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CLIMATE CHANGE: IT IS NOT TOO LATE
IF FARMERS ACT NOWLučka Kajfež BogatajUniversity of Ljubljana
Slovenia
WMO/COST 718 ETWCF Meeting Geneva, 15-18 November, 2004
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Weather, Climate and Farmers
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OBSERVEDCHANGE
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Observed Global Temperature Change 1861-2003
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Annual surface temperature trends for periods 1901 to 2000, 1910 to 1945, 1946 to 1975, and 1976 to 2000 (°C/decade)
Source: Folland et al. (2001)
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More than Global Warming
Summer 2003 in EuropeChanges in Extremes
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Tem
per
atu
re c
han
ge
C 1.0
0.5
0
-0.5
Regional temperature change 1900 to 2000
1900
2000 1900 2000
model natural factors
North America
Asia Europe
1900 2000
model natural + human factors
observations
Models are based on physics and not history. Match is because climate must obey the laws of physics. The warming since 1950 is not natural…
Computer models versus observations: finding a human signal
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PREDICTIONS
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Global Temperature 1000 – 2100 AD (IPCC)
2.0
0.0
6.0
4.0
Cha
nge
(°C
) fr
om 1
961-
90 a
vera
ge
1000 1500 2000
Observations (proxy data)
Observations (instrumental)
Projections
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A1
B1
A2
B2
Economic
Environmental
Global Regional
Population
Econ
omy
Tech
nolo
gy
Energy
(Land-use)
Agriculture
D r i v i n g F o r c e s
The SRES driving forces and storylines
Nakicenovic et al. (2000)
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IPCC Data Distribution Centrehttp://ipcc-ddc.cru.uea.ac.uk
Provides climate and related data, impact and adaptation assessment
with emphasis on the needs of developing countries
- climate model projections and observed climate data- socio-economic baseline and scenario data- other environmental information (atm. composition, sea level)- supporting documentation and guidance material
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http://ipcc-ddc.cru.uea.ac.uk/asres/scatter_plots/scatterplots_home.html
Hard copies available
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South Europe and N Africa (Region 14): 2010-2039
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General Circulation Model
Crop
model
spatial
variability
model
uncertainties
output
processing
Climate change
scenario
cropforecastfor futureL
arg
e ar
ea m
od
el
Regional climate model
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H O M E C D M G H G d a t a T T : C L E A R S I T E M A P | F A Q | T E X T V E R S I O N | C O N T A C T U S | D I S C L A I M E R
S e a r c h :
E s s e n t i a l B a c k g r o u n d D o c u m e n t a t i o n M e e t i n g s C o o p e r a t i o n & S u p p o r t A d a p t a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y N a t i o n a l R e p o r t s M e t h o d s & S c i e n c e L a n d U s e , L a n d - U s e C h a n g e a n d F o r e s t r y I m p a c t s , V u l n e r a b i l i t y & A d a p t a t i o n M i t i g a t i o n E m i s s i o n s f r o m i n t l . T r a n s p o r t ( B u n k e r F u e l s ) R e s e a r c h & S y s t e m a t i c O b s e r v a t i o n O t h e r M e t h o d o l o g i c a l I s s u e s K y o t o M e c h a n i s m s P a r t i e s & O b s e r v e r s P r e s s S e c r e t a r i a t I s s u e s Q u i c k f i n d e r :
P l e a s e c h o o s e
Y o u r l o c a t i o n : H o m e > M e t h o d s & S c i e n c e > I m p a c t s , V u l n e r a b i l i t y & A d a p t a t i o n
M e t h o d o l o g i e s a n d T o o l s t o E v a l u a t e C l i m a t e C h a n g e I m p a c t s a n d A d a p t a t i o n
C o m p e n d i u m o n m e t h o d s a n d t o o l s t o e v a l u a t e i m p a c t s o f , v u l n e r a b i l i t y a n d a d a p t a t i o n t o c l i m a t e c h a n g e . F i n a l d r a f t
