![Page 1: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Classification, Identification and Names
Spring 2011
![Page 2: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Recognition versus Identification
dandelion
![Page 3: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Recognition relies upon previous experience with the organism. You “know” it is this, because you’ve seen it before, and have learned the name from some authority.
• The process of identification relies upon an analytical review of the characters observed, and following a logical order of inclusion and exclusion, to finally arrive at the name through the use of identification keys, for example, or other resource.
• Confirmation of the name is done through comparison with a known “standard” (e.g., checking the specimen against previously identified specimens in a reference collection, the herbarium), or consulting with an authority who has much experience with the plant group, or checking a published treatment of the plant diversity of your region (flora) or a photographic atlas or web resource for that group of plants.
Recognition versus Identification
![Page 4: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Classification
A systematic arrangement in groups or categories according to established criteria.
Biological classification involves the delimitation, ordering and ranking of taxa.
![Page 5: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Classification in Your Life…
• Do you classify things?
• Do you do it deliberately? Unconsciously?
![Page 6: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Let’s go home...*• In your room or apartment, think about what
groups of items you automatically classify…
• What characteristics and criteria do you use to do this?
• Is the classification a continuous, ongoing thing, does it happen occasionally, or at very distinct times?
• WHY do you do this?
*Mentally, that is – so just sit down and think…
![Page 7: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Some examples:• Kitchen:
- Silverware [knives, forks, spoons], plates, bowls, pots, pans, cooking utensils, trays, etc.
- Refrigerator – meats, vegetables, fruits, eggs, bottles, cans, salad dressings, frozen foods.
• Bedroom: - Closet & dresser [shoes, boots, shirts, slacks,
etc.] - Jewelry
• Living room: - CDs, Video tapes/DVDs, books, magazines
• Study: - Textbooks, pens & pencils, paper, etc.
![Page 8: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A basic fact of life:
“Everyone is a Taxonomist”
![Page 9: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Artificial taxonomy
• These classifications are based on use or similarity of shape.
• Generally based on one or few “characters”.
• Single character taxonomy may work in these situations, but…
![Page 10: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Single character taxonomy is bad taxonomy for biological systems.
![Page 11: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Elements of UnderstandingBiological Diversity
Description of Diversity
Classification of Diversity
Naming of Diversity
![Page 12: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Elements of UnderstandingBiological Diversity
Description of Diversity
Classification of Diversity
Naming of DiversityNaming of Diversity
Naming of Diversity
Observation & Organization
Convention & Communication
![Page 13: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Description
• Provides some basic identifiable set of characteristics to associate with the organism.
• Can be as general or as detailed as practicality dictates.
• Needs to contain enough data to provide adequate discrimination between similar organisms.
• Needs terminology.
• Descriptions are linked with a name when there is consistency in the set of observed characters for a given organism.
![Page 14: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Classification
• Classification provides ORDER to the group of entities.
• Relies on observations, many definable and comparable characters, and an ability to discern them.
• Completely effective classifications can be artificial, that is, not necessarily reflecting evolutionary relationships: i.e., trees vs. shrubs vs. herbs.
• But modern classifications are based on evolutionary history (phylogeny) because this provides predictive power.
• Biological classifications are hierarchical.
![Page 15: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Naming and Nomenclature
• We need names to communicate about plants with others.
• Organized system of names enables fitting the plant into an accepted scheme.
• Following formal naming rules is nomenclature (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature; ICBN)
• The system must allow for changes as new information (and other species) are discovered.
• Will discuss the rules of nomenclature in more detail later in the semester.
![Page 16: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Classification
precedes
nomenclature!
![Page 17: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
What makes a good classification?
- Groups recognized according to overall similarity (as seen by multiple characters) and relatedness (evolutionary history).
- The classification has predictive value – Characteristics of other related organisms can be predicted by the classification because of the evolutionary perspective.
- Classification is practical and useful.
![Page 18: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Why is biological classification possible?
Because variation exists in nature.
Four species of the bamboo genus Chusquea
![Page 19: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Must be able to identify discrete “packages” of biological diversity: species. Discontinuity is caused by:
1. evolution and speciation, or2. extinction, or3. a combination of 1. and 2.
Discontinuity of Biological Diversity
![Page 20: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Speciation Phylogeny
Evo
luti
onar
y T
ime
![Page 21: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Speciation Phylogeny
Effects ofExtinction
![Page 22: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Speciation Apparent Phylogeny
![Page 23: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• To establish a classification, one must be able to use discontinuities to delimit groups at various hierarchical levels, e.g.:
- How different are populations to warrant calling them distinct species? - How distinct are two groups to be able to recognize them as separate genera? • Establishing ranks can be very subjective – the more objectivity we can impose on the process, the more reliable the classification.
Assessing Biological Discontinuity
![Page 24: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Hierarchical (nested) categories and phylogeny
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILYGENUS
TIM E
![Page 25: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Hierarchical (Nested) Categories
KINGDOM
CLASS
CLASS
CLASS
PHYLUM PHYLUM
PHYLUM
ORDER
ORDER
![Page 26: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Classification of a bamboo
Kingdom Plantae (Viridiplantae)
Phylum/Division Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)
Class Liliopsida
Order Poales
Family Poaceae
Genus Chusquea
Species C. antioquensis
![Page 27: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Angiosperms(Magnoliophytaor Anthophyta)
Liliopsida
Fig. 9.1 from the text
![Page 28: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Liliopsida
Poaceae
Fig. 9.2 from the text
Fig. 9.29 from the text
Fig. 9.36 from the text
Poales
Bambusoideae
Po
acea
e
![Page 29: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
…have only RELATIVE meaning, not absolute meaning! …are artificially created to accommodate different hierarchical levels of organization.
…rely on inclusiveness of various shared characteristics that all members of the group should possess.
…are subject to modification as data accrue!
Taxonomic Ranks…
![Page 30: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Names of taxonomic ranks: standardized endings*
Kingdom Plantae (Viridiplantae)
Phylum/Division: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Bambusoideae
*These are for plants and fungi; there are different ones for animals.
![Page 31: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Name of a bamboo
Class: Liliopsida (Monocots)
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Bambusoideae
Genus: Chusquea Kunth
Species: Chusquea pohlii L. G. Clark
![Page 32: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Genus names
• Do not have standardized endings
• Must be italicized
• Often the name of the author follows the genus name
Chusquea Kunth
![Page 33: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Species names
• Are always a binomial (genus name or epithet + species name or epithet)
• Must be italicized
• Often appear with the name of the author(s) of the species
Chusquea pohlii L. G. Clark
![Page 34: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Classification and Names
• Ideally, classification should reflect phylogeny
• And names should reflect the classification and phylogeny
…an example
![Page 35: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
A tale of three families
• Sapindaceae—ca. 140 genera, 1500 species, 1° tropical & subtropical, mostly woody
• Aceraceae—2 genera, ca. 112 species, 1° temperate, woody; the maples
• Hippocastanaceae—2 genera, ca. 16 species, temperate & tropical, woody; the horse chestnuts (buckeyes)
![Page 36: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Phylogenetic Analysisof morphological data
SAP
HIPP
ACER
SAP
SAP
SAP
SAP
SAPChemistryAppendaged petalsCurved embryo w/ seed coat “pocket”8 or fewer stamensEtc. See p. 35 of lab manual for more detail
![Page 37: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Phylogenetic Analysisof morphological data
SAP
HIPP
ACER
SAP
SAP
SAP
SAP
SAPChemistryAppendaged petalsCurved embryo w/ seed coat “pocket”8 or fewer stamensEtc.
![Page 38: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
One family: Sapindaceae
SAP
HIPP
ACER
SAP
SAP
SAP
SAP
SAPChemistryAppendaged petalsCurved embryo w/ seed coat “pocket”8 or fewer stamensEtc.
![Page 39: Classification, Identification and Names Spring 2011](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ee85503460f94bfa21e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Not the final word…
• This was the best available information at the time your text was published
• New data sets, using DNA sequence data, show a different topology
• Those authors argue for a different classification based on their phylogeny
• More on this later in the semester…