Download - Classification of Earth’s Diversity
![Page 1: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Classification of Earth’s Diversity
![Page 2: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Biodiversity
• Biodiversity – the variety of organisms on earth is the result of 3.5 billion years of evolution
• Approx 8 million species on earth!• To make sense of all of them, they are
organized into meaningful groups• Species are becoming extinct at an
increasing rate, so there is a rush to catalog them
![Page 3: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Common vs Scientific Names• Common names are convenient, but there
are problems: - same names are used for different species (robin here, robin Europe)- can be more than one name for same species (mt lion, cougar, puma)- very ambiguous (not very descriptive)
![Page 4: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Common vs. Scientific Names
• Advantages of scientific names:– Provide a consistent naming system for
all– Show evolutionary relationships – Systematics – the science of naming and
grouping organisms according to biological meaning
– Groups are called taxa (singular: taxon)
![Page 5: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Binomial Nomenclature• Bi = two, nomial = name• Scientific names have two parts• Always typed in italics (or underlined)• First word is capitalized, second is not• First word - genus – a group of similar
species• Second word - species – unique to
ONLY that species
![Page 6: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Ursus arctos
• Ursus americanus
• Ursus maritimus
• Ursus thibetanus
Brown bearBlack bear
Polar bear Asian black bear
Use Latin language
![Page 7: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Linnaean Classification
• Carolus Linnaeus developed 1st system• Four levels of hierarchy, or ranks• Today there are 7: Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species• Bears belong in the Family Ursidae • Pandas are also in this Family, but have
a different genus (Ailuropoda)
![Page 8: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Mnemonic for remembering• King Phyl Came Over For
Good Spaghetti
![Page 9: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Kingdom- Ex: p.514
• Largest and most inclusive taxon
• All multicellular animals are in the kingdom Animalia
![Page 10: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Phylum• Contains groups of organisms that are
different but share important characteristics• Phylum Chordata features organisms with a
nerve cord along the back• Within the phylum, are groups called
Classes…
![Page 11: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Class• Classes are groups that narrow down the
differences even further• Class Mammalia includes all animals that are
warm-blooded, have body hair, and produce milk for their young
• Within a class are groups called orders…
![Page 12: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Order• Order Artiodactyla contains hoofed
animals with an even number of toes• Within an order are groups called Families
Family• Family – a group of several genera (plural of genus) that share similarities
• Bactrian camel and dromedary more closely related than the llama (Family Camelidae)
![Page 13: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Genus species
• Camelus bactrianus – two humps
• Camelus dromedarius – one hump
• The genus Camelus includes both of these species
![Page 14: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Identifying Organisms• Dichotomous keys• Used to VISUALLY identify organisms• Has series of “couplets” or paired statements
that describe visual traits (color, size, unique features, etc.)
• Each statement describes the presence or absence of a visible trait
• Each set of choices helps to narrow down the identity of the organism
NOT like these
![Page 15: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• The most useful tool for such identifications is the dichotomous key, which contains information useful in identifying similar kinds of organisms, but is arranged in a way that allows the information to be used quickly.
• A dichotomous key is a list of paired statements (each statement is called a lead) that guides you to the identification of a specimen.
• The paired leads (the pair of leads together is called a couplet) are contrasting descriptions of certain characteristics.
• In a good key, couplets are written so that you must choose one or the other of the leads as being true for your specimen. Couplet leads should always be mutually exclusive
• In addition, the leads in a couplet should be parallel; that is, both should ask questions about the same character(s).
DIRECTIONS:
![Page 16: Classification of Earth’s Diversity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56814611550346895db31f82/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Can you figure out the key?
• Help! Scientists have discovered quite a few new creatures on planet Pamishan. They need your help to identify and classify them. Use the dichotomous key on the next page to identify these creatures.
• ALWAYS start with step 1, and go to whichever step the key tells you