4 S e c t o r - S p e c i f i c T o o l s 4 . 1 A g r i c u l t u r e T h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r t o o l s d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s c o m p e n d i u m , l i s t e d i n T a b l e 4 . 1 , r a n g e f r o m s e c t o r - w i d e e c o n o m i c a n a l y s e s t o f a r m - l e v e l c r o p m o d e l s . T h e c r o p p r o c e s s m o d e l s a d d r e s s t h e i m p a c t o f v a r i o u s m a n a g e m e n t a n d c l i m a t e c h a n g e s c e n a r i o s o n s i n g l e c r o p s ( e . g . , W O F O S T , I C A S A , A L F A L F A , O R Y Z A ) , m u l t i p l e c r o p s ( e . g . , A P S I M ) , a n d e n t i r e e c o s y s t e m s ( e . g . , C E N T U R Y ) . O t h e r t o o l s c a n b e u s e d t o e x a m i n e p a r t i c u l a r e c o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s o r p r o c e s s e s ( e . g . , A C R U ) o r s u p p o r t b i g g e r p i c t u r e s t r a t e g i c a d a p t a t i o n d e c i s i o n s ( e . g . , M A A C V , R R I ) . T h e e c o n o m i c m o d e l s ( e . g . , R i c a r d i a n a n a l y s i s a n d i n p u t - o u t p u t a c c o u n t i n g ) a s s i s t t h e u s e r i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e e c o n o m i c i m p a c t s o f c h a n g i n g l a n d v a l u e s , s u p p l y a n d d e m a n d , a n d c o m m o d i t y p r o d u c t i o n r e s u l t i n g f r o m c l i m a t e c h a n g e . T h e r e a r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y m o r e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r t o o l s t h a n t h e r e a r e t o o l s i n o t h e r s e c t o r s . T h i s i s b e c a u s e m a n y a g r i c u l t u r a l m o d e l s a r e c r o p s p e c i f i c o r a r e a p p l i c a b l e o n l y t o p a r t i c u l a r r e g i o n s , w h e r e a s m o d e l s i n o t h e r s e c t o r s t e n d t o b e m o r e g e n e r a l l y a p p l i c a b l e .
T a b l e 4 . 1 . T o o l s c o v e r e d i n a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r 4 . 1 A g r i c u l t u r e S e c t o r T o o l s
A P S I M ( A g r i c u l t u r a l P r o d u c t i o n S y s t e m s s I M u l a t o r ) ( 1 5 2 k B )
W O F O S T ( 1 3 5 k B )
A C R U ( A g r i c u l t u r a l C a t c h m e n t s R e s e a r c h U n i t ) ( 1 6 6 k B )
P r o c e s s S o i l a n d C r o p M o d e l s : C E N T U R Y ( 1 6 4 k B )
O R Y Z A 2 0 0 0 ( 1 5 4 k B )
I n f o r m a t i o n a n d D e c i s i o n S u p p o r t S y s t e m f o r C l i m a t e C h a n g e S t u d i e s i n S o u t h E a s t S o u t h A m e r i c a ( I D S S - S E S A C l i m a t e C h a n g e ) ( 1 6 9 k B )
D e c i s i o n S u p p o r t S y s t e m s L i n k i n g A g r o - C l i m a t i c I n d i c e s w i t h G C M - O r i g i n a t e d C l i m a t e C h a n g e S c e n a r i o s ( 1 7 8 k B )
M o d e l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l A d a p t a t i o n t o C l i m a t i c V a r i a t i o n ( M A A C V ) ( 1 3 9 k B )
R e l a t i v e R i s k I n d e x ( R R I ) ( 1 0 9 k B )
G o v e r n m e n t S u p p o r t i n A g r i c u l t u r e f o r L o s s e s d u e t o C l i m a t i c V a r i a b i l i t y ( 1 1 7 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n s o r t i u m f o r A p p l i c a t i o n o f S y s t e m s A p p r o a c h e s t o A g r i c u l t u r e ( I C A S A ) — I n t e r n a t i o n a l B e n c h m a r k S i t e s N e t w o r k f o r A g r o t e c h n o l o g y T r a n s f e r ( I B S N A T ) F a m i l y o f M o d e l s ( 1 5 5 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : G e n e r a l - P u r p o s e A t m o s p h e r i c P l a n t S o i l S i m u l a t o r ( G A P S 3 . 1 ) ( 1 4 7 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : E r o s i o n P r o d u c t i v i t y I m p a c t C a l c u l a t o r ( E P I C ) ( 1 5 2 k B )
