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NEMATODESNEMATODES
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Classification of medically Classification of medically significant nematodessignificant nematodes
A. Based on the presence of absence of caudalA. Based on the presence of absence of caudal
receptor.receptor.
a. Class Enoplea- with caudal receptor a. Class Enoplea- with caudal receptor and with caudal glands.and with caudal glands.
- trichuris trichura- trichuris trichura
- trichinella spiralis- trichinella spiralis
- capillaria philipinensis- capillaria philipinensis
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2. Class Rhabditea- with caudal receptor but without 2. Class Rhabditea- with caudal receptor but without caudal glandscaudal glands
- ascaris lumbricoides- ascaris lumbricoides- stronglyloides stercoralis- stronglyloides stercoralis- enterobius vermicularis- enterobius vermicularis- filarial worms- filarial worms- hookworms- hookworms- dracunculus medinensis- dracunculus medinensis- anglostrongylus cantonensis- anglostrongylus cantonensis
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Based of habitatBased of habitat
A.A. Intestinal nematodesIntestinal nematodes1. Small intestine1. Small intestine
- ascaris lumbricoides- ascaris lumbricoides- capillaria philipinensis- capillaria philipinensis- hookworms- hookworms- strongyloides stercoralis- strongyloides stercoralis
2. large intestine2. large intestine- trichuris trichura- trichuris trichura- enterobius vermicularis- enterobius vermicularis
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b. Extra intestinal Nematodesb. Extra intestinal Nematodes
1.1. Trichinella spiralis- muscleTrichinella spiralis- muscle
2.2. Filarial worms- lymphatic tissueFilarial worms- lymphatic tissue
3.3. Dracunculus medinensis- tissueDracunculus medinensis- tissue
4.4. Anglostrongylus cantonensis- brainAnglostrongylus cantonensis- brain
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ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDESASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES Giant intestinal roundwormGiant intestinal roundworm Disease- human ascariasisDisease- human ascariasis AdultAdult
- largest and most common- largest and most common- 15-30 cm by 3 mm male- 15-30 cm by 3 mm male- 20-40 cm by 5 mm female- 20-40 cm by 5 mm female- cylindrical, elongated, tapering in the end- cylindrical, elongated, tapering in the end- containing lateral lines seen as whitish streak along - containing lateral lines seen as whitish streak along
the entire length of the bodythe entire length of the body- terminal mouth with trilobate lips with a small - terminal mouth with trilobate lips with a small
triangular buccal cavitytriangular buccal cavity
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OvaOva
Fertilized ovaFertilized ova Broadly ovoid, golden brown in colorBroadly ovoid, golden brown in color 45-75 by 35-45 micron with 3 thick transparent 45-75 by 35-45 micron with 3 thick transparent
layerslayers Vitelline membrane- inner non permeableVitelline membrane- inner non permeable Glycogen membrane- thick transparent middle layerGlycogen membrane- thick transparent middle layer Albuminous/ mammilary coat- outermost layerAlbuminous/ mammilary coat- outermost layer
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Fertilized ovaFertilized ova
Decorticated fertilized Decorticated fertilized ovaova
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Unfertilized ovaUnfertilized ova Larger, longer, elongated or sometimes irregular in Larger, longer, elongated or sometimes irregular in
shapeshape 88-94 microns88-94 microns Two layersTwo layers
Glycogen membraneGlycogen membrane Albuminous layerAlbuminous layer * vitelline layer is absent* vitelline layer is absent
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Unfertilzed OvaUnfertilzed Ova
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Life cycleLife cycle
Adult in small intestineAdult in small intestine Eggs passes out in the fecesEggs passes out in the feces Embryonation in 1-2 weeksEmbryonation in 1-2 weeks Fully embryonayed egss ingested by manFully embryonayed egss ingested by man In the small intestine, larva penetrate the mucosa and In the small intestine, larva penetrate the mucosa and
enters the blood circulationenters the blood circulation Heart and lung migration, molt twiceHeart and lung migration, molt twice Larvae ascend respiratory tree and swallowed, Larvae ascend respiratory tree and swallowed,
descend to the small intestine to maturedescend to the small intestine to mature
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Pathology Pathology
AdultAdult Feeds on intestinal contentsFeeds on intestinal contents abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, loss of appetiteabdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, loss of appetite Due to eratic migration might lead to regurgitation Due to eratic migration might lead to regurgitation
and escape through the nostriland escape through the nostril Vomited ascaris may pass the larynx and might lead Vomited ascaris may pass the larynx and might lead
to suffocation or reach the lung producing gangreneto suffocation or reach the lung producing gangrene might enter the eustachian tube and provole otitis might enter the eustachian tube and provole otitis
mediamedia
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Extra intestinal pathologyExtra intestinal pathology May invade bile duct, gall bladder, appendixMay invade bile duct, gall bladder, appendix May cause hemorrhagic pancreatitisMay cause hemorrhagic pancreatitis Migration to the peritoneal cavity leads to peritonitisMigration to the peritoneal cavity leads to peritonitis Even the worms cause little or no traumatic damage Even the worms cause little or no traumatic damage
the by product of living or dead worms may rarely the by product of living or dead worms may rarely produced toxic manifestation such as edema and produced toxic manifestation such as edema and urticaria accompanied by loss of appetite and weight urticaria accompanied by loss of appetite and weight
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
Direct fecal smearDirect fecal smear Kato-thickKato-thick Kato- katzKato- katz Concentration techniqueConcentration technique
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Treatment Treatment
Piperazine citratePiperazine citrate Pyrantel pamoatePyrantel pamoate MebendazoleMebendazole AlbendazoleAlbendazole
*piperazine and pyrantel pamoate with *piperazine and pyrantel pamoate with neuromuscular blocking effect that paralyses the neuromuscular blocking effect that paralyses the parasites.parasites.
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Prevention and controlPrevention and control
Treatment of infected individualTreatment of infected individual Sanitary waste disposalSanitary waste disposal Hand washing before mealsHand washing before meals Proper personal hygieneProper personal hygiene Thorough washing and cooking of foodThorough washing and cooking of food Avoid using human excreta as fertilizerAvoid using human excreta as fertilizer
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TRICHURIS TRICHURATRICHURIS TRICHURA
WhipwormWhipworm TrichuriasisTrichuriasis AdultsAdults
Attached to the wall of the caecumAttached to the wall of the caecum Whiplike and posterior end is more robustWhiplike and posterior end is more robust Female- 3.5- 5 cmFemale- 3.5- 5 cm Male- 3-4.5 cm and coiled posterior endMale- 3-4.5 cm and coiled posterior end
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Ova Ova
Unsegmented, barrel shaped, lemon, football Unsegmented, barrel shaped, lemon, football shaped ovashaped ova
Bi-polar plugsBi-polar plugs With 3 layersWith 3 layers Embryonation takes place in the soil where the Embryonation takes place in the soil where the
first stage larvae is formed within 3 weeksfirst stage larvae is formed within 3 weeks
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Life cycleLife cycle
Adult worms attached to the wall of the Adult worms attached to the wall of the caecumcaecum
Eggs passes out of the fecesEggs passes out of the feces Embryonate in 2-3 weeksEmbryonate in 2-3 weeks Embryonated eggs ingested by manEmbryonated eggs ingested by man Larvae hatch in the intestineLarvae hatch in the intestine
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Pathology Pathology
Small streaked diarrheic stoolSmall streaked diarrheic stool Abdominal pain and tendernessAbdominal pain and tenderness Nausea and vomitingNausea and vomiting Hypochromic anemiaHypochromic anemia Weight loss Weight loss Rectal prolapseRectal prolapse
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
Direct fecal smear analysisDirect fecal smear analysis Kato-thick or kato Katz Kato-thick or kato Katz Concentration techniqueConcentration technique
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Treatment Treatment
AlbendazoleAlbendazole MebendazoleMebendazole Pyrantel pamoatePyrantel pamoate
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Prevention and controlPrevention and control
Treatment of infected individualTreatment of infected individual Sanitary waste disposalSanitary waste disposal Hand washing before mealsHand washing before meals Proper personal hygieneProper personal hygiene Thorough washing and cooking of foodThorough washing and cooking of food Avoid using human excreta as fertilizerAvoid using human excreta as fertilizer
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Enterobius vermicularisEnterobius vermicularis
Pinworm or seatwormPinworm or seatworm Enterobiasis or oxyuriasisEnterobiasis or oxyuriasis AdultsAdults
Small whitish or brown in colorSmall whitish or brown in color Male- 2-5 mm coiled tail endMale- 2-5 mm coiled tail end Female- 8-13mm pointed tail endFemale- 8-13mm pointed tail end Diagnostic in the presence of cephalic alae and Diagnostic in the presence of cephalic alae and
distinct or prominent esophageal bulb.distinct or prominent esophageal bulb.
