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Clinical Laboratory Studies
Chapter 6
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Laboratory Testing
• Peripheral venous blood
• Body fluids or secretions– Sputum– Pleural fluid– Cerebrospinal fluid– Urine– Feces– Sweat
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Hematology
1. Cellular Elementsa. CBCb. Platelet countc. Reticulocyte count
2. Proteins in the Plasmaa. PTb. INRc. APTT
WBC - leukocytes RBC – erythrocytes Platelets - thrombocytes
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WBC
• WBC Differential– Granulocytes
• Neutrophils• Eosinophils• Basophils
– Lymphocytes– Monocytes
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WBC Abnormalities
• Leukocytosis• Leukopenia• Neutrophilia• Neutropenia• Pseudoneutrophilia• Pseudoneutropenia• Left Shift• Eosinophilia• Basophilia• Lymphocytosis• Lymphocytopenia• Monocytosis
• Leukemia• Myeloproliferative
disorders
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RBC
• Normoblasts• Hematocrit• Hemoglobin• MCV• MCH• MCHC• RDW
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RBC Abnormalities
• Anemia– Microcytic hypochromic– Normocytic normochromic– Macrocytic
• Polycythemia– Primary– Secondary– Spurious
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• Reticulocyte count
• Sedimentation rate
• Platelet count
• Coagulation studies– Bleeding time– Platelet count– APTT– PT/INR
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Chemistry
• Electrolyte Concentrations• BUN/Creatinine• Enzymes• Glucose• Proteins• Lipids• Tumor Markers• Drug Monitoring
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Electrolyte Concentrations
• Sodium (Na+)– Hypernatremia– Hyponatremia
• Potassium (K-)– Hyperkalemia– Hypokalemia
• Chloride (Cl-)– Hyperchloremia– hypochloremia
• Total CO2
• Anion Gap• Electrolyte
concentration of Sweat
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Renal Function
• BUN
• Creatinine
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Enzymes
• AST• ALT• ALP• ACP• LDH• CK
• Myoglobin• Troponin• Amylase• Lipase
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Glucose
• Hyperglycemia
• Hypoglycemia
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• Proteins
• Lipids
• Tumor Markers
• Drug Monitoring
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Microbiology
• Normal flora vs sterile areas of the body
• Pathogenic organisms
• Classification• Culture and
Sensitivity
• Sputum Collection• Sputum Examination• BAL• Pleural Fluid
Examination
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Urinalysis
• Appearance• Specific gravity• pH• Protein - proteinuria• Glucose – glucosuria• Ketones• Blood - hematuria• Bilirubin• Urobilinogen• Nitrate• Sediment
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• Histology - Biopsy– Lung tissue– Tumors
• Cytology– Fluids– Secretions
• Skin Testing