I r r i g a t i o n M o d e l : C R O P W A T ( 1 3 2 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : A l f a l f a 1 . 4 ( 1 2 5 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : A F R C - W h e a t ( 1 5 1 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : R I C E M O D ( 1 3 3 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : G O S S Y M / C O M A X ( 1 3 4 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : G L Y C I M ( 1 3 4 k B )
E c o n o m i c M o d e l s : E c o n o m e t r i c ( R i c a r d i a n - b a s e d ) M o d e l s ( 1 4 9 k B )
E c o n o m i c M o d e l s : I n p u t - O u t p u t M o d e l i n g ( w i t h I M P L A N ) ( 1 6 5 k B )
http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/impacts_vulnerability_and_adaptation/items/570.php
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H O M E C D M G H G d a t a T T : C L E A R S I T E M A P | F A Q | T E X T V E R S I O N | C O N T A C T U S | D I S C L A I M E R
S e a r c h :
E s s e n t i a l B a c k g r o u n d D o c u m e n t a t i o n M e e t i n g s C o o p e r a t i o n & S u p p o r t A d a p t a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y N a t i o n a l R e p o r t s M e t h o d s & S c i e n c e L a n d U s e , L a n d - U s e C h a n g e a n d F o r e s t r y I m p a c t s , V u l n e r a b i l i t y & A d a p t a t i o n M i t i g a t i o n E m i s s i o n s f r o m i n t l . T r a n s p o r t ( B u n k e r F u e l s ) R e s e a r c h & S y s t e m a t i c O b s e r v a t i o n O t h e r M e t h o d o l o g i c a l I s s u e s K y o t o M e c h a n i s m s P a r t i e s & O b s e r v e r s P r e s s S e c r e t a r i a t I s s u e s Q u i c k f i n d e r :
P l e a s e c h o o s e
Y o u r l o c a t i o n : H o m e > M e t h o d s & S c i e n c e > I m p a c t s , V u l n e r a b i l i t y & A d a p t a t i o n
M e t h o d o l o g i e s a n d T o o l s t o E v a l u a t e C l i m a t e C h a n g e I m p a c t s a n d A d a p t a t i o n
C o m p e n d i u m o n m e t h o d s a n d t o o l s t o e v a l u a t e i m p a c t s o f , v u l n e r a b i l i t y a n d a d a p t a t i o n t o c l i m a t e c h a n g e . F i n a l d r a f t
4 S e c t o r - S p e c i f i c T o o l s 4 . 1 A g r i c u l t u r e T h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r t o o l s d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s c o m p e n d i u m , l i s t e d i n T a b l e 4 . 1 , r a n g e f r o m s e c t o r - w i d e e c o n o m i c a n a l y s e s t o f a r m - l e v e l c r o p m o d e l s . T h e c r o p p r o c e s s m o d e l s a d d r e s s t h e i m p a c t o f v a r i o u s m a n a g e m e n t a n d c l i m a t e c h a n g e s c e n a r i o s o n s i n g l e c r o p s ( e . g . , W O F O S T , I C A S A , A L F A L F A , O R Y Z A ) , m u l t i p l e c r o p s ( e . g . , A P S I M ) , a n d e n t i r e e c o s y s t e m s ( e . g . , C E N T U R Y ) . O t h e r t o o l s c a n b e u s e d t o e x a m i n e p a r t i c u l a r e c o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s o r p r o c e s s e s ( e . g . , A C R U ) o r s u p p o r t b i g g e r p i c t u r e s t r a t e g i c a d a p t a t i o n d e c i s i o n s ( e . g . , M A A C V , R R I ) . T h e e c o n o m i c m o d e l s ( e . g . , R i c a r d i a n a n a l y s i s a n d i n p u t - o u t p u t a c c o u n t i n g ) a s s i s t t h e u s e r i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e e c o n o m i c i m p a c t s o f c h a n g i n g l a n d v a l u e s , s u p p l y a n d d e m a n d , a n d c o m m o d i t y p r o d u c t i o n r e s u l t i n g f r o m c l i m a t e c h a n g e . T h e r e a r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y m o r e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r t o o l s t h a n t h e r e a r e t o o l s i n o t h e r s e c t o r s . T h i s i s b e c a u s e m a n y a g r i c u l t u r a l m o d e l s a r e c r o p s p e c i f i c o r a r e a p p l i c a b l e o n l y t o p a r t i c u l a r r e g i o n s , w h e r e a s m o d e l s i n o t h e r s e c t o r s t e n d t o b e m o r e g e n e r a l l y a p p l i c a b l e .
