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Classification of Organisms
Pre AP Biology
Spring ‘13
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Taxonomy• Taxonomy is the science of naming and
classifying living organisms.• Carl Linnaeus – 1750s begin to name
organisms using 2 Latin words. This is called binomial nomenclature.
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• We still use that system today and the two names are called the scientific name.
• Many organisms also have a common name, but some such as e.coli are only known by their scientific names.
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Why we use scientific names
• Scientific names are very specific. – There is more than one common name for some
organisms (roach, cockroach, water bug)– Some common names refer to more than one
species (fly, bass, deer)
• Scientific names are the same in every language
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Scientific Names• The rules:
– Must be in Latin (or “Latinized”)
– Must be underlined if handwritten and in italics if word-processed (like the title of a book)
– First name must be capitalized and second name must be lower-case
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Examples
• Common name : dog• Scienitific name: Canis familiaris
(or Canis familiaris)• First name is the genus (pl. genera), or group to
which the animal belongs.• Second name is more specific and is the species.
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Species
• Similar in appearance
• Breed in natural environment
• Can produce healthy fertile offspring
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Examples
• Common name : wolf
• Scienitific name: Canis lupus
• Wolves belong to the genus Canis (same as domesticated dogs)
• Wolves belong to a different species (lupus) than dogs (familiaris)
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Examples• Common name : tiger
– Scientific name: Panthera tigris – Genus: Panthera Species: tigris
• Common name: lion– Scientific name: Panthera leo– Genus: Panthera Species: leo
• Common name: cat– Scientific name: Felis domestica– Genus: Felis Species: domestica
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Some organisms we already call by its scientific name
• Scientific Name:
Tyrannasaurus rex
OR
Tyrannasaurus rex
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Others we use a common name: Bluebonnet
• Scientific Name:
Lupinus texensis
OR
Lupinus texensis
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Others we use a common name: sparrow
• Scientific Name:
Passer domesticus
OR
Passer domesticus
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Hierarchy of classification
• Organisms are grouped together much like mail is delivered…from most inclusive to most specific: – Most inclusive: Country
State
City
Zip
Street
address
individual –most specific
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Domains
• Most inclusive division is called a Domain– There are only 3 of these: eukary,
bacteria and archea– All organisms fall into one of these three
catagories. Two of them are prokaryotic and one is eukaryotic. We’re eukarya
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Kingdom and Phyla
• Domains are divided into Kingdoms – There are 4 kingdoms within Eukary: Protists,
Fungi, Plants and Animals; we’re animals
• Kingdoms are divided into Phyla (sing: Phylum)– We belong to phylum Chordata (had a nerve
cord)
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Class and Order• Phyla are divided into Classes
– We’re in the class mammalia (has hair, carries offspring in womb, feeds offspring milk)
• Classes are divided into Orders– Were in the order primates
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Family Genus and Species
• Orders are divided into Families– We’re in the family Hominidae (includes great apes
chimpanzee, gorilla and orangatang)
• Families are divided into Genera (sing. Genus)– We’re in the genus Homo (all others in the genus are
extinct but include Homo erectus (walked upright) and Homo habilitus (made tools)
• Genera are divided into Species– We’re in the species sapien
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Example: HoneybeeDomain: Eukary
Kingdom: AnimalPhylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta Order: Hymenopera
Family: ApidaeGenus: Apis Species:
melllifera
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You need to know the levels in order:
• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
• Use a sentence to help you remember the order: – Ex: Does King Philip Come Over For Green
Spinach?
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The Domains and KingdomsDomain Kingdom Number
of cellsType of cell
nutrition Movement example
Bacteria Eu-
baceria
Archea Archea-bacteria
Eukary Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal
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The Domains and KingdomsDomain Kingdom Number of
cells
Type of cell
Nutrition Movement
example
Bacteria Eu-
baceria
Archea Archea-bacteria
Eukary Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal
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The Domains and KingdomsDomain Kingdom
Number of cells
Type of cellnutrition Movemen
texample
Bacteria Eu-
baceria
Archea Archea-bacteria
Eukary Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal
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The Domains and KingdomsDomain Kingdom
Number of cells Type of cell
nutritionMovement example
Bacteria Eu-
baceria
Archea Archea-bacteria
Eukary Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal
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The Domains and KingdomsDomain Kingdom
Number of cells Type of cell nutrition
Movementexample
Bacteria Eu-
baceria
Archea Archea-bacteria
Eukary Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal
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The Domains and KingdomsDomain Kingdom
Number of cells Type of cell nutrition Movement
exampleBacteria Eu-
baceria
Archea Archea-bacteria
Eukary Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal