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CLASSIFICATION OF LOWER ORGANISMS
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Remember:
There are ___ Kingdoms for all organisms
____________, _______, _______, ________, __________, ______________
“_______ ___________” are generally the Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista and Fungi
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Definitions
_________: the taxon containing closely related classes
___________: The evolutionary history of a group of organisms that share a common ancestor
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Protists - Introduction
Single celled _____________ Appeared approximately 1.5 billion years ago 115 000 species, all very diverse in cell
structures, patterns of nutrition, reproduction and habitats
Their ___________is very complex and difficult to classify
To simplify in this class, protists have been broken down/classified based on their ______________ pattern: animal-like, fungus-like and plant-like
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Animal-Like Protists
Also called ____________ All are ___________ - they eat and ingest
material from their surroundings Are 4 phyla of protozoa, classified by
their type of ____________ Numerous in types of species and
population numbers, similar to bacteria
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Animal –Like Protists:Zooflagellates Phylum Mastigophora Possess 1 or more ______ to help them move Feed on other ________ or are internal
parasites on animals Reproduced _________ via longitudinal fission Example: Trypanosoma gambiensis causes
sleeping sickness that destroys RBCs, other tissues and one’s nervous system until the person loses consciousness
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Animal-Like Protists:Amoebas Phylum Sarcodina Most are free-living forms No set _____ ________ _____________ (projections of cytoplasm) enable
them to move and feed through ___________ (engulfing organisms with their pseudopods)
Some are parasitic
Example: Entamoeba causes amoebic dysentery, found in the water in tropical regions
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Animal –Like Protists:Ciliates Phylum Ciliophora Covered with hairlike projections called
_____ Rigid outer covering called _______
maintains their shape (amoebas don’t have this)
All ciliates are aquatic heterotrophs ___________ is an example
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Paramecium Digestion
Beating of its cilia sweeps food into ____ ________
Membrane pinches off, surrounds food and a food vacuole is formed
Food vacuole joins up with a _________ which breaks down the food with digestive enzymes
Usable products are absorbed in cytoplasm, undigested food is removed via ___________
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Paramecium & Structure
Have 2 types of nuclei – large ______nucleus and smaller ______nucleus
Reproduction by _______________ (asexual)
Micronucleus (ei) divide by mitosis and macronucelus simply pinches apart to produce two daughter macronucleus
Paramecium also use sexual reproduction via ____________
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Animal-Like Protists:Sporozoans Phylum Sporozoa Produce ______ during asexual
reproduction Sporozoa are non-motile and parasitic;
get nutrients from bodies of hosts Best known sporozoan is genus
Plasmodium that causes _________
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Fungus-Like Protists
Also called....SLIME MOULDS!!!!
All are __________ and most are ___________that feed on dead plants and animals by endocytosis
Live in cool, damp habitats
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Fungus-Like Protists:Acellular Slime Moulds Single celled Most of life is a wall-
less mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei
Cytoplasm moves using ____________ (network of strands)
Reproduce using _________; spores scatter and germinate
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Fungus-Like Protists:Cellular Slime Mould Live in fresh water,
damp soil or decaying matter
Move like ___________ cells
When food is scarce, they form a large ____________ mass and eventually release spores
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Fungus-Like Protists:Water Moulds
Most live in _______; some on land
May have seen growing on dead fish as whitish cottony substance
Most land species decompose dead matter which is good, but few are parasitic to plants
________________ in mid 1800s caused by Phytophthora infestans
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Plant-Like Protists
Are 24 000 species of protists that contain __________and carry out ____________, and so they resemble plants
We look at Euglenoids and Algae
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Plant –Like Protists:Euglenoids Are unicellular
flagellates and many members of this group _________________ to produce food
Species called Euglena gets fed in 2 ways
In sunlight it is ______________ (photosynthesis)
In dark feed as ____________ on dead organic material in water
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Plant –Like Protists:Algae Resemble plants because they have
chloroplasts that have chlorophyll
Some are single-celled, some live in colonies, some are multicellular
Are ___ main groups of algae; we discuss 3 here
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Algae: Diatoms
Have golden colour due to yellow-brown pigments in their shells
Outer covering is made of two halves
Each species has a characteristic shape
Abundant in _______; also classified as _______________
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Algae: Dinoflagellates
Are single-celled algae, have 2 ________
Most are ___________ Abundant in marine
environments Each species has a
specific shape Tend to be
_____________: when surrounding water is agitated, they give off light!!
Reproduce by __________
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Interesting to Know....
Rapid population growth called an ______________
When dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyhedron blooms it’s called a ___________
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Algae: Green algae
Can be single celled or colonial Each cell has 2 _________ that move the
cell around Ancient green algae are thought to have
given rise to the first plants because they have ____________ in their cell walls and their ____________ are similar to those of plants
Multicellular algae known as ___________
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Algae: Green algae
Colony of Algae (Volvex)Giant Kelp (multicellular Algae) can grow to 100 m and has the fastest growth rate of any organism.