in a few seconds
![Page 9: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
VM Configuration
• Start up an operating system on a virtual machine. But depending on the purpose of the VM, we might want to configure it differently
• Some have web servers, some have databases, some run your simulation, and different software needs to be installed on the VM for each purpose
• It’s not practical to do this by hand• There are tools to configure the VM automatically,
which is important if you want to start new VMs based on load
![Page 10: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Data Centers
• But once you have this capability, you start asking yourself: why am I running a physical data center in the first place? It’s expensive, takes trained people, infrastructure is not cheap, it’s not a core competency for many businesses, and there are economies of scale to building a 10,000 CPU data center
• Companies have sprung up that provide data center services
![Page 11: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Scale Out
![Page 12: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Scale Out
![Page 13: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Cloud Providers
• Amazon Web Services—preferred cloud provider for the Navy– Has approved infrastructure for ITAR issues
• Rackspace• Many providers for games
![Page 14: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Data Center Scale Out
• You can make really big data centers, and make management of devices within those data centers very scalable
• The marginal costs of adding another 100 hosts to a big data center is much smaller than for most small data centers, as is the marginal cost of management
• http://opencompute.org/ for standards on data centers: CPUs, racks, storage, power supplies, etc
![Page 15: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
OpenStack
• OpenCompute deals with hardware and datacenter issues
• OpenStack deals with the software side of the house– How to handle multiple images (OS virtual
machines that can be started)– Storage – Networking– Management– Compute
![Page 16: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
OpenStack
• Very fast-moving project; major releases every six months
• Most hardcopy documentation is out of date as a result (eg, O’Reilly books, which are usually quite good)
• Supported by Rackspace, compatible with Amazon Web Services (aws)
![Page 17: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Clouds
• Old model: Call IT department, have them spin up a new VM for your web server
• New model: call cloud provider, have them spin up new VM for your web server on their very cheap and scalable data center
• What are we losing here? – Control of data (maybe)– Central point of failure (network, power,
building) (maybe)– Latency (maybe)
![Page 18: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Clouds
• Amazon Elastic Cloud (EC): call them, they spin up a VM for web server
• Call Rackspace, have them spin up 500 Linux compute nodes for two hours to run a cultural sim, along with one Windows node for a month
• You can get sophisticated and have the number of nodes spun up depend on the load: for example, under heavy load you have 200 web servers, then on the weekend dial back to 50 web servers
![Page 19: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Cloud
• Platform as a Service (PaaS): the cloud vendor sells operating system VMs
• Software as a Service (SaaS): the cloud vendor sells an application (calendaring, email, etc.)
• Will your business survive several days of downtime?
![Page 20: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Scalability
• Famously, Zynga used clouds for Farmville. How many people would play Farmville? They didn’t know, and they didn’t want to build a data center themselves
• Outsourced data center, number of hosts they use depends on load; as load goes up, more pre-configured hosts are spun up to handle it
![Page 21: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Business Model Implications
• Old way: come up with idea, code, get VC money, lease space, buy AC, buy boxes, buy network, upgrade plan for boxes …
• New way: Come up with idea, deploy demo on cloud with your credit card. If it works, get VC/angel money. Done.
• Dramatically lower cost of entry
![Page 22: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Private Clouds
• For the cases were you can’t outsource because of concerns about data, you can set up “private clouds”
• Use the same software as the commercial providers, but with a data center your organization controls
• For example, maybe a DoD private cloud, or an NPS private cloud
• Amazon EC does some FIPS (http://aws.amazon.com/federal/)
![Page 23: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Examples
• “I want to run a publicly visible web server”– Call Amazon EC, small web sites free, roughly 5
cents per compute hour after that (depending on lots of options), plus data bandwidth charges
• “I need 500 nodes to do my social modeling compute sim”– Large compute VM at 10 cents per compute
hour
• Compare this to the cost of setting up your own data center
![Page 24: Cloud Don McGregor Research Associate MOVES Institute mcgredo@nps.edu](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649da65503460f94a90f05/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Implications for M&S?
• If you can do web-based M&S, you can put the back end on the cloud
• Implications for dynamic scaling at short notice
• From a program management standpoint, fewer big projects depending on up-front planning, lower risk