Download - Climate of india
Subject: Geography
For Class: IX & XI
PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY:
ASHUTOSH KARASHARMA MISHRAASHUTOSH KARASHARMA MISHRA
Address: (Personal) At: Srikrisna Nagar
Po: LoisinghaDist: BolangirOrissa-767020
Address: (Official) At: JNV, Koraput
Po: OMP LineDist: KoraputOrissa
Phone No: 9437146288
►Familiarize students with the terms, key concepts and basic principles associated with the climate of India.
►Provide them idea about the mechanism of Indian monsoon.
►Study the climate of India through the understanding and analysis of local climate.
►Explore the causative factor of the spatial variations in the climate of the country.
►Understand and analyze the variation of climatic phenomenon in the cycle of seasons.
►Make students aware of the change in climate (global warming) at local level to understand it at national and global level.
►Familiarize students with the terms, key concepts and basic principles associated with the climate of India.
►Provide them idea about the mechanism of Indian monsoon.
►Study the climate of India through the understanding and analysis of local climate.
►Explore the causative factor of the spatial variations in the climate of the country.
►Understand and analyze the variation of climatic phenomenon in the cycle of seasons.
►Make students aware of the change in climate (global warming) at local level to understand it at national and global level.
Hot weather seasonHot weather season Monsoon seasonMonsoon season
Tropical Cyclone Tropical Cyclone Cold Weather SeasonCold Weather Season
Watch Out Weather News…………….Watch Out Weather News…………….
Four Videos Embedded:
Please right click over the dark square to choose Play or Stop one after another.
Four Videos Embedded:
Please right click over the dark square to choose Play or Stop one after another.
Part-I Climatic Diversity of India
Part-II Factors Affecting Climate of India
Part-III
Part-IV
Rhythm of Seasons
Distribution of Rainfall
Change of ClimatePart-V
CONTENTS OF THE LESSON
Please click on the box to navigate to the pagesPlease click on the box to navigate to the pages
Let us examine…Let us examine…
Why does weather change
spatially & temporally?Why does weather change
spatially & temporally?
550C temperature in June
Tawang 190C in June
Drass -450C in December night
Tiruvanantapuram & Chennai 200C in December night
Kerala Diurnal range of
temperature 80C
Thar desert Diurnal range of temperature 300C
Cherrapunji & Mawsynram have
1080cm rain
MONSOON REGIME IS THE UNITY OF INDIAMONSOON REGIME IS THE UNITY OF INDIA
Jaisalmer receives 9cm
rainfall
MORE DIVERSITIES…………………..MORE DIVERSITIES…………………..
Churu in Rajasthan records a temperature of 50°C or more on a June day.
Snow fall over the Himalayas.
Most parts of India receives rainfall during June to September.
Tura of Meghalaya receives rainfall in a single day is equal to the total rainfall of Ten years in Jaisalmer of Rajastan.
Churu in Rajasthan records a temperature of 50°C or more on a June day.
Snow fall over the Himalayas.
Most parts of India receives rainfall during June to September.
Tura of Meghalaya receives rainfall in a single day is equal to the total rainfall of Ten years in Jaisalmer of Rajastan.
It is 19°C in Tawang (Arunachal Pradesh) on the same day.
Only rainfall over rest of India.
Tamilnadu coast remains dry during these months.
Very low rainfall in North west Himalayas and western Rajastan which is equal to 10cm per year.
It is 19°C in Tawang (Arunachal Pradesh) on the same day.
Only rainfall over rest of India.
Tamilnadu coast remains dry during these months.
Very low rainfall in North west Himalayas and western Rajastan which is equal to 10cm per year.
MONSOON REGIME IS THE UNITY OF INDIAMONSOON REGIME IS THE UNITY OF INDIA
► Lets divide the class into five groups namely A, B, C, D and E.
► Collect the data of temperature and rainfall of different cities of India from web site www.allrainfallreports.com .
► Collect the rainfall and temperature data of your town and compare it with the data of other cities of India.
► Make a comparative study of temperature and rainfall data of different districts of Orissa. (Source- Climatological survey of Orissa 1987-2003 & District statistical handbooks)
► Write about the climate of your district and upload it to www.climateofindia.pbwiki.com .
► Make a power point presentation of all the activities you have done.
► Lets divide the class into five groups namely A, B, C, D and E.
