Chpt. 3: 節奏 Rhythm
• Flow of music (events) through time
• Divides music into equal units of time• Recurrent pulsation拍 Beat
• Grouping of beats拍子Meter
• Accent: emphasis placed on beat/noteAccent and Syncopation
• Syncopation: emphasis placed on an unexpected note or beat
Chpt. 3: Rhythm
• Associated with emotional effect• The speed of the beat, the paceTempo
• Tempo indicated at beginning of piece• As with dynamics, Italian terms are used
• Metronome—indicates exact tempo• Molto, non troppo, accelerando, ritardando
Chpt. 4: 記譜法 Music Notation
• Written music stores information
Notating Pitch• Letter names: A B C D E F G
• Allows absent (or even dead) composers to communicate their ideas to others
• Staff• Clef signs
• Treble• Bass
• Grand staff
Notating Pitch
Keyboard note naming
Chpt. 4-Music Notation
Keyboard note naming with notation
Notating Rhythm
• Music notation indicates length of tone in relation to other tones in the piece
• How note looks indicates duration
Chpt. 4-Music Notation
Notating Silence• Rests indicate
notated silence
Notating Meter
• Time signature indicates the meter of a piece of music
• Appears at beginning of piece• Appears again later if meter changes
Chpt. 4-Music Notation
The Score• Includes music for every instrument
• Written as two numbers, one above other• Top number: how many beats in measure
• Bottom number: what type note counts 1 beat24
32• Common & cut time, duple & triple meter
• Can include 20+ lines of music at once• See example p. 57
Chpt. 5: 旋律 Melody
• A series of single notes that add up to a recognizable whole
• Begins, moves, ends
• Tension & release
• Stepwise vs. leap motion
• Climax
• Legato vs. staccato
• Made of phrases (parts)
• Sequence within melodies
• Cadence: Complete vs. Incomplete
Chpt. 6: 和聲 Harmony
• 和絃的縱 ( 直 ) 向結構橫向行進的邏輯 The way chords are constructed and how they follow each other
• 和絃 Chord: 是指三個或三個以上的音同時被奏出 3 or more tones sounded at once
• 數個音的組合穩定平和 Stable, restful chords—consonant
和諧與不和諧音 Consonance and Dissonance
• 和絃是一群同時發出聲響的音 Chord is simultaneous tones
• 旋律是一連串先後有致的單音 Melody is series of individual tones
• Progression: how chords follow each other
• 數個音的組合不穩定時,便被稱為「不和諧」 Unstable, tense chords—dissonant
• 不和諧組合的張力給予這些音程或和絃動力,以尋找穩定的組合,此穩定的組合便是這個不和諧組合的「解決」 Resolution—movement away from dissonance
• Degree of dissonance—more & less dissonant
三和絃 The Triad
• 最簡單和基本的和絃為「三和絃」 (triad)Simplest, most basic chord
• 三個音所組成 Made up of three notes
Chpt. 6-Harmony
琵音 ( 分解和絃 )Broken Chords (Arpeggios)
• 和絃裡的音單獨依序被彈奏時
• 以音階中第一個音─主音─為根音的三和弦,稱為「主和絃」 Triad built on 1st scale note called tonic
• Pieces usually begin & end on this chord
• 最穩定和最有決定性的合弦 Most stable, restful chord
• Triad built on 5th scale note: dominant
• Dominant to tonic movement feels conclusive
• Most unstable, tense chord
• Notated on 3 adjacent lines or spaces
Chpt. 7: 調子 Key
• 旋律圍繞在一個主要的音上 Centering of a melody or harmony around a central note
• Whole steps and half steps occurring in a predetermined order• Bright, happy sound
大音階 The Major Scale
• Whole steps and half steps occurring in another predetermined order• 小調音階上的音樂通常是嚴肅而哀傷
Dark, sad sound
小音階 The Minor Scale
調號 The Key Signature
• 曲子以大音階為主時稱此曲的調性為「大調」
Chpt. 7-Key
半音階 The Chromatic Scale
• 八度中的十二個音 within the octave
• 每一個大小調都有固定的升記號或降記號
• Key signature notated at beginning of piece between clef sign and time signature
• 固定的升降記號稱為「調號」 Also determines key signature
• 曲子是以小音階為基準調性為「小調」 minor key
• 鋼琴上一個八度裡白鍵黑鍵加起來的音 Includes both black and white piano keys
• This scale does not define a key
轉調 Modulation: Change of Key
• 不同的調性能增加變化和對比 Provides contrast within longer piece
Chpt. 7-Key
主調 Tonic Key• The main key of a piece
• New tone and key becomes “home”
• Modulation like temporary shift in gravity
• Modulations away usually return to the tonic key
• Return to tonic creates feeling of conclusion
• Return to tonic usually occurs near end of piece
Chpt. 8: 音樂的織體 Texture
• Layering of sound, how layers relate
單聲部音樂織體 Monophonic Texture
• 無伴奏的旋律線的音樂織體 Single, unaccompanied melody
• Literally “one sound”
多聲部音樂織體 Polyphonic Texture
• 兩個或兩個以上具有相似重要性的旋律 2 or more equally important melodies sounding simultaneously
主曲調音樂織體 Homophonic Texture
• 一條主旋律線由和絃來伴奏時 One melody with chordal accompaniment
改變織體 Changes of Texture
• Within a piece, creates variety and contrast
Listening
Farandole from L’Arlesienne
Suite No. 2 (1879)
by Georges Bizet
Listening Guide: page 82
Brief Set, CD 1:38
Note contrasting textures
Chpt. 8-Musical Texture
Chpt. 9: 樂曲形式
• Organization of musical elements in time
• Simple A B A
建立音樂形式的技巧
• 反覆 Repetition—restating musical ideas
• 對比 Contrast—avoiding monotony w/ new ideas
• 變奏 Variation—reworking ideas to keep them new
樂曲形式的種類 Types of Musical Form
• 三段式曲式 Ternary
• Subdivided aba cdc aba• Subdivided aba cdc• Subdivided aba
Listening
Dance of the Reed Pipes
from Nutcracker Suite (1892)
by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Listening guide p. 68
Brief Set, CD 1:43
Note ternary form
Chpt. 9-Musical Form
Types of Musical Form
Binary
Chpt. 9-Musical Form
• A B
• A A B
• A B B
• A A B B
Listening
Forlane
from Suite No. 1 in C Major for Orchestra (1717-1723)
by Johann Sebastian Bach
Listening guide p. 70
Brief Set, CD 1:45
Note binary form
Chpt. 9-Musical Form
Chpt. 10: Performance
The Performer brings to life the printed symbols laid out by the composer
The Conductor leads a group of musicians Judging Performance: musicians can play the same
notes and yet make different statements in the way that they perform.
Chpt. 11: Musical Style
• Based upon time period and the continuous development of music as an art form
• Western art music can be divided into:• Middle Ages—450-1450• Renaissance—1450-1600• Baroque—1600-1750• Classical—1750-1820• Romantic—1820-1900• 20th Century to 1945• 1945 to present
• Music of each these periods reflects the society that supported it