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Classical Greece
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Why Study Ancient Greece?■ While civilization began in the fertile river valleys of Asia and Africa, the first
“classical civilizations” emerged along the Mediterranean Sea in ancient Greece and Rome. From a series of independent city-states, such as Athens and Sparta, Classical Greece achieved a high level of cultural achievement in math, science, philosophy, theater, and government based on democracy. This “Hellenistic” culture was spread by Alexander the Great who conquered the Greeks, Egyptians, and Persians. From the nearby Italian peninsula, the classical civilization of Rome emerged, first as a republic ruled by elected senators. Later, after an era of intense expansion and corruption, Rome became an empire led by an emperor. Like the Greeks, the Romans developed a series of significant achievements in government, law, architecture, engineering, and religion based on Christianity. Like the classical cultures of Gupta India and Han China, much of the “Greco-Roman” achievements of the classical era are still used today.
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■Essential Question:–What role did geography play in the
development of classical Greece?
■Warm-Up Question:–What do you think of when I say
“Greece”?
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After the river valley era, a number of classical civilizations developed in the Mediterranean and in Asia
Classic cultures created high levels of achievement in art, science, & technology that impacted future ages
The first major classical civilization was ancient Greece
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Impact of Geography on Greece:Identify 1 geographic feature & propose
how it might impact the culture of Greece
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Impact of Geography on Greece:Identify 1 geographic feature & propose
how it might impact the culture of Greece
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Trade
■Greece’s lack of natural resources & location on the Mediterranean Sea encouraged Greek trade with neighboring societies
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Mountains covered about 75% of Greece which divided the people & made unifying
the Greek people nearly impossible
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The Greeks developed
independent city-states,
called polis, within each valley & its
surrounding mountains
Polis
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Greek Culture ■Despite their lack of unity,
the Greeks shared some common characteristics:–Greeks shared the same
language–Greek writing was
influenced by the Phoenician alphabet & became the basis for Latin
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Greeks were polytheistic & believed that the gods were immortal but had human qualities; Religion became the basis for Greek mythology
Zeus King of the gods
Athena Goddess of wisdom
Aphrodite Goddess of love
Apollo God of sun & music
Ares God of war
Hades God of underworld
Hera Goddess of family
Poseidon God of the seas
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Agora & Acropolis
■Most Greek city-states had an agora that was the center for trade & government
■City-states had an acropolis, a temple on a hill dedicated to a sacred god
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Most Greek city-states had an agora that was the center for trade & government
City-states had an acropolis, a temple on
a hill dedicated to a sacred god
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Despite similar language & religion, the
Greek polis were very different
from each other, especially
how they were governed
Differences Among Greek City-States
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Differences Among Greek City-States
Some polis had a monarchy, a gov’t
ruled by a king
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Differences Among Greek City-States
Some polis had an aristocracy, a gov’t
ruled by elite nobles
Practiced in Corinth
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Differences Among Greek City-StatesSome polis like Sparta
had an oligarchy, a gov’t ruled by a small
group of citizens
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Differences Among Greek City-StatesSome polis like Athens
had a direct democracy, a gov’t ruled by citizens who vote on decisions
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Closure Activity
■ Consider the different types of governments we learned about today (monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, & direct democracy). Which type of political system would you like to live in? Which type would be the worst to live in? Explain why in a ½ page paragraph.
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The Greek city-states Athens & Sparta represented the differences among polis
■Athenian society focused on wealth & culture:–Athens had a
direct democracy in which both rich & poor citizens could vote & hold public office
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Athenian society focused on wealth & culture
Architects built the Parthenon to honor the goddess Athena
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Athenian society focused on wealth & culture
Artists created realistic sculptures
Theater had both comedies & tragedies
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Athenian society focused on wealth & culture
Philosophers Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle questioned assumptions & the use of logic
to find answers to questions
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The Greek city-states Athens & Sparta represented the differences among polis
■Spartan society focused on military strength, not freedom & learning–Spartan men served
in the military until 60 years old
–Boys began military training at age 7
–Women ran family estates while men trained or fought
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Spartans showed their strength during the Persian Wars
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Athens & Sparta competed for influence in Greece & developed a strong rivalry that eventually led to the Peloponnesian War
Sparta defeated Athens, but the war
weakened the Greeks
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Closure Activity
■Where would you rather live: Athens or Sparta? Why?