► Collect the data of temperature and rainfall of different cities of India from web site www.allrainfallreports.com .
► Collect the rainfall and temperature data of your town and compare it with the data of other cities of India.
► Make a comparative study of temperature and rainfall data of different districts of Orissa. (Source- Climatological survey of Orissa 1987-2003 & District statistical handbooks)
► Write about the climate of your district and upload it to www.climateofindia.pbwiki.com .
► Make a power point presentation of all the activities you have done.
CLICK ON ICON TO DOWNLOAD TEMPLATEDownload Template
FACTORS AFFECTING INDIAN CLIMATEFACTORS AFFECTING INDIAN CLIMATE
RELATED TO LOCATION & RELIEF
RELATED TO AIR PRESSURE & WIND
•Latitude•Latitude
•The Himalayan Mt.•The Himalayan Mt.
•Distribution of Land & water•Distribution of Land & water
•Distance from Sea•Distance from Sea
•Altitude•Altitude
•Relief•Relief
Surface pressure & windSurface pressure & wind
Upper air circulationUpper air circulation
Western cyclonesWestern cyclones
FAQFAQ
EQUATORIAL REGION
TROPIC OF CANCER
LATITUDELATITUDE
High Temp
Low range
High Temp
Low range
High range of Temp
High range of Temp
FAQFAQ
THE HIMALAYAS- CLIMATIC BARRIERTHE HIMALAYAS- CLIMATIC BARRIER
Mo
nso
on
Win
d
Mo
nso
on
Win
d
Mo
nso
on
Win
d
Mo
nso
on
Win
d
Co
ld W
aveC
old
Wave
Co
ld W
ave
Co
ld W
ave
ARABIAN SEA
ARABIAN SEA BAY OF
BENGALBAY OF BENGAL
INDIAN OCEANINDIAN OCEAN
DISTRIBUTION OF LAND & WATERDISTRIBUTION OF LAND & WATER
LOW PRESSURE IN SUMMER
HIGH PRESSURE IN WINTER
FAQFAQ
MUMBAIMUMBAI
CHENNAICHENNAI
KOLKOTAKOLKOTA
DELHIDELHI
SIMLASIMLA
DISTANCE FROM SEADISTANCE FROM SEA
Coastal areas have equable climate where as Interior parts have extreme climate.
Coastal areas have equable climate where as Interior parts have extreme climate.
AGRA160C in Jan
AGRA160C in Jan
DARJILING40C in January
DARJILING40C in January
ALTITUDEALTITUDE
HIGH ALTITUDEHIGH ALTITUDE
LOW ALTITUDELOW ALTITUDE
Temperature decreased from low to high altitudeTemperature decreased from low to high altitude
Dec
reas
e in
Tem
pera
ture
FAQFAQ
Monsoo
n Wind
Monsoo
n Wind
Monsoo
n Wind
Receives high rainfall
Receives low rainfall
RELIEFRELIEF
Western G
hat Mt.
FAQFAQ
NORTH-EAST TRADE WIND
SOUTH-EAST TRADE WIND
INTER TROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE
SUB TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
SUB TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
SUB TROPICAL LOW PRESSURE
SUB TROPICAL LOW PRESSURE
POLAR HIGH
POLAR HIGH
SURFACE WINDSURFACE WIND
TIBET
JET STREAM IN WINTERJET STREAM IN WINTER
JET STREAM IN SUMMERJET STREAM IN SUMMER
Mediterranean seaMediterranean sea
WESTERN DISTURBANCEWESTERN DISTURBANCE
Homboldt Cold Current
EL-NINO EFFECTSEL-NINO EFFECTS
Peru
1990 Delay in Monsoon
Equatorial Warm Current
El-Nino
FAQFAQ
DarwinTahiti
SOUTHERN OSCILLATIONSOUTHERN OSCILLATION
Prepare a ppt. answering the following:►Collect the data on the effect of El-nino over
different parts of world and prepare a presentation and upload it to www.climateofindia.pbwiki.com.
►Explain the factors affecting the climate of your region in a word/pdf file and upload it to www.think.com or www.climateofindia.pbwiki.com page.
►Invite your friends to your www.think.com or www.epal.com site to explain about the climate of their region.
►Explain how jet stream affect the climate of India in word/pdf file and upload it to the suitable web page.
►Compare how relief affect the climate of your region.
