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CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE
Biology 2
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MAIN DISTINCTIONS: What kind of cells make up an
organismEukaryotic: cells with membrane-
bound organelles & cytoskeleton
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What kind of cells make up an organismEukaryotic: cells with membrane-
bound organelles & cytoskeletonProkaryotic: cells without
membrane-bound organelles & no cytoskeleton
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Eukaryote Prokaryote
Eu – “true” nucleus fungi, protists,
algae are microbial eukaryotes
Unicellular Nucleus and other
organelles present 4 or more
chromosomes Sexual or asexual Larger ribosomes Can cause disease
Pro – “before”; Kary – “nut” or “kernal”
Unicellular No nucleus or
membrane bound organelles
Only 1 chromosome Asexual Smaller ribosomes Can be pathogenic
No archea found that causes disease
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What kind of cells make up an organismEukaryotic: cells with membrane-
bound organelles & cytoskeletonProkaryotic: cells without
membrane-bound organelles & no cytoskeleton
How individuals obtain energy & carbonAutotrophHeterotroph
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CLASSES OF METABOLISM Autotrophic organisms make food for
themselves from light or other inorganic (nonliving) sourcesPhotoautotrophChemoautotroph
Heterotrophic organisms consume other organisms or waste for foodPhotoheterotrophChemoheterotroph
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• sunlight is energy source• CO2 is carbon source• Uses photosynthesis
(Usually plants, algae, bacteria, some archea)
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
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CHEMOAUTOTROPHSuse inorganic molecules
(H2S, NH4, S, H2, NO2, N2, etc.) for energy
CO2 is carbon source(some bacteria, some
archaea)*No sunlight needed!!!
Chromatin, which is an example of a Purple Bacteria, Rhizobium, which is an example of Chemoautotrophic Proteobacteria
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PHOTOHETEROTROPHS light is energy source organic molecules are carbon source
some bacteria
Heliobacterium modesticaldum
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CHEMOHETEROTROPHS Energy and carbon is from
organic carbon sourceIncludes many bacteria, some
archea, protists, and fungiAll the disease causing organisms
are in this category
Salmonella, which is an example of Chemoheterotrophic Proteobacteria
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TAXONOMY
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ARCHAEA Prokaryotic Most heterotrophic No peptidoglycan in
cell wall
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EUBACTERIA Prokaryotic Most heterotrophic
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FUNGI Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Cell walls with chitin
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PROTISTA (ANIMAL – LIKE) Unicellular (mostly) Eukaryotic heterotrophic
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PROTISTA (PLANT – LIKE) Single and multicellular Eukaryotic Autotrophic Differ from plants in reproductive
structures, in some pigments, life history, etc.)
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PROTISTA (FUNGUS – LIKE) Eukaryotic Heterotrophic No chitin in cell walls
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PLANTAE
Eukaryotic Autotrophic (mostly) Cellulose in cell walls Multicellular
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ANIMALIA Eukaryotic Heterotrophic No cell walls Multicellular
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VIRUS? Not alive! Have some elements of life:
ProteinsNucleic acids (DNA or RNA)Effect living systems (HIV, Hepititis, bird flu)
Prions – not alive, but are protein-like molecules that affect living thingsMad cowKJD