T a b l e 4 . 1 . T o o l s c o v e r e d i n a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r 4 . 1 A g r i c u l t u r e S e c t o r T o o l s
A P S I M ( A g r i c u l t u r a l P r o d u c t i o n S y s t e m s s I M u l a t o r ) ( 1 5 2 k B )
W O F O S T ( 1 3 5 k B )
A C R U ( A g r i c u l t u r a l C a t c h m e n t s R e s e a r c h U n i t ) ( 1 6 6 k B )
P r o c e s s S o i l a n d C r o p M o d e l s : C E N T U R Y ( 1 6 4 k B )
O R Y Z A 2 0 0 0 ( 1 5 4 k B )
I n f o r m a t i o n a n d D e c i s i o n S u p p o r t S y s t e m f o r C l i m a t e C h a n g e S t u d i e s i n S o u t h E a s t S o u t h A m e r i c a ( I D S S - S E S A C l i m a t e C h a n g e ) ( 1 6 9 k B )
D e c i s i o n S u p p o r t S y s t e m s L i n k i n g A g r o - C l i m a t i c I n d i c e s w i t h G C M - O r i g i n a t e d C l i m a t e C h a n g e S c e n a r i o s ( 1 7 8 k B )
M o d e l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l A d a p t a t i o n t o C l i m a t i c V a r i a t i o n ( M A A C V ) ( 1 3 9 k B )
R e l a t i v e R i s k I n d e x ( R R I ) ( 1 0 9 k B )
G o v e r n m e n t S u p p o r t i n A g r i c u l t u r e f o r L o s s e s d u e t o C l i m a t i c V a r i a b i l i t y ( 1 1 7 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n s o r t i u m f o r A p p l i c a t i o n o f S y s t e m s A p p r o a c h e s t o A g r i c u l t u r e ( I C A S A ) — I n t e r n a t i o n a l B e n c h m a r k S i t e s N e t w o r k f o r A g r o t e c h n o l o g y T r a n s f e r ( I B S N A T ) F a m i l y o f M o d e l s ( 1 5 5 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : G e n e r a l - P u r p o s e A t m o s p h e r i c P l a n t S o i l S i m u l a t o r ( G A P S 3 . 1 ) ( 1 4 7 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : E r o s i o n P r o d u c t i v i t y I m p a c t C a l c u l a t o r ( E P I C ) ( 1 5 2 k B )
I r r i g a t i o n M o d e l : C R O P W A T ( 1 3 2 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : A l f a l f a 1 . 4 ( 1 2 5 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : A F R C - W h e a t ( 1 5 1 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : R I C E M O D ( 1 3 3 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : G O S S Y M / C O M A X ( 1 3 4 k B )
P r o c e s s C r o p M o d e l s : G L Y C I M ( 1 3 4 k B )
E c o n o m i c M o d e l s : E c o n o m e t r i c ( R i c a r d i a n - b a s e d ) M o d e l s ( 1 4 9 k B )
E c o n o m i c M o d e l s : I n p u t - O u t p u t M o d e l i n g ( w i t h I M P L A N ) ( 1 6 5 k B )
http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/impacts_vulnerability_and_adaptation/items/570.php
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Changes in rainfall with doubled CO2 (CSIRO model)
>25.6
Daily rainfall class (mm day–1)
0.2-0.4 0.4-0.8 0.8-1.6 1.6-3.2 3.2-6.4 6.4-12.8 12.8-25.6
160
140
120
80
60
40
20
0
–20
100
Change infrequency
(%)
40°N 40°S
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UNCERTAINTY
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Cascade of uncertainty
• CO2 concentration• Global-mean sea level• Global-mean temperature• Regional temperatures• Regional temperature extremes• Regional precipitation• Cloud cover• Climatic variability / extremes
High confidence
Low confidence
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Cascade of Uncertainty in Assessment of Impacts
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IMPACTS
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The climate change affects on agriculture
• Productivity (quantity and quality)
• Agricultural practices (changes of water use, agricultural inputs -herbicides, insecticides, fertilizers)
• Environmental level (frequency and intensity of soil drainage -nitrogen leaching, soil erosion, reduction of crop diversity)
• Rural space (loss of cultivated lands, land speculation, land renunciation, hydraulic amenities)
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Several changing parameters impact agriculture
• a direct effect is the composition of the earth atmosphere :CO2 and ozone (CH4, NO2 and CFC to have no impact on physiological processus).