Prepare a ppt. answering the following:►Collect the data on the effect of El-nino over
different parts of world and prepare a presentation and upload it to www.climateofindia.pbwiki.com.
►Explain the factors affecting the climate of your region in a word/pdf file and upload it to www.think.com or www.climateofindia.pbwiki.com page.
►Invite your friends to your www.think.com or www.epal.com site to explain about the climate of their region.
►Explain how jet stream affect the climate of India in word/pdf file and upload it to the suitable web page.
►Compare how relief affect the climate of your region.
CLICK ON ICON TO DOWNLOAD TEMPLATEMicrosoft
PowerPoint Presentation
RHYTHM OF SEASONSRHYTHM OF SEASONS
COLD WEATHERCOLD WEATHER
RETREATING MONSOONRETREATING MONSOONHOT WEATHERHOT WEATHER
SOUTH WEST MONSOONSOUTH WEST MONSOON
Let us discuss each of them individuallyLet us discuss each of them individually
COLD WEATHER SEASONCOLD WEATHER SEASON
► It extends from December to February.
► Vertical sun rays shift towards southern hemisphere.
► North India experiences intense cold where as this season is not well defined in south India.
► Light wind blow makes this season pleasant in south India.
► Occasional tropical cyclone visit eastern coast in this season.
► It extends from December to February.
► Vertical sun rays shift towards southern hemisphere.
► North India experiences intense cold where as this season is not well defined in south India.
► Light wind blow makes this season pleasant in south India.
► Occasional tropical cyclone visit eastern coast in this season.
Tropical Cyclone
Rhythm of SeasonsRhythm of Seasons
250C
250C
200C
200C200C
150C
200C
100C`
TEMPERATURE- JANUARYTEMPERATURE- JANUARY
Rhythm of SeasonsRhythm of Seasons
PRESSURE- JANUARYPRESSURE- JANUARY
10191018
1018
10181017
1016
1015
1014
HIGH PRESSURE
Rhythm of SeasonsRhythm of Seasons
Ganga
Delta
Northern Plain
WIND DIRECTION- WINTERWIND DIRECTION- WINTER
Bay of Bengal
Rhythm of SeasonsRhythm of Seasons
WINTER RAINFALLWINTER RAINFALL
RAINFALL DUE TO WESTERN
DISTURBANCES
RAINFALL DUE TO NORTH EAST
WIND
Rhythm of SeasonsRhythm of Seasons
HOT WEATHER SEASONHOT WEATHER SEASON
► It extends from March to May.
► Vertical sun rays shift towards Northern hemisphere.
► Temperature rises gradually from south to north.
► Highest Temperature experiences in Karnataka in March, Madhya Pradesh in April and Rajastan in May.
► It extends from March to May.
► Vertical sun rays shift towards Northern hemisphere.
► Temperature rises gradually from south to north.
► Highest Temperature experiences in Karnataka in March, Madhya Pradesh in April and Rajastan in May.
March 300CMarch 300C
April 380CApril 380C
May 480CMay 480C
Rhythm of SeasonsRhythm of Seasons
TEMPERATURE- JULYTEMPERATURE- JULY
200C
250C
300C
20 0C
300C
25 0C
30 0C
Rhythm of SeasonsRhythm of Seasons
PRESSURE- JULYPRESSURE- JULY
997
998 999
1000
10011002
100310041005
10061007
Rhythm of SeasonsRhythm of Seasons
LOOLOO
KALBAISAKHIKALBAISAKHI
BARDOLI CHHEERHABARDOLI
CHHEERHA
MANGO SHOWERMANGO
SHOWER
BLOSSOM SHOWER
BLOSSOM SHOWER
STORMS IN HOT WEATHER SEASONSTORMS IN HOT WEATHER SEASON
FAQFAQ
Rhythm of SeasonsRhythm of Seasons
SOUTH WEST MONSOON SEASONSOUTH WEST MONSOON SEASON
► It extends from June to September.
► Intense heating in north west India creates low pressure region.
► Low pressure attract the wind from the surrounding region.
► After having rains for a few days sometime monsoon fails to occur for one or more weeks is known as break in the monsoon.
► It extends from June to September.
► Intense heating in north west India creates low pressure region.
► Low pressure attract the wind from the surrounding region.
► After having rains for a few days sometime monsoon fails to occur for one or more weeks is known as break in the monsoon.
