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CIVIL LIBERTIES
Chapter 5
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THE BASICS
B
ill of Rights• Applies only to Federal Government• Stated what the government could DO
S
tates governed by their own Constitutions
1
4th Amendment changes all that
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KEY CONCEPTS
E
qual protection under the law
D
ue process of law
S
elective incorporation
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AMENDMENT I
R
ights to …
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AMENDMENT I
R
ights to Freedom of…• Religion
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AMENDMENT I
R
ights to Freedom of…• Religion• Speech
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AMENDMENT I
R
ights to Freedom of…• Religion• Speech• Press
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AMENDMENT I
R
ights to Freedom of…• Establishment of Religion• Speech• Press• Peaceable assembly
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AMENDMENT I
R
ights to Freedom of…• Religion• Free speech• Press• Peaceable assembly• Petition for redress of grievances
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RELIGION
“Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion,
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;”
Wall-of-separation principle
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FREEDOM OF SPEECH
“…or abridging the freedom
of speech, or of the press…”
“Expression”
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FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
Clear and present danger?
Libel and Slander?
Obscenity? (Page 110)
Symbolic speech?
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THE PROBLEM OF…
“Youthful Speech”
&
“In-Your-Face” TV
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HOW DOES THE COURT DECIDE?
P
referred position over other rights.
P
rior restraint is not allowed.
I
mminent danger can receive punishment.
N
eutrality – no favoritism.
C
larity in definitions of terms
L
east-restrictive means should be used.
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AMENDMENT II
“A well regulated Militia, being
necessary to the security of a
free State, the right of the
people to keep and bear Arms,
shall not be infringed.”
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AMENDMENT IV
“The right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not
be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but
upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the
place to be searched, and the persons or
things to be seized.”
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CRIMINAL CIRCUMSTANCES
E
xclusionary Rule
R
easonable Expectation of Privacy
G
ood Faith Exception
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AMENDMENT V“No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or
indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in
the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in
actual service in time of War or public danger; nor
shall any person be subject for the same offence to be
twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be
compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against
himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law; nor shall private property
be taken for public use, without just compensation.”
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AMENDMENT VI“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall
enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an
impartial jury of the State and district wherein the
crime shall have been committed, which district
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and
to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
against him; to have compulsory process for
obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the
Assistance of Counsel for his defence.”
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AMENDMENT VII
“In Suits at common law, where the value in
controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the
right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and
no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-
examined in any Court of the United States,
than according to the rules of the common
law.”
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AMENDMENT VIII
“Excessive bail shall not be
required, nor excessive fines
imposed, nor cruel and
unusual punishments
inflicted.”
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WE ARE A NATION OF CULTURES
C
ompeting Rights• Protests at military funerals• The Pentagon Papers• The Skokie march• Christmas displays• Bilingualism• Sexual Orientation
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CIVIL RIGHTS
Chapter 6
To be treated without unreasonable
or unconstitutional differences.
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“THE BLACK PREDICAMENT”
W
hy is it such a large part of the civil
rights question?• Small part of the population, but…• So much HISTORY
Racial Profiling
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HOW CAN IT BE SOLVED?
D
ramatization builds public support
M
ove the issue from Congress to the Courts
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TOWARD A SOLUTION
1
4th Amendment
P
lessy v. Ferguson
D
e Jure segregation
D
e Facto segregation
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DOES PLESSY APPLY TO SCHOOLS?
F
irst we need equal availability
T
hen we need to remove barriers
F
inally, separate is determined to be
“inherently unequal”
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AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
E
quality of Opportunity only?
E
quality of Results?• Reverse discrimination
T
argets or Quotas?
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GENDER DISCRIMINATION
“
Protection” rather than subjugation• Abortion?
R
ole of WW II
I
s allowed if…• Reasonable means to achieve a legitimate goal• Serves an important government goal and is related• Serves a compelling interest
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SEXUAL HARASSMENT
Q
uid pro quo• Employer is strictly liable
S
teady pattern• Employer may be negligent
“
Hostile work environment”
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OTHER TARGETS
G
ays
T
he Disabled
A
liens
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KEY SUPREME COURT CASES
H
ere is your Excel spreadsheet