• some indirect effects are climate parameters resulting from climate change : temperature, insolation, rainfall, humidity
• other indirect effects are the side effects due to the climatic changes : increase of the sea level, changes in ocean currents, tornadoes..
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Additional People at Risk of Hunger under the SRES A2 and B2 Scenarios,(Parry, et al. in Global Environmental Change, 2004)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
2020 2050 2080
Add
ition
al M
illio
ns o
f P
eopl
e
A2 - Regional Enterprise B2 - Local Stewardship
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Key impacts on wheat yields for different regions%
Yie
ld +
0
- N. India
S. Europe
N. England
Local food production ?
Regional food security ?
Global food security ?
0.5 1.0 Deg C
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Coastal vulnerability
Poorer nutrition and health infrastructure
Economic structure
Closer to margin of tolerance
Why farmers in developing countries are more vulnerable to climate change
1) Impacts are worse
2) Lower capacity to adapt
Availability of technology
Institutional capacity
Know-how and education
Financial capacity
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Climate Sensitivity Functions of the US and India Mendelsohn and Dinar (2000)
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
-1.4
-1.60 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
US Response Function
India Response Function
Temperature Change, oC
Impa
ct o
n F
arm
Val
ue/N
et
Inco
me
(bil
lion
s of
US
$)
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MITIGATION1. no uncertainty on the need to stabilize GHG
concentration in atmosphere
2. need to initiate mitigation urgently
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Agriculture has many unique opportunities to manage greenhouse gases
ReduceGreenhouse gas
emissions
Innovate to replace fossil fuels with bio-
based energy, chemicals and materials
ReplaceAtmospheric C to store
in soils and perennial crops
Remove
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Opportunities for mitigationin agriculture
• Carbon sequestration (possibly increasing N2O)
– Land management (tillage, irrigation management, fertilizer management, cover crops, eliminating fallow)
– Land use change to grassland, forest
• Emission reduction: CO2, N2O, methane– Energy emissions (direct, induced energy use)
– Livestock: enteric fermentation, manure management
– Bio-energy products, renewables (reduces energy CO2 emissions)
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GHG Mitigation Potential from Agriculture
Sink Enhancing Management Practices• Increase no-till
• Decrease summerfallow
• Increase hay in crop rotation
• Improve grazing management
• Increase permanent cover
• Increase shelterbelts
GHG Source-Reducing Management Practices• Improve nutrient
management
• Improve feeding management
• Improve manure management
Sink Enhancing Management Practices• Increase no-till
• Decrease summerfallow
• Increase hay in crop rotation
• Improve grazing management
• Increase permanent cover
• Increase shelterbelts
GHG Source-Reducing Management Practices• Improve nutrient
management
• Improve feeding management
• Improve manure management
TimeTime
Change in Soil Carbon (Sinks)Change in Soil Carbon (Sinks)
Old management New management
Org
anic
C
TimeTime
Change in Soil Carbon (Sinks)Change in Soil Carbon (Sinks)
Old managementOld management New managementNew management
Org
anic
C
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REDUCE, REMOVE, REPLACE + RESPOND
ReduceGreenhouse gas
emissions
AgriculturalGHG
Management
Innovate to replace fossil fuels with bio-
based energy, chemicals and materials
ReplaceAtmospheric C to store in soils and perennial
crops
Remove
The climate is goingto change requiring
adaptation
Respond
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ADAPTATION‘adjustments in ecological, social or economic systems in response
to actual or expected climate stimuli and their impacts … ...to moderate damages or to
benefit from opportunities associated with climate change’
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Concept of adaptation in agriculture
Adaptation refers to responses by •individuals, •groups and
•governments to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects• to reduce vulnerability to adverse impacts or damage potential,
•or to realize opportunities
associated with climate change (Dolan et al., 2001).
Responses should be beneficial regardless of how or whether climate changes
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Adaptation Options • Possible at various levels - farmer, economic agent, macro• Potential and costs of adaptation - possibly through historic
analysis of technology penetration• Reilly and Schimmelpfenng (1999) show the relative speed of
adoption of various measures:
Adaptation Measure Adjustment Time (years)Variety Adoption 3-14Dams and Irrigation 50-100Variety Development 8-15Tillage Systems 10-12Opening New Lands 3-10Irrigation Equipment 20-25Fertilizer Adoption 10
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Relative Inertia in Adaptation
Adaptation CostNo changeChange mix of crops already grown *Change crops grown **Change machinery owned **Change labour mix **Change crop storage capacity ***Change animal housing capacity ***Add irrigation capacity ****Change enterprise *****
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Climate adaptation should be iterative
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Adaptation options (+technique needs) Development and adoption of new technologies Promotion of agriculture extension services Improving water management Improving farm management Diversification of income earning and
employment opportunities Institutional planning and implementation Improving infrastructure, enhance adaptive
capacity including investment and accumulation of capital.
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Development and adoption of new technologies
• Mechanical innovations - irrigation - conservation tillage - integrated drainage systems
• Crop breeding (“climate” resistant varieties) - improved resistance to changing diseases and insects - heat and drought resistant crop varieties - use of traditional varieties bred for storm and drought resistance - investment in seed banks
• Biotechnology
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Biotechnology:Splicing in a gene to raise the max T of photosynthesis (tobacco with gene from Arabidosis thaliana)
Genetically modified
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Promotion of agriculture extension services key role in promoting agriculture productivity in
developing countries
Improving water management • better water distribution strategies • changing crop and irrigation schedules to use rainfall more effectively • improving irrigation technologies• water recycling and the conjunctive use of groundwater• water price
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Improving farm management• changing farm production practices • diversification of crop and livestock varieties • replacement of plant types, cultivars and animal breeds
with climate resistant new varieties • altering the intensity of fertilizer, pesticide application• modernization and improving farm level managerial
capacity: altering capital and labor inputs to reduce risks
Diversification of income earning and employment opportunities
• alternative livelihood options need to be encouraged• income diversification • off farm activities (trading home produced goods,
providing services)
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• Institutional reforms (to achive decision-making structures that support long term planning and enhance adaptations to both short and long term climate impacts)
• The governments need to reverse declining investments in agricultural research and extension
• Improved training and general education of populations dependent on agriculture
Institutional planning and implementation
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Improving infrastructure, enhance adaptive capacity, including investment and accumulation of capital
• The adjustment of capital (and labor) inputs can
help farmers to make the necessary adaptations
• Removal of subsidies, which can, by limiting changes
in prices, mask the climate change signal in the marketplace
• Food programs and other social security programs
to provide insurance against supply changes
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What do we know about the connections between mitigation, adaptation and impacts ?
No action
Allmitigation
All adaptation
Mix ofmitigate/ adapt/
impact
Cost ofadaptation
less more
Cost of
mitigation
less
more
Cos
t of
impa
cts
less
mor
e
(Holdridge diagram)
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Integrated Assessment Framework for Considering Climate Change
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CONCLUSIONSAgrometeorologist should help farmers make transition
from “passive acceptance” of climate change by equipping them to make an “active response”
Both agrometeorologists and farmers should realize as soon as possible that
• The past may not longer be a good guide
for the future.• Adaptation cannot be a substitute
mitigation