HIGH TEMPERATURELOW PRESSURE
Rhythm of SeasonsRhythm of Seasons
INTER TROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONEEQUATOR
MONSOON WINDMONSOON WIND
SE Tra
de
SE Tra
de
SE Tra
de
SE Tra
de
Arabian sea Branch
Arabian sea Branch
Bay of Bengal Branch
Bay of Bengal Branch
Rhythm of SeasonsRhythm of Seasons
ONSET OF SW MONSOONONSET OF SW MONSOON
1st J
une
5th Ju
ne10
th June
15th J
une
1st J
uly
15th Ju
ly
Rhythm of SeasonsRhythm of Seasons
► It extends from October to November
► Vertical sun rays start shifting towards Northern hemisphere.
► Low pressure region shift from northern parts of India towards south.
► Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes rather oppressive. This is commonly known as the ‘October heat’
► It extends from October to November
► Vertical sun rays start shifting towards Northern hemisphere.
► Low pressure region shift from northern parts of India towards south.
► Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes rather oppressive. This is commonly known as the ‘October heat’
RETREATING MONSOON SEASONRETREATING MONSOON SEASON
LOW PRESSURE
Rhythm of SeasonsRhythm of Seasons
15th O
ctobe
r
7th O
ctobe
r30th S
ept.
15th S
ept.
7th S
ept.
WITHDRAWAL OF MONSOONWITHDRAWAL OF MONSOON
Rhythm of SeasonsRhythm of Seasons
Prepare a ppt. answering the following:►Explain the seasonal difference of climate of your
region in a word/pdf file and upload it to www.climateofindia.pbwiki.com.
►Search friends from different parts of India and seek their comments and compare the seasonal difference in climate of different parts of India by using www.think.com.
►Prepare an analysis of yearly temperature and rainfall data by using different graphs and upload it to www.climateofindia.pbwiki.com.
►Collect photographs of monsoon and upload to www.think.com or www.climateofindia.pbwiki.com.
Prepare a ppt. answering the following:►Explain the seasonal difference of climate of your
region in a word/pdf file and upload it to www.climateofindia.pbwiki.com.
►Search friends from different parts of India and seek their comments and compare the seasonal difference in climate of different parts of India by using www.think.com.
►Prepare an analysis of yearly temperature and rainfall data by using different graphs and upload it to www.climateofindia.pbwiki.com.
►Collect photographs of monsoon and upload to www.think.com or www.climateofindia.pbwiki.com.
CLICK ON ICON TO DOWNLOAD TEMPLATE
Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation
DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALLDISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL
> 200cm
100-200cm
50-100 cm
< 50cm
► The variability of rainfall is computed with the help of the following formula: C.V.= Standard Deviation/ Mean * 100
► Variability of less than 25% exist in Western coasts, Western Ghats, northeastern peninsula, eastern plain of the Ganga, northern India, Uttaranchal, SW J & K & HP.
► Variability of more then 50% found in Western Rajastan, J & K and interior parts of Deccan.
► Region with high rainfall has less variability.
► The variability of rainfall is computed with the help of the following formula: C.V.= Standard Deviation/ Mean * 100
► Variability of less than 25% exist in Western coasts, Western Ghats, northeastern peninsula, eastern plain of the Ganga, northern India, Uttaranchal, SW J & K & HP.
► Variability of more then 50% found in Western Rajastan, J & K and interior parts of Deccan.
► Region with high rainfall has less variability.
VARIABILITY OF RAINFALLVARIABILITY OF RAINFALL
Prepare a power point presentation answering the following:
►Why there is variation of rainfall in different parts of India? Explain in a word/pdf file and upload.
►Calculate the variability of rainfall of your region.
►Compare the variability of rainfall with the total rainfall of your region.
►Measure the rainfall in your school and record it in a spread sheet for analysis.
►Read out the rainfall and temperature data of your school daily in the morning assembly.
Prepare a power point presentation answering the following:
►Why there is variation of rainfall in different parts of India? Explain in a word/pdf file and upload.
►Calculate the variability of rainfall of your region.
►Compare the variability of rainfall with the total rainfall of your region.
►Measure the rainfall in your school and record it in a spread sheet for analysis.
►Read out the rainfall and temperature data of your school daily in the morning assembly.
Download Template
CLICK ON ICON TO DOWNLOAD TEMPLATE
CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE
RISEIN
TEMPERATURE
INCREASE IN
GREEN HOUSE GASES
MELTING
OF ICE
SEA LEVEL RISE
SINKING COAST
TSUNAMI & EARTHQUAKE
FLOOD
EXCESSIVE SUN STROKE
LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
FOREST FIRE
FOOD SCARCITY
SPREAD OF TROPICAL DISEASES
IMPACT OF GLOBAL WORMING
►Temperature increased by 0.60C in 20th century.►Eleven out of twelve hottest years are within
1995 to 2006.►Annual rate of increase of CO2 is 1.9ppm after
1995.►Concentration of methane increased from
700ppb in 1750 to 1745ppb at present and Nitrous Oxide from 270ppb to 314ppb where as CFC increased from zero to 533ppb.
►Rising of temperature to 30C will lead to melting of all ice on earth surface and sea level rise upto 15 feet.
►Existence of large cities like Venis, Bankok, Sanghai, Kolkota and Dhaka will be in danger.
►Temperature increased by 0.60C in 20th century.►Eleven out of twelve hottest years are within
1995 to 2006.►Annual rate of increase of CO2 is 1.9ppm after
1995.►Concentration of methane increased from
700ppb in 1750 to 1745ppb at present and Nitrous Oxide from 270ppb to 314ppb where as CFC increased from zero to 533ppb.
►Rising of temperature to 30C will lead to melting of all ice on earth surface and sea level rise upto 15 feet.
►Existence of large cities like Venis, Bankok, Sanghai, Kolkota and Dhaka will be in danger.
SOME INTERESTING FACTSSOME INTERESTING FACTS
FAQFAQ
CLIMATE CHANGE & INDIACLIMATE CHANGE & INDIA
► India has long coast line and rise of sea level will submerge large area.
► A population of 7.1 million living in coastal areas will be affected.
► Production of crops like wheat, rice etc will decrease.
► The natural disasters like cyclone, floods and drought will increase in frequency as well as intensity.
► India has long coast line and rise of sea level will submerge large area.
► A population of 7.1 million living in coastal areas will be affected.
► Production of crops like wheat, rice etc will decrease.
► The natural disasters like cyclone, floods and drought will increase in frequency as well as intensity.
MUMBAIMUMBAI
CHENNAICHENNAI
KOLKOTAKOLKOTA
WHAT CAN BE DONE???WHAT CAN BE DONE???
►Switch off the light, fan, TV and other energy using gadgets when they are not in use.
►Do not use those equipments that pollute or consume more energy.
►create public awareness.►use renewable energy resources like solar,
wind, biomass etc.►International conferences like Earth
Summit, 1992, Kyoto protocol, Copenhegen summit, 2009 are some steps to bring consensus for crusade against Climate Change.
►Switch off the light, fan, TV and other energy using gadgets when they are not in use.
►Do not use those equipments that pollute or consume more energy.
►create public awareness.►use renewable energy resources like solar,
wind, biomass etc.►International conferences like Earth
Summit, 1992, Kyoto protocol, Copenhegen summit, 2009 are some steps to bring consensus for crusade against Climate Change.
►Ask elders of your family or village about their perception of change in climate and explain it in a word/pdf file and upload it to www.climateofindia.pbwiki.com .
►Give an analysis of change in temperature of your region by collecting data of fifteen years from climatological survey of orissa.
►Explain what you can do to reduce the impact of climate change.
►Ask your friends through www.think.com about their contribution to reduce the impact of climate change.
►Prepare a power point presentation explaining all above.
►Ask elders of your family or village about their perception of change in climate and explain it in a word/pdf file and upload it to www.climateofindia.pbwiki.com .
►Give an analysis of change in temperature of your region by collecting data of fifteen years from climatological survey of orissa.
►Explain what you can do to reduce the impact of climate change.
►Ask your friends through www.think.com about their contribution to reduce the impact of climate change.
►Prepare a power point presentation explaining all above.
CLICK ON ICON TO DOWNLOAD TEMPLATE
Download Template
1. Name the factors affecting climate of India .
2. What is meant by El-nino?
3. Why the south western part of peninsular India receives high rainfall?
4. Name the important green house gases.
5. How altitude affects climate?
6. How distance from sea affect climate?
7. What is meant by mango shower?
8. What is meant by Inter Tropical Convergence Zone?
1. Name the factors affecting climate of India .
2. What is meant by El-nino?
3. Why the south western part of peninsular India receives high rainfall?
4. Name the important green house gases.
5. How altitude affects climate?
6. How distance from sea affect climate?
7. What is meant by mango shower?
8. What is meant by Inter Tropical Convergence Zone?
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGETEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
AnswerAnswer
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EVALUATION RUBRIC EVALUATION RUBRIC SlNo.
