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Soil Nutrients
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Macro vs Micro Nutrients Macro nutrients are required by the
plant in relatively large amounts
Micro nutrients are required only insmall amounts
minor or trace elements
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Macro nutrients Non-mineral
elements
carbon (C)
hydrogen (H)
oxygen (O)
Primary Nutrients
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
SecondaryNutrients
calcium (Ca)
magnesium (Mg)
sulfur (S)
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Micro nutrients Iron (Fe)
Copper (Cu)
Zinc (Zn) Boron (B)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Manganese (Mn) Chlorine (Cl)
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Functions of Nitrogen Promotes growth of leaves and stems
Gives dark green color and improves
quality of foliage Necessary to develop cell proteins
and chlorophyll
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Nitrogen Deficiency symptoms
sick, yellow-green color
short stems, small leaves, pale coloredleaves and flowers
slow and dwarfed plant growth
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Nitrogen deficiency
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Functions of Phosphorus Stimulates early formation and
growth of roots
Provides for fast and vigorous growthand speeds maturity
Stimulates flowering and seeddevelopment
Necessary for the enzyme action ofmany plant processes
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Phosphorus Deficiency symptoms
decrease in growth
slow maturity older leaves are purplish color
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Phosphorus Deficiency
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Functions of Potassium Used to form carbohydrates and
proteins
Formation and transfer of starches,sugars and oils
Increases disease resistance, vigorand hardiness
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Potassium Deficiency symptoms
mottled, spotted, streaked or curled
leaves scorched, burned, dead leaf tips and
margins
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Potassium Deficiency
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Functions of Calcium Improves plant vigor
Influences intake and synthesis of
other plant nutrients Important part of cell walls
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Calcium Deficiency symptoms
small developing leaves
wrinkled older leaves dead stem tips
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Calcium Deficiency
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Functions of Magnesium Influences the intake of other
essential nutrients
Helps make fats Assists in translocation of phosphorus
and fats
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Magnesium Deficiency
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Sulfur Deficiency symptoms
young leaves are light green with lightercolor veins
yellow leaves and stunted growth
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Sulfur Deficiency
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Iron Functions of Iron
Essential for chlorophyll production
Helps carry electrons to mix oxygen withother elements
Deficiency symptoms
mottled and interveinal chlorosis in
young leaves stunted growth and slender, short stems
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Iron Deficiency
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Copper Functions
Helps in the use of Iron
Helps respiration Deficiency symptoms
young leaves are small and permanentlywilt
multiple buds at stem tip
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Copper Deficiency
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Zinc Functions
plant metabolism
helps form growth hormones
reproduction
Deficiency symptoms
retarded growth between nodes
(rosetted)
new leaves are thick and small
spotted between veins, discolored veins
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Zinc Deficiency
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Boron Functions
affects water absorption by roots
translocation of sugars
Deficiency Symptoms
short, thick stem tips
young leaves of terminal buds are light
green at base
leaves become twisted and die
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Boron Deficiency
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Manganese Functions
plant metabolism
nitrogen transformation
Deficiency symptoms
interveinal chlorosis
young leaves die
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Manganese Deficiency
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Molybdenum Functions
plant development
reproduction
Deficiency symptoms
stunted growth
yellow leaves, upward curling leaves,
leaf margins burn
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Molybdenum Deficiency
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Chlorine
Functions
essential to some plant processes
acts in enzyme systems
Deficiency symptoms
usually more problems with too muchchlorine or toxicity than with deficiency
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Fertilizers
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Types of Fertilizers
Complete
Incomplete
Organic Inorganic
Soluble
Insoluble
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Complete vs. Incomplete
Complete has all three primarynutrients-nitrogen phosphorous &
potassium Examples: 10-10-10, 15-30-15, 20-5-20
Incomplete DOES NOT have all threeprimary nutrients
Examples: 20-0-0, 0-20-0, 12-0-44
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Organic Fertilizers
Comes from plant or animal matterand contains carbon compounds
Examples: urea, sludge and animaltankage
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Advantages of Organic
Slow release of nutrients
Not easily leached from the soil
Add organic components to growingmedia
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Disadvantages of Organic
Hard to get
Not sterile
Low nutrient content Expensive
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Inorganic Fertilizers
Comes from sources other thananimals or plants
Chemical products
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Advantages of Inorganic
Can make the desired ratio ofnutrients
easy to get lower cost
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Soluble Fertilizer
Dissolve in water and are applied as aliquid solution
Fertigation fertilizing through irrigation water
big advantage
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Granular vs. Slow Release
Granular
relatively inexpensive
easy to find Slow Release
more expensive because it is coated
more uniform release of nutrients over
time period
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Fertilizer Analysis
Fertilizer analysis expresses weight asa percent of nitrogen, phosphorusand potassium
20-10-20
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Fertilizer Analysis
For Example
A 100 pound bag of fertilizer has ananalysis of 15-5-15. How many poundsof nitrogen, phosphorus and potassiumare in the bag?
Nitrogen: 100lbs X 15%=15lbs
Phosphorus: 100lbs X 5%=5lbs
Potassium: 100lbs X 15%=15lbs
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Fertilizer Ratios
A fertilizer with a 10-10-10 analysiswould have a 1:1:1 ratio
A fertilizer with a 24-8-16 analysiswould have a 3:1:2 ratio
What would be the ratio for afertilizer with an analysis of 36-18-
27?
4:2:3
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Application Procedures
Banding
Sidedressing
Topdressing Perforating
Broadcasting
Foliar spraying Fertigation
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Banding
Placing a band of fertilizer about twoinches to the sides and about twoinches below seed depth.
DO NOT place below the seedsbecause fertilizer will burn the roots.
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Sidedressing
Placing a band of fertilizer near thesoil surface and to the sides afterseedlings emerge from the soil.
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Topdressing
Mixing fertilizer uniformly into the topone to two inches of growing mediaaround the plant.
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Foliar Spraying
Spraying micronutrients in a solutiondirectly on plant leaves.
Quickly corrects nutrient deficiencies
Fertilizer concentration should not betoo high or leaf burning will occur.
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Fertigation
Incorporating water-soluble fertilizerinto the irrigation system ofgreenhouse and nursery crops.
Concentrated solutions usually passthrough proportioners or injectors todilute to the correct ratio.
Venturi-type Positive-displacement
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Venturi-type
Simple and inexpensive
less accurate
depends on water pressure in thehose and in the smaller tube toproportion
Example: Hozon
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Positive-displacement
More expensive
very accurate
physically inject and mix specificamounts of concentrated solution andwater
Examples: commanderproportioners, and Smith injectors
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Rules for applying fertilizers
Method used should be practical,effective and cost efficient
Method used affects nutrientavailability for plant use
Fertilizer must be dissolved and reachplant roots