Download - Class Mammalia Add to online Mammal lecture Reference back to A&P notes beginning of semester
Class MammaliaClass Mammalia
Add to online Mammal lectureAdd to online Mammal lecture
Reference back to A&P notes beginning of Reference back to A&P notes beginning of semestersemester
Prototheria - MonotremesPrototheria - Monotremes
3 extant genera3 extant genera all live in the Australia-New Zealand region:all live in the Australia-New Zealand region:
Duck-billed platypus (Duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus)Ornithorhynchus) Echidna (Echidna (TachyglossusTachyglossus)) Long-beaked echidna or spiny anteater (Long-beaked echidna or spiny anteater (ZaglossusZaglossus ) )
not considered ancestral to theriansnot considered ancestral to therians specialized surviving sidebranchspecialized surviving sidebranch
MonotremesMonotremes
lay leathery eggs (1 or 2) in underground nestslay leathery eggs (1 or 2) in underground nests cloaca cloaca toothless as adultstoothless as adults skeletal differences skeletal differences
have cervical ribshave cervical ribs "reptilian" pelvic girdle"reptilian" pelvic girdle lack a bony housing for the earlack a bony housing for the ear
MonotremesMonotremes
young born very altricalyoung born very altrical
Parental careParental care platypus - young get milk by sucking/licking the belly platypus - young get milk by sucking/licking the belly
hair hair echidna – ventral pouch for incubating and 2 suckling echidna – ventral pouch for incubating and 2 suckling
regions.regions.
Subclass TheriaSubclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Metatheria
Old system - Order MarsupialiaOld system - Order Marsupialia Current – several ordersCurrent – several orders
Subclass TheriaSubclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Metatheria
Numerous during Cretaceous (end of Mesozoic)Numerous during Cretaceous (end of Mesozoic) Southern land masses were unitedSouthern land masses were united
During Cenozoic During Cenozoic southern masses split, joined northernsouthern masses split, joined northern Couldn’t compete with placentals.Couldn’t compete with placentals.
Subclass TheriaSubclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Metatheria
young born tiny, very immature (altricial)young born tiny, very immature (altricial) gestation shortgestation short
time in marsupium > uterustime in marsupium > uterus
Subclass TheriaSubclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Metatheria
Skeletal differences from eutherians Skeletal differences from eutherians shape of nasal boneshape of nasal bone ancestral dental formulasancestral dental formulas presence of epipubic bones presence of epipubic bones
poor thermoregulatorspoor thermoregulators
Subclass TheriaSubclass Theria Infraclass Eutheria Infraclass Eutheria
Known from late CretaceousKnown from late Cretaceous 18 extant orders18 extant orders
Order Xenarthra (Edentata)Order Xenarthra (Edentata)
most primitivemost primitive sloths, anteaters and armadillos (protective armor)sloths, anteaters and armadillos (protective armor) Strong clawsStrong claws adults few to 0 teeth (molars lack enamel)adults few to 0 teeth (molars lack enamel)
Order PholidotaOrder Pholidota
pangolins or scaly anteaters; pangolins or scaly anteaters; 7 species7 species tropical Africa/Asiatropical Africa/Asia Scaly, epidermal layer Scaly, epidermal layer
curl up for protectioncurl up for protection
Order PholidotaOrder Pholidota
pangolins or scaly anteaters; pangolins or scaly anteaters; 7 species7 species tropical Africa/Asiatropical Africa/Asia Scaly, epidermal layer Scaly, epidermal layer
curl up for protectioncurl up for protection eats ants and termiteseats ants and termites Long tongue, strong digging feetLong tongue, strong digging feet lack teethlack teeth
““Edentata clade”Edentata clade”
Order Xenarthra (Edentata)Order Xenarthra (Edentata) Armadillo and anteaterArmadillo and anteater
Order Pholidota – spiny anteaterOrder Pholidota – spiny anteater
Similarities considered convergent Similarities considered convergent evolutionevolution
Stand alone groupsStand alone groups
InsectivoraInsectivora
CarnivoraCarnivora
PrimatesPrimates
hands that grasphands that grasp often opposable thumb (pollex) or big toe often opposable thumb (pollex) or big toe
(hallux):(hallux): well-developed sense of touch well-developed sense of touch Most have flat finger/toenailsMost have flat finger/toenails
PrimatesPrimates
Enlarged brainEnlarged brain Stereoscopic color-visionStereoscopic color-vision Many omnivorous Many omnivorous Most are socialMost are social
PrimatesPrimates 2 subdivisions2 subdivisions
PrimatesPrimates 2 subdivisions2 subdivisions prosimiansprosimians or lower primates or lower primates
mostly small, nocturnalmostly small, nocturnal Most rely on smell more than sight or soundMost rely on smell more than sight or sound LemursLemurs, , tarsierstarsiers …. ….