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Ova Ova
ElongatedElongated 50-80 by 20-30 microns50-80 by 20-30 microns Flattened lateral side, lopsided DFlattened lateral side, lopsided D Two egg-shell layerTwo egg-shell layer
Albuminous layer- outerAlbuminous layer- outer Embryonic or lipoidal membrane- innerEmbryonic or lipoidal membrane- inner Embryonated when laidEmbryonated when laid Resistant to disinfectant Resistant to disinfectant Under favorable condition, it remains viable for 13 daysUnder favorable condition, it remains viable for 13 days
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Life cycleLife cycle
Adults in the caecumAdults in the caecum Gravid females migrate to the perianal area to Gravid females migrate to the perianal area to
deposit embryonated eggdeposit embryonated egg Ova are infective to man 6hrs after depositionOva are infective to man 6hrs after deposition Ova are ingest of inhaled by manOva are ingest of inhaled by man Larvae hatch in the duodenumLarvae hatch in the duodenum Migrate to its final habitat in the large intestineMigrate to its final habitat in the large intestine
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Pathology Pathology
Poor appetitePoor appetite InsomiaInsomia Weight lossWeight loss IrritabilityIrritability Grinding of teethGrinding of teeth NauseaNausea VomitingVomiting Pruritus aniPruritus ani
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
Scotch tape swabScotch tape swab
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Treatment Treatment
AlbendazoleAlbendazole MebendazoleMebendazole Pyrantel pamoatePyrantel pamoate
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Transmission Transmission
Hand to mouthHand to mouth InhalationInhalation autoinfectionautoinfection
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Trichinella spiralisTrichinella spiralis
Trichina wormTrichina worm TrichinosisTrichinosis Adult Adult
MinuteMinute Male-1.5 by 0.04 mm with single testis near the Male-1.5 by 0.04 mm with single testis near the
posterior endposterior end Female- 3.6 by 0.06 mm with single ovaryFemale- 3.6 by 0.06 mm with single ovary The female is viviparous or larviparous capable of The female is viviparous or larviparous capable of
producing 1,500 larvaeproducing 1,500 larvae
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LarvaeLarvae 80-120 micron by 5.6 microns at birth80-120 micron by 5.6 microns at birth 900-1300 micron by 35-40 microns900-1300 micron by 35-40 microns Spear like burrowing anteriorSpear like burrowing anterior
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Life cycleLife cycle Encysted larvae in pig Encysted larvae in pig
musclemuscle Ingestion of improperly Ingestion of improperly
cooked porkcooked pork Infected flesh is digested by Infected flesh is digested by
gastric juicegastric juice Adults in the duodenumAdults in the duodenum Larviparous female burrows Larviparous female burrows
into mucosa and deposit into mucosa and deposit larvaelarvae
Larvae enters the circulationLarvae enters the circulation Encyst in striated muscleEncyst in striated muscle Dead end cycleDead end cycle
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Pathology Pathology
Incubation and intestinal invasionIncubation and intestinal invasion Includes diarrhrea, constipation, vomiting Includes diarrhrea, constipation, vomiting
abdominal cramps, nauseaabdominal cramps, nausea Larval migration muscle invasionLarval migration muscle invasion
Fever, facial edema, urticaria, pain and swelling Fever, facial edema, urticaria, pain and swelling weaknessweakness
Splenomegaly, gastric and intestinal hemorrhagesSplenomegaly, gastric and intestinal hemorrhages Encysment and encapsulationEncysment and encapsulation
Fever, weak, painFever, weak, pain
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
Muscle biopsyMuscle biopsy Serological- ELISASerological- ELISA
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Treatment Treatment
Thiabendazole during the first weekThiabendazole during the first week Mebedazole larvicidalMebedazole larvicidal
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Prevention and controlPrevention and control
Cook meat 77 C 177 FCook meat 77 C 177 F Freezing- - 15C for 20 days or -30 C for 6 Freezing- - 15C for 20 days or -30 C for 6
daysdays Smoking, salting, or drying is not effectiveSmoking, salting, or drying is not effective
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Hookworms Hookworms
Necator americanus- New World HookwormNecator americanus- New World Hookworm Ancylostoma duodenale- old world hookwormAncylostoma duodenale- old world hookworm Ancylostoma braziliense- cat hookwormAncylostoma braziliense- cat hookworm Ancylostoma caninum- dog hookwormAncylostoma caninum- dog hookworm
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Necator americanusNecator americanus
S-shapedS-shaped Buccal capsule id provided with semilunar Buccal capsule id provided with semilunar
cutting platecutting plate With amphidial gland that secretes With amphidial gland that secretes
anticoagulantanticoagulant Copulatory bursa is longer than broad with Copulatory bursa is longer than broad with
bipartite dorsal ray and a long slender bipartite dorsal ray and a long slender copulatory spicules that is fused at the tip copulatory spicules that is fused at the tip forming a delicate barb.forming a delicate barb.
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Necator americanusNecator americanus
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Adult necatorAdult necator
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Tail- endTail- end
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Necator OvaNecator Ova
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Ancylostoma duodenaleAncylostoma duodenale
Stout, body contour into letter cStout, body contour into letter c 2 pairs of ventral teeth2 pairs of ventral teeth With copulatory bursa characterized as bristle With copulatory bursa characterized as bristle
like with tridigitate dorsal raylike with tridigitate dorsal ray
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Ancylostoma duodenaleAncylostoma duodenale
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Ova Ova
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Ancylostoma brazilienzeAncylostoma brazilienze
With a pair of teeth and a pair o f With a pair of teeth and a pair o f inconspicuous median teeth in the buccal inconspicuous median teeth in the buccal capsulecapsule
Broad and long copulatory bursa with short Broad and long copulatory bursa with short lateral rayslateral rays
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Filariform, rhabditiformFilariform, rhabditiform
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Ova Ova
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Ancylostoma caninumAncylostoma caninum
With 3 pair of ventral teethWith 3 pair of ventral teeth Secretes anticoagulant that delays the Secretes anticoagulant that delays the
coagulation of blood.coagulation of blood.
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Ancylostoma caninumAncylostoma caninum
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Ova Ova
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Larval stageLarval stage
RhabditiformRhabditiform Long narrow buccal cavityLong narrow buccal cavity Flask shaped esophagus Flask shaped esophagus With inconspicuous genital primordiumWith inconspicuous genital primordium Open mouthOpen mouth Feeding stageFeeding stage
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FilariformFilariform Longer and slender with pointed posterior endLonger and slender with pointed posterior end Closed mouth with protective coveringClosed mouth with protective covering Non feeding stageNon feeding stage Infective stageInfective stage
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Life cycleLife cycle Adults in the small intestineAdults in the small intestine Ova in fecesOva in feces Rhabditiform larvae 1-2 daysRhabditiform larvae 1-2 days Filariform 5-8 daysFilariform 5-8 days Filariform penetrate the skinFilariform penetrate the skin Enters the circulationEnters the circulation LungsLungs TracheaTrachea SwallowedSwallowed EsophagusEsophagus
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PathologyPathology
Ground itch- pruritus, secondary bacterial Ground itch- pruritus, secondary bacterial infectioninfection
Pulmonary lesion- Wakana diseasePulmonary lesion- Wakana disease Creeping eruption- dermatitis characterized by Creeping eruption- dermatitis characterized by
intracutaneous lesionintracutaneous lesion Hookwrom anemia- microcytic hypochromicHookwrom anemia- microcytic hypochromic Albuminea- low level of albumin due to Albuminea- low level of albumin due to
combined loss of blood, lymph and proteincombined loss of blood, lymph and protein
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
Direct fecal smearDirect fecal smear Harada-moriHarada-mori
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Treatment Treatment
MebendazoleMebendazole AlbendazoleAlbendazole Thiabendazole Thiabendazole
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Strongyloides stercoralisStrongyloides stercoralis
ThreadwormThreadworm Cochin-china diarrhea Cochin-china diarrhea Capable of both free living and parasitic Capable of both free living and parasitic 2-7 mm and 30-40um in width2-7 mm and 30-40um in width Colorless, semitransparent nematodeColorless, semitransparent nematode
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Larvae Larvae
Rhabditiform- short buccal cavity, elongated Rhabditiform- short buccal cavity, elongated esophagus with pyriform posterior bulb and esophagus with pyriform posterior bulb and conspicuous genital primodiumconspicuous genital primodium
Filariform- long delicate larvae with long Filariform- long delicate larvae with long esophagus and forked or notched tailesophagus and forked or notched tail
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Life cycleLife cycle Small intestineSmall intestine Ova in fecesOva in feces Rhabditiform larvae-------------filariform—adult free living---Rhabditiform larvae-------------filariform—adult free living--- Filariform --ova---rhabditiform---filariform-----hostFilariform --ova---rhabditiform---filariform-----host SkinSkin ----adult----adult CirculationCirculation HeartHeart LungsLungs TracheaTrachea esophagusesophagus
