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CHOLINE IN FOODS, FUNCTIONAL FOODS, AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
Taylor C. Wallace, PhD, CFS, FACN IFT Annual Mee,ng
July 12th, 2015
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Disclosures
• Employment – George Mason University – Dr. Taylor Wallace – Food & Nutri,on Blog – Na,onal Osteoporosis Founda,on – Na,onal Bone Health Alliance
• Travel supported by Balchem Inc.
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• Dietary Reference Intakes 1
• Choline Intakes in the U.S. 2
• Choline in Foods and Supplements 3
Today’s Overview
• Concluding Thoughts and Future Direc,ons 4
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Choline
• Humans can synthesize in small amounts by conver,ng phospha,dylethanolamine to phosphaBdylcholine.
• Lecithin extracts used in food processing have been es,mated to increase choline intake by about 1.5 mg/kg body weight in adults.
Anal Chem. 2002;74(18):4734-‐4740. Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes. Na,onal Academy Press; 1998:390-‐422.
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• Reference values that are quan,ta,ve es,mates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. They include both recommended intakes and upper limits as reference values.
• DRI values: – Es,mated Average Requirement (EAR) – Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) – Adequate Intake (AI) – Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Dietary Reference Intakes
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Why DRI’s Are Important
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Dietary Reference Intakes
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DRIs for Choline Life-‐Stage Group AI (mg/D) UL (mg/d) Infant
0-‐6 mo. 125 Not established
7-‐12 mo. 150 Not established
Children
1-‐3 y. 200 1,000
4-‐8 y. 250 1,000
9-‐12 y. 375 2,000
Males
14-‐18 y. 550 3,000
≥ 19 y. 550 3,500
Females
14-‐18 y. 400 3,000
≥ 19 y. 425 3,500
Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes. Na,onal Academy Press; 1998:390-‐422.
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0
100
200
300
400
500 Usual In
take (m
g/d)
Age (y)
Female Male
Wallace TC, Fulgoni VL III. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015 (accepted).
Choline Intakes (2009-‐12)
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Wallace TC, Fulgoni VL III. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015 (accepted).
0
20
40
60
80 % Abo
ve AI
Age (y)
Female Male
Choline Intakes (2009-‐12)
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• No instance of exceeding the UL among any life stage group.
Choline Intakes (2009-‐12)
Wallace TC, Fulgoni VL III. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015 (accepted).
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hgp://ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=19476.
Choline Intakes (2007-‐08)
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NHANES 2007-‐2010 Total Choline (± SD) All 327.6 ± 2.2a Non-‐Vegetarian 336.6 ± 3.2b Vegetarian 191.9 ± 7.3c
Vegetarian Status
* Data on food only among individuals ≥ 19 y.
Unpublished data.
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0
100
200
300
mg To
tal Cho
line / 100 g
Total Choline from Select Foods
USDA Database for Choline Content of Common Foods
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ContribuBon of Food Categories
Food Category ContribuBon to Choline Intake
Meat, Poultry and Fish 24% Grain-‐based Mixed Dishes 13% Dairy 13% Eggs and Egg Dishes 12% Bread and Grain Products 9% Vegetables 7% Beverages 7% Meat, Poultry and Fish Based Mixed Dishes
6%
hgp://ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=19476.
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2015 DGAC – Choline
• “The nutrients for which adequacy goals are not met in almost all pa7erns are potassium, vitamin D, vitamin E, and choline.”
• “If no dairy is consumed, modeling analysis shows that levels of calcium, magnesium, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin, drop below 100% of goals, and intake levels of potassium, vitamin D, and choline also drop substanFally.”
Scien,fic Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Commigee
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0
1
2
3
4-8 9-13 14-18 19-30 31-50 51-70 71+
Dai
ry (c
ups/
d)
Age Range (y)
Male Female
Wallace TC et al. JACN 2013; 32(5):321.
Dairy Intake in the U.S.
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MulBvitamin-‐mineral Supplements
Wallace et al. JACN. 2014; 33(2):94.
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Concluding Thoughts
• Dietary intakes of choline are not above the AI for the majority of Americans. – Current food modeling does not offer many solu,ons.
• Choline has a documented high degree of safety at levels under the UL.
• Supplementa,on and for,fica,on seem to be warranted.
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Future Endeavors
• Con,nue NHANES cross-‐sec,onal work with a focus on health outcomes (CVD, demen,a, etc).
• RCT of choline supplementa,on on markers of CVD in healthy individuals and those with metabolic syndrome.
• Cohort study of choline intake and development of demen,a.
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THANK YOU! Taylor C. Wallace, PhD, CFS, FACN
www.drtaylorwallace.com