PrimatesPrimates The The AnthropoidsAnthropoids or higher primates or higher primates
Most larger, diurnal. Most larger, diurnal. ApesApes
no tailsno tails Larger brainLarger brain Larger bodyLarger body More uprightMore upright Fewer offspring, slower to matureFewer offspring, slower to mature Sight more than smellSight more than smell
Monkeys Monkeys nearly all have tailsnearly all have tails
PrimatesPrimates New World:New World: all monkeys. all monkeys.
Fairly small and exclusively tree dwelling. Fairly small and exclusively tree dwelling. Marmosets and tamarins, Marmosets and tamarins, squirrel, spider, woolly, and howler monkeys, squirrel, spider, woolly, and howler monkeys,
Old World:Old World: comprise monkeys, apes and comprise monkeys, apes and humans.humans. Bigger and spend more time on the ground. Bigger and spend more time on the ground. Macaques, Baboons, Mandrills and Drills, Geladas, Macaques, Baboons, Mandrills and Drills, Geladas,
Mangabeys, Guenons, Leaf-eating monkeys (Langurs, Mangabeys, Guenons, Leaf-eating monkeys (Langurs, leaf monkeys, colobus, proboscis) (Cercopithecidae)leaf monkeys, colobus, proboscis) (Cercopithecidae)
PrimatesPrimates apes: apes:
HominidaeHominidae: : gorillasgorillas chimpanzees and bonobos (aka pygmy chimps),chimpanzees and bonobos (aka pygmy chimps), HumansHumans
PongidaePongidae: orangutan : orangutan HylobatidaeHylobatidae: gibbons and siamang : gibbons and siamang
ChiropteraChiroptera
Bats – only flying mammalBats – only flying mammal Wings – membrane between fingersWings – membrane between fingers
Different from birds and pterosaursDifferent from birds and pterosaurs
ChiropteraChiroptera
Bats – only flying mammalBats – only flying mammal Wings – membrane between fingersWings – membrane between fingers
Different from birds and pterosaursDifferent from birds and pterosaurs
Nocturnal, often forest dwellerNocturnal, often forest dweller Eyesight poorEyesight poor Well-developed echolocationWell-developed echolocation
ChiropteraChiroptera
Bats – only flying mammalBats – only flying mammal Wings – membrane between fingersWings – membrane between fingers
Different from birds and pterosaursDifferent from birds and pterosaurs
Nocturnal, often forest dwellerNocturnal, often forest dweller Eyesight poorEyesight poor Well-developed echolocationWell-developed echolocation
Related to primates?Related to primates?
DermopteraDermoptera
flying lemurs or colugos (2 species)flying lemurs or colugos (2 species) Squirrel sizeSquirrel size
GlidersGliders Skin stretched from neck, Skin stretched from neck,
to forelimbs to backfeetto forelimbs to backfeet
Related to Chiroptera?Related to Chiroptera?
1 clade1 clade
PrimatesPrimates Dermoptera (flying lemur)Dermoptera (flying lemur) Tree shrews Tree shrews ChiropteraChiroptera
??
UngulataUngulata
Order ARTIODACTYLA (even-toed ungulates eg. pigs, deer & cattle) Order CETACEA (whales and dolphins)
Order PROBOSCIDEA (elephants) Order SIRENIA (sea-cows) Order HYRACOIDEA (hyraxes)
Order PERISSODACTYLA (odd-toed ungulates eg. horses, tapirs and rhinos)
Order TUBULIDENTATA (the aardvark)
““Cetartiodactyla “Cetartiodactyla “
Artiodactylids and cetaceans closely Artiodactylids and cetaceans closely related!related! Cetaceans evolved from artiodactylidsCetaceans evolved from artiodactylids
Cetartiodactyla Cetartiodactyla
Artiodactylids and cetaceans closely Artiodactylids and cetaceans closely related!related! Cetaceans evolved from artiodactylidsCetaceans evolved from artiodactylids Closely related to hippos, not pigsClosely related to hippos, not pigs Hippos grouped w/ pigsHippos grouped w/ pigs
ArtiodactylaArtiodactyla
2 or 4-toed2 or 4-toed line of symmetry passes between digits 3 line of symmetry passes between digits 3
& 4& 4 Ankle structure differs from other Ankle structure differs from other
ungulates (greater flexibility)ungulates (greater flexibility) pre-molars different from molarspre-molars different from molars
ArtiodactylaArtiodactyla
Suborder Suina: pigs, peccaries & hippopotami: most primitive, regrouped
Suborder Tylopoda: camels & llamas
Suborder Ruminantia: cattle, antelopes, deer and giraffes: advanced artiodactyls.
CetaceaCetacea Suborder Odontoceti (toothed Suborder Odontoceti (toothed
whales)whales) Dolphins, killer whales, sperm whaleDolphins, killer whales, sperm whale
Suborder Mysticeti (the baleen) Suborder Mysticeti (the baleen) whales. whales. Blue whale, right whales, humpbackBlue whale, right whales, humpback
Proboscidea Proboscidea elephants - 2 genera, 2 specieselephants - 2 genera, 2 species AsianAsian AfricanAfrican
Tusks normally larger, both males & females have
Large, communal, herbivoresLarge, communal, herbivores
Large, communal, herbivoresLarge, communal, herbivores
Eyes Eyes SmallSmall neck not very flexibleneck not very flexible
Smell Smell ImportantImportant touch with trunk, touch with trunk, move to Jacobson’s organ (roof of mouth)move to Jacobson’s organ (roof of mouth)
TeethTeeth Incisors = tuskIncisors = tusk Molars – replaced from rear Molars – replaced from rear
TeethTeeth Incisors = tuskIncisors = tusk Molars – replaced from rear Molars – replaced from rear
Hearing and earsHearing and ears Low frequency communicationLow frequency communication Ears – thermoregulationEars – thermoregulation
Trunk – very sensitive (tactile)Trunk – very sensitive (tactile) Respiration (snorkel for aquatic ancestor?)Respiration (snorkel for aquatic ancestor?) Hose for waterHose for water
Trunk – very sensitive (tactile)Trunk – very sensitive (tactile) Respiration (snorkel for aquatic ancestor?)Respiration (snorkel for aquatic ancestor?) Hose for waterHose for water Chemosensory & tactileChemosensory & tactile
Trunk – very sensitive (tactile)Trunk – very sensitive (tactile) Respiration (snorkel for aquatic ancestor?)Respiration (snorkel for aquatic ancestor?) Hose for waterHose for water Chemosensory & tactileChemosensory & tactile Picking up objectsPicking up objects Communication – caress, threat displays, …Communication – caress, threat displays, …
Closest relative? Closest relative?
Closest relative? Sirenia!Closest relative? Sirenia!
Sirenia Sirenia
sea cows, dugongs, manatees (2 genera, 5 species)sea cows, dugongs, manatees (2 genera, 5 species) Large, slow moving herbivoresLarge, slow moving herbivores Usually solitaryUsually solitary
HyracoideaHyracoidea
Hyraxes (3 genera, 11 species)Hyraxes (3 genera, 11 species) Africa Africa rabbit size, rodent-like animals rabbit size, rodent-like animals
HyracoideaHyracoidea
Hyraxes (3 genera, 11 species)Hyraxes (3 genera, 11 species) Africa Africa rabbit size, rodent-like animals rabbit size, rodent-like animals 4 toes in front, 3 in rear, hoof-like nails4 toes in front, 3 in rear, hoof-like nails Rubbery soles – grip rockRubbery soles – grip rock
HyracoideaHyracoidea
Hyraxes (3 genera, 11 species)Hyraxes (3 genera, 11 species) Africa Africa rabbit size, rodent-like animals rabbit size, rodent-like animals 4 toes in front, 3 in rear, hoof-like nails4 toes in front, 3 in rear, hoof-like nails Rubbery soles – grip rockRubbery soles – grip rock
Related to elephants and Related to elephants and sirenssirens
PerissodactylaPerissodactyla
line of symmetry down third digitline of symmetry down third digit a full set of incisorsa full set of incisors greatly molarized pre-molarsgreatly molarized pre-molars
PerissodactylaPerissodactyla
line of symmetry down third digitline of symmetry down third digit a full set of incisorsa full set of incisors greatly molarized pre-molarsgreatly molarized pre-molars
2 lineages – horses vs. tapirs & 2 lineages – horses vs. tapirs & rhinosrhinos
Replaced by artiodactylidsReplaced by artiodactylids
TubulidentataTubulidentata
Aardvarks – 1 speciesAardvarks – 1 species Nocturnal, solitary, burrowerNocturnal, solitary, burrower Poor eyesight, Poor eyesight, Hearing and smell developedHearing and smell developed Specialize in termitesSpecialize in termites
Long sticky tongueLong sticky tongue Strong claws and forelimbsStrong claws and forelimbs
diggingdigging