Evaluation points Excellent Very Good Good
1
Participation of all members of the group
All the members have participated(5 Marks)
Some Members have participated.(3 Marks)
Few members have participated.(2 Marks)
2
Efficient use of technology in self-learning
Technology used for presentation, collection of information and understanding.(5 Marks)
Technology used for presentation and collection of information.(3 Marks)
Technology used for presentation only.(2 Marks)
3
Collection of new information
Information collected are new, relevant and latest.(5 Marks)
Information collected are new and relevant.(3 Marks)
Information collected are new only.(2 Marks)
4
Presentation of Topic in the classroom
Presentation of topic was clear, able to clarify doubts and with proper flow of topic.(5 Marks)
Presentation of topic was clear and able to clarify doubts.(3 Marks)
Presentation of topic was clear only.(2 Marks)
5
Development of Innovative Thinking
Innovation in presentation, collection of new information and use of technology.(5 Marks)
Innovation in presentation and collection of new information.(3 Marks)
Innovation in presentation only.(2 Marks)
Total 25 15 10
Mark Obtained
Evaluate the classroom presentation of other groups and assign marks.Evaluate the classroom presentation of other groups and assign marks.
CITATIONCITATION► Abraham, K.R.; Dash, S.K. and Mohanty, U.C., 1996: Simulation of
monsoon circulation and cyclones with different types of orography; Mausam, 47, 235-248.
► Ashok K., S. Lizuka, S.A Rao, N. H. Saji and W. Lee, 2009 : Processes and boreal summer impacts of the 2004 El Nino Modoki: An AGCM study. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L04703, doi:10.1029/2008GL036313, 1-5.
► Bannerji, S. K., 1950 : Methods of forecasting monsoon and winter rainfall in India. Ind. J. Met. and Geophys., 4, 343-346.
► Bhalme, H.N. and Jadhav, S.K., 1984: The southern oscillation and its relation to the monsoon rainfall. J.Climatol., 4, 509-520.
► Krishnakumar V. and K. ‑M. Lau, 1997 : Symmetric Instability of Monsoon Flows. Tellus 49 A, 228‑245.
► Physical Geography of India, NCERT, class-IX► Economic & Commercial Geography of India, C.B. Memoria.► Regional Geography of India, R.L. Singh.► www.imd.gov.in► http://tinyurl.com/q4a6mg► http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4755025.cms► http://www.nws.noaa.gov/ost/climate/STIP
► Abraham, K.R.; Dash, S.K. and Mohanty, U.C., 1996: Simulation of monsoon circulation and cyclones with different types of orography; Mausam, 47, 235-248.
► Ashok K., S. Lizuka, S.A Rao, N. H. Saji and W. Lee, 2009 : Processes and boreal summer impacts of the 2004 El Nino Modoki: An AGCM study. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L04703, doi:10.1029/2008GL036313, 1-5.
► Bannerji, S. K., 1950 : Methods of forecasting monsoon and winter rainfall in India. Ind. J. Met. and Geophys., 4, 343-346.
► Bhalme, H.N. and Jadhav, S.K., 1984: The southern oscillation and its relation to the monsoon rainfall. J.Climatol., 4, 509-520.
► Krishnakumar V. and K. ‑M. Lau, 1997 : Symmetric Instability of Monsoon Flows. Tellus 49 A, 228‑245.
► Physical Geography of India, NCERT, class-IX► Economic & Commercial Geography of India, C.B. Memoria.► Regional Geography of India, R.L. Singh.► www.imd.gov.in► http://tinyurl.com/q4a6mg► http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4755025.cms► http://www.nws.noaa.gov/ost/climate/STIP
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Heartiest Thanks toHeartiest Thanks to
Mr. S. K. Tripathy, Principal JNV, Koraput
Mr. R. P. Maharana, TGT-English, JNV, Koraput
Project Learning, Microsoft, for providing me training.
Mr. S. K. Tripathy, Principal JNV, Koraput
Mr. R. P. Maharana, TGT-English, JNV, Koraput
Project Learning, Microsoft, for providing me training.