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Prevention Prevention
Proper waste disposalProper waste disposal Personal hygienePersonal hygiene Avoid being barefooted on suspected infected Avoid being barefooted on suspected infected
areaarea medicationmedication
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Treatment Treatment
MebendazoleMebendazole AlbendazoleAlbendazole thiabendazolethiabendazole
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Precaution Precaution
Administration of ORS to prevent dehydration Administration of ORS to prevent dehydration and loss of electrolytesand loss of electrolytes
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Filarial wormsFilarial worms Arthropod transmittedArthropod transmitted Invades circulatory system, muscle, serous cavities, Invades circulatory system, muscle, serous cavities,
lymphatic systemlymphatic system 2-50cm with inconspicuous buccal cavity2-50cm with inconspicuous buccal cavity Males with two copulatory spiculeMales with two copulatory spicule Viviparous females gives birth to prelarval Viviparous females gives birth to prelarval
microfilariamicrofilaria Microfilaria is motile , snakelike with dark staining Microfilaria is motile , snakelike with dark staining
nuclei occupying most of the entire bodynuclei occupying most of the entire body Sheathed ( with embryonic sheath )Sheathed ( with embryonic sheath ) Unsheated ( with no embryonic sheath ) Unsheated ( with no embryonic sheath )
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Periodicity Periodicity
NoctunalNoctunal DiurnalDiurnal SubperiodicSubperiodic Subpeiodic diurnalSubpeiodic diurnal Subperiodic nocturnalSubperiodic nocturnal
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Wuchereria Bancrofti Wuchereria Bancrofti
Bancroft’s filarial wormBancroft’s filarial worm elephantiasiselephantiasis Males- 2-4 cmMales- 2-4 cm Females- 8-10 cmFemales- 8-10 cm Microfilaria is nocturnal with curvatures and graceful Microfilaria is nocturnal with curvatures and graceful
appearance, tapering tail with no terminal nucleiappearance, tapering tail with no terminal nuclei Lower lmphaticsLower lmphatics ElephantiasisElephantiasis
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Microfilaria ( wuchereria bancrofti )Microfilaria ( wuchereria bancrofti )
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Pathology Pathology
Tropical pumonary eosinophiliaTropical pumonary eosinophilia Granuloma of the spleenGranuloma of the spleen In the lymph nodes they promote In the lymph nodes they promote
pseudotubercular granulomatous reactions, pseudotubercular granulomatous reactions, leads to edema, vascular and lymphatic leads to edema, vascular and lymphatic hyperplasia, fibrosis and caesationhyperplasia, fibrosis and caesation
Elephantiasis- scrotum, vulva, enlargement of Elephantiasis- scrotum, vulva, enlargement of the genitals and lower lymphaticsthe genitals and lower lymphatics
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Diagnosis and treatmentDiagnosis and treatment
Blood smear ( check periodicity )Blood smear ( check periodicity ) TreatmentTreatment
DEC- Diethyl carbamazineDEC- Diethyl carbamazine
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AedesAedes
AnophelesAnopheles
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Brugia malayiBrugia malayi
Malayan filarial wormMalayan filarial worm Malayan filariasisMalayan filariasis Male- 13-23 mmMale- 13-23 mm Female- 43-55 mmFemale- 43-55 mm With two distinct or discrete nuclei at the tip With two distinct or discrete nuclei at the tip
of the tailof the tail
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Vector Mansonia uniformisVector Mansonia uniformis
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Treatment Treatment
DECDEC
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Loa LoaLoa Loa
African Eye wormAfrican Eye worm Calabar swellingCalabar swelling Sheathed microfilariaSheathed microfilaria Subcutaneous tissue ( Habitat )Subcutaneous tissue ( Habitat ) Vector- chrysopsVector- chrysops
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Disease Disease
Calabar swellingCalabar swelling Conjunctiva granulomaConjunctiva granuloma Bug eye- painless edema of the eyelidsBug eye- painless edema of the eyelids Protopsis- bug eyeProtopsis- bug eye
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Calabar swellingCalabar swelling
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Treatment and controlTreatment and control
Protection from the bite of the vectorsProtection from the bite of the vectors Control of the vectorControl of the vector Chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazineChemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine
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Onchocerca volvulusOnchocerca volvulus
Convoluted filariaConvoluted filaria River blindnessRiver blindness Nodules in the subcutaneous tissueNodules in the subcutaneous tissue Males- 19-42 mmMales- 19-42 mm Females- 33.5-50mmFemales- 33.5-50mm Vector simuliumVector simulium
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Pathology Pathology
FeverFever EosinophiliaEosinophilia UrticariaUrticaria BlindnessBlindness PruritusPruritus HyperkeratosisHyperkeratosis Hanging groinHanging groin
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Diagnosis and treatmentDiagnosis and treatment
Skin snip of the subcutaneous nodulesSkin snip of the subcutaneous nodules Not found on the blood but can be found on Not found on the blood but can be found on
the urinethe urine Surgical removal of the noduleSurgical removal of the nodule DEC followed by suraminDEC followed by suramin Mebendazole as an alternate drug of choiceMebendazole as an alternate drug of choice
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Toxocara canis and CatiToxocara canis and Cati
Dog and cat ascarisDog and cat ascaris Normal habitat- cats and dogs, human Normal habitat- cats and dogs, human
accidental hostaccidental host Visceral larval migransVisceral larval migrans Life cycle- same as humansLife cycle- same as humans
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PathologyPathology Visceral larval migrationVisceral larval migration HemorrhageHemorrhage Necrosis and granulomaNecrosis and granuloma EosinophiliaEosinophilia Liver damageLiver damage Pulmonary inflammationPulmonary inflammation Ocular problemsOcular problems
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Diagnosis and TreatmentDiagnosis and Treatment
Marked eosinophiliaMarked eosinophilia HepatomegalyHepatomegaly HyperglobulinemiaHyperglobulinemia Direct fecal smearDirect fecal smear TxTx
Thiabendazole Thiabendazole
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Prevention and controlPrevention and control
Avoid contact with infected animalsAvoid contact with infected animals Animal under 6 mos. Should be dewormed Animal under 6 mos. Should be dewormed
with piperazinewith piperazine Proper waste disposal of animal droppingsProper waste disposal of animal droppings
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Toxocara canis ovaToxocara canis ova
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Toxocara catiToxocara cati
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Toxocara canis ovaToxocara canis ova
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Capillaria philipinensisCapillaria philipinensis
Pudoc wormPudoc worm BorborygamyBorborygamy Diarrheal diseaseDiarrheal disease dehydrationdehydration
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Capillaria ovaCapillaria ova
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Other nematodesOther nematodes
Angiostrongylus cantonensisAngiostrongylus cantonensis Rat lungwormRat lungworm Pila, planaria, fresh water prawns are intermediate Pila, planaria, fresh water prawns are intermediate
hosthost Infection to rats involves lungs for developmentInfection to rats involves lungs for development In humans stays in the brainIn humans stays in the brain
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Pila AfricanaPila Africana
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Planaria Planaria
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Dracunculus medinensisDracunculus medinensis
Guinea worm, dragon worm, fiery serpent Guinea worm, dragon worm, fiery serpent worm of the israelitesworm of the israelites
Inhabits the tissueInhabits the tissue Female 70-120cmFemale 70-120cm
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Life cycleLife cycle Adults in the cutaneous tissueAdults in the cutaneous tissue Larva escapes from skin blister 1Larva escapes from skin blister 1stst stage stage Free swimming ( rhabditiform )Free swimming ( rhabditiform ) Ingested by cyclops, copepodsIngested by cyclops, copepods Body cavity of cyclops or copepodsBody cavity of cyclops or copepods Infective stage ( filariform )Infective stage ( filariform ) Ingested by manIngested by man Adults in the tissueAdults in the tissue
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Diagnosis includes flooding of the ulceration Diagnosis includes flooding of the ulceration on the skinon the skin
Treatment- niridazole, metronidazole and Treatment- niridazole, metronidazole and thiabendazolethiabendazole
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Copepods Copepods
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Cyclops Cyclops
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