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Chinese Leaders Present Flowers to Heroes’ Monument on National Day
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Organization of the People’s Republic of China
Parallel Hierarchies• The Communist Party (CCP)• The State (or Government)• The People’s Liberation Army
• Each track is separate, yet the CCP dominates the other two.
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Ethel Wood. AP Comparative Government and Politics. (2009)
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Principle of Dual Role
• Relationship between party and government.
• Vertical Supervision by the higher level.
• Horizontal Supervision of government by the party.
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Chinese Communist Party
• China is a One-Party System.– No other parties can control power.– Through horizontal supervision, the CCP controls
government organizations.
• Mass Party System– One party represents the interests of the masses.
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Structure of the CCP
General Secretary (1)
Standing Committee (7-9)
Politburo (Approx. 25)
Central Committee (Approx. 350)
National Party Congress (2,000+)
ELECTS OR APPOINTS
DIRECTS/OVERSEE
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National Party Congress
• Members chosen from lower level governments.• Meet once every 5 years.• Not important for policy making.• Appoint Central Committee.
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Central Committee
• Meet annually for a week (“plenum”).• Choose Politburo and Standing Committee.• Little influence on policy.
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Politburo and Standing Committee
• Democratic Centralism.• Craft China’s policy.• Not accountable to other levels of CCP.• Standing Committee members
are from the Politburo.• Oversee ministries
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Politburo and Standing Committee
• “Collective Responsibility”• Decisions made in secret.• Lack of TRANSPARENCY.– Operate openly?– Keep citizens informed
of process?– Accountable to citizens?
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General Secretary
• Formerly “Chairman”• Now, works more
collectively with Politburo.• Less powerful during Era of
Deng Xiaoping.
Deng Xiaoping• Didn’t have an official
leadership position.• “Paramount Leader”
Party Elders
• Important in post-Mao Era.• “Retired” party leaders who
continue to influence members of Politburo.
• “GUANXI”– Importance of personal
connections/relationships in China.
– Old-Boys Network.– Type of “PATRON-CLIENT
NETWORK”
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Patron-Client NetworkPATRON
• Provides power/services
• Deng Xiaoping (paramount leader) – Helps career of next
generation of leaders.
CLIENT
• provides loyalty/supportDeng’s Proteges
• General Secretary & President Jiang Zemin (1993-2003)
• General Secretary & President Hu Jintao (2003-2013)
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Recruitment of Party Elites
• Nomenklatura– Similar to USSR
• Guanxi– Connections
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“Chinese Promotion Puts Official on Track for Presidency.”
General Secretary/President Hu Jintao on left.Vice President Xi Jinping on right.
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Consider some of the concerns from the video.
• According to the clip, why is authoritarianism good for business?
• Does political freedom=economic instability?• Would “rampant democracy” be bad for
China?• Who seems to benefit from authoritarianism
in China?• Who would benefit from democracy in China?
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Technocrats in the Politburo
• Technocrats– Highly-educated bureaucrats/leaders who make
decisions based on technical expertise.• 8 of 9 Standing Committee are Engineers.– Hu: Hydraulic Engineer– Xi Jinping: Chemical Engineer
• Contrast with Mao Era– Revolutionary leaders had little to no higher education.
• Chinese tradition of bureaucratic hierarchy based on scholarship.
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Communist Party Rank and File
• Between 70-80 million members.• 80% male• Receive perks• Advancement through Nomenklatura and Guanxi
Candidates• Screened and tested• Must be backed by existing member (Guanxi)• Training and probationary period• 2001: Officially began accepting capitalists.
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“Young, Gifted, and Red”
Answer these questions in your notebook.
1. List several reasons why younger people are joining the communist party.
2. Explain why Western-style democracy is not a high priority.
3. According to the article, what’s more important?
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Structure of the Government• Three branches of
government– Executive, Legislative,
Judicial• All controlled by CCP.– Not independent
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National People’s Congress (NPC)
• Unicameral• 1982 Constitution: the
“most powerful” part of the state.
• Reality: Largely a rubber stamp for CCP
• NPC meets for two weeks every year.
• Picks President – but chooses from a list
of one candidate.
Members• Approx. 3,000 deputies• 5-year term• Elected by deputies of
provincial congresses.• Large Majority are CCP• 80% male
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Executive Branch
• Head of State: President
• Largely Ceremonial• Negotiates with world leaders• Last two General Secretaries have
been President• Technically appