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Climatic Comfort
Kate WardARCH 649
11.13.2003
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What is the significance of climatic comfort in sacred buildings?
Bet GiorgisLalibela, Ethiopia
One of 13 churches at Lalibela(the number varies from 10 to 13)
Kailasa TempleEllora, IndiaOne of 34 caves in Ellora
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Ellora & LalibelaKailasa Temple Bet Giorgis
Faith Hindu Christian (Ethiopian Orthodox)
Function Temple Church
Form Centralized form in courtyard
Centralized form in courtyard
Time 750 A.D. 1250 A.D.
Location Ellora, India Lalibela, Ethiopia
Climate Hot and humid Hot and arid
Building Technology
Free-standing building dug from rock
Free-standing building dug from rock
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Faith
Kailasa Temple: Hindu
Bet Giorgis: Christian
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Faith: Kailasa Temple
Pyramidal form of temple is meant to copy the form of Mount Kailash, the home of the Hindu god Shiva
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Faith: Kailasa TempleIn the early days of Buddhism, monks were beggars and itinerants. However, during the monsoon, they had to settle somewhere, so they made use of the natural shelter of caves. To pass the time, they began to decorate the rock walls. These caves eventually evolved into monasteries and temples. This was the beginning of the Ajanta caves, whose monks later abandoned Ajanta and moved to Ellora.
The Hindu faith also uses underground temples/caves, as is evident at Ellora. The Buddhist caves were built first, then the Hindu caves, including the Kailasa Temple, and lastly the Jain caves.
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Faith: Bet GiorgisTwo stories:
King Lalibela’s brother, Harbay was jealous of Lalibela, and poisoned him. The king went into a 3 day “death,” where he visited the first, second and third heaven. God told him to return home to Roha (the capital city, later renamed Lalibela). While there, God also gave him the plans for the rock temples.
King Lalibela visited Jerusalem and wanted to build a new holy city. A river, named the Jordan River, divides the 13 churches into 2 groups, one representing earthly Jerusalem, the other heavenly Jerulsalem.
While the churches were being built, St. George (the national saint of Ethiopia) came by and wondered why there was no church in his name. A hoof print in the courtyard attests to this legend.
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Function House of a deity Still used for festivals
House of a deity Still used daily
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Form
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Form: Scale
Building: 12 meters square, by 13 meters high
Courtyard: 25 meters square
Building: 50 meters deep, by 33 meters wide, by 30 meters high
Courtyard: 84 meters deep, by 47 meters wide, by 33 meters high
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Form: Kailasa Temple Holy of Holies for the sacred statue Above this, a many-storied tower Dravidian style, characterized by:
Octagonal tower “Massive pyramidal structures over the gateways connecting
the successive courtyards that compose the temple precincts” Flag pillars Two story corridor surround on three sides Niches and pavilions for sacred images Enter from countryside through gateway
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Form: Bet Giorgis Cruciform floor plan following
the Greek cross Three entrances facing west Side chapel Triple-stepped platform Nine blind lower-level
windows 12 upper windows Enter by long, narrow trench
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Time 750 A.D. Believed to take 7000
workers 150 years to complete
Believed to have been started by the Rashtrakuta king, Krishna I
1250 A.D. Legend claims that the
church was completed in 24 years
Believed to have been started by King Lalibela
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History: Kailasa TempleThe Ajanta caves were built before the Ellora caves. It is believed that the Ajanta caves were abandoned because they were too remote, and the monks moved to Ellora and began carving those caves.
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History: Bet GiorgisThe Aksum empire (Christian) was in decline, and its rulers retreated to higher lands. They defended themselves from others by using the mountains and valleys. However, they also cut themselves off from mainstream Christianity. Eventually the Aksum dynasty collapsed and the Zagwe dynasty appeared, of which King Lalibela was one.
The city of Aksum also boasts some rock-hewn caverns, believed to be the predecessors of the churches at Lalibela. The inspiration for these was also believed to be divine.
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Location
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Location: Ellora & Ajanta
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Loaction: Ellora & Ajanta Passages
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Location: Kailasa Temple
Backed up to a cliff, the temple faces out onto the countryside Faces west
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Location: Lalibela
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Location: Lalibela
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Location: Lalibela Passages
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Location: Bet Giorgis Mountain, with no face of the
building easily viewable Doorways face west for
religious reasons
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Location: ClimateKailasa Temple Average tempurature: 110°
(summer) 70° (winter)
Seasons: March – May: hot and dry June – Sept: hot and wet Oct – Nov: warm and dry Dec – Feb: cool and dry
Bet Giorgis Average tempurature: 61°
Seasons: March – April: hot and wet May: hot and dry June – Aug: cool and wet Sept – Feb: cool and dry
Lalibela, Ethiopia has a more temperate climate than Ellora, India, but according to W. Köppen, both are hot and arid bordering on hot and humid.
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Location: Climate
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Building Technology Monolithic structure, dug from
volcanic rock Freestanding from
surrounding rock walls First cut a rectilinear U-
shaped trench level with surrounding countryside, then carved further from the top down
Monolithic structure, dug from volcanic rock
Freestanding from surrounding rock walls
First cut out trenches, leaving a square block, then carved both externally and internally from the top down
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Building Technology: Kailasa Temple
Hot-arid Massive walls Few windows Some flat roofs (religious building style)
Hot-humid Scattered layout Large windows Some pitched roofs (religious building style)
Both Overhangs Depth into earth keeps space cools
Combines elements of hot-arid climates and hot-humid climates
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Building Technology: Kailasa Temple
Scattered layout & massive walls
Overhangs and large windows
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Building Technology: Bet GiorgisElements of hot-arid climate
Massive walls Few, small, high windows Overhangs (shade from
surrounding walls) Flat roof Depth into earth keeps
space cools
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ConclusionKailasa Temple Building type was originally
used for both religious and climatic reasons
Hindu faith is individualistic, and requires that there are no distractions, including climatic discomfort
Roofs designed for religious reasons
Bet Giorgis Building type was originally
used because of “divine inspiration”
Designed for protection from raiders and religious persecution
Also designed for the climate, but it is not religiously relevant that it does
Roofs designed for climatic reasons
The excavated building type was originally developed for religious reasons. However, both climate and faith had a hand in developing the details of each building.
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BibliographyAjyanta, Eloora ( アジャンタ、エローラ ). 13 Nov. 2003 <http://yakusho.hp.infoseek.co.jp/in05hp/in05.html>.
Ajanta & Ellora Caves, Ellora Temple, The Caves, Buddhist Caves, Hindu Caves, Cave Shrines, Cave Paintings, Jain Temple, Places To Visit, Caves In India. IndiaTravelInfo.com. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.indiantravelinfo.com/maharashtra/ajanta.html>.
Arts de l'Inde: Art Gupta. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://perso.club-internet.fr/fatthalin/louvre/histoire_art/inde_extreme_orient/inde_extreme_orient3.html>
Bete Giorgis (Church of St. George), Lalibela Churches, Ethiopia | Brian's Page. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.overlandexplorers.com/brian/travels/ethiopia/lalibela_church.shtml>.
CHURCHES IN ROCK. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://members.tripod.com/~Abyssinia/Ark/churches_in_rock.html>.
Churches of Lalibela - Lalibela, Ethiopia - Great Buildings Online. Great Buildings Online. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Churches_of_Lalibela.html>.
Davidson, Basil and The Editors of TIME-LIFE BOOKS. African Kingdoms. New York: TIME-LIFE BOOKS, 1966.
Early Art in Ethiopia-Architecture. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://students.syr.edu/student_orgs/publications/happenings/eth4.html>.
“Eastern Africa.” New Encyclopaedia Britannica Macropedia. 15th Edition. 2003.
The eight wonder of the World. Ethiopia Travel. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.ethiopiatravel.com/Lalibela_eng.htm>.
Ellora Caves,Ajanta & Ellora,Ajanta Ellora Caves,Cave Temples,Famous Caves of India. Culture Heritage Travel Tours. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.indianmonumentsportal.com/caves-in-india/ellora-caves.html>.
Ethiopia - Lalibela. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.soer.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/ethiopia/lalibela.html>.
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Bibliography (cont.)Ethiopian History. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.ethiopiafirst.com/Tour/Lalibela_Hist1.html>.
Frysinger, Galen R. Lalibela, Ethiopia - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.galenfrysinger.com/lalibela_ethiopia.htm>.
Göhler, Lars. India Picture, Ihre Datenbank für Indienfotos. India-Picture. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.india-picture.com/indexart.html>.
Harle, J.C. The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. London: Penguin Books, 1990.
“India.” New Encyclopaedia Britannica Macropedia. 15th Edition. 2003.
Kailasa Temple - Ellora, Maharashtra, India - Great Buildings Online. Great Buildings Online. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Kailasa_Temple.html>.
Keeler, Dennis S. India Dec 2001. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.users.muohio.edu/keelerds/india/index1.html>.
“Lalibela.” New Encyclopaedia Britannica Micropaedia. 15th Edition. 2003.
Lévi, Sylvain. “Preface.” Indian Temples. Odette Monod-Bruhl. London: Oxford University Press, 1952.
Moxon, Mark. Mark Moxon: India: Map of India. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.moxon.net/india/index.html>.
Olgyay, Victor. Design With Climate. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973.
Pilot Guides.com:The Labyrinth Stone Churches of Lalibela. Pilot Productions. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.globetrekkertv.co.uk/destination_guide/africa/ethiopia/lalibelia.php>.
Robert, Rain. Rain and Elli: Trip to Nepal and India 2002. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.afsandeberg.com/surain_robert/travel/NepalIndia-2002-03/05-jabalpur-a-ellora/index_English_bottom.htm>.
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Bibliography (cont.)Rowland, Benjamin. The Art and Architecture of India Buddhist | Hindu | Jain. New York: Penguin Books, 1981.
Ruther, Heinz, et al. “The Recording of Bet Giorgis, A 12th Century Rock-Hewn Church in Ethiopia.” Geographic Information Systems 26 Feb 2001. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.gisdevelopment.net/events/isprs/2001/ts3/isprs3002.shtml>.
STOCK PHOTOS- DAULATABAD CITADEL/KAILASA Temple Sculpture-INDIA;ROYALTY-FREE DIGITAL IMAGES. WWW.ANTHROARCHEART.ORG. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.anthroarcheart.org/dultabad.htm>.
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World Mysteries - Mystic Places - Kailasa Temple. World-Mysteries.com. 13 Nov. 2003 <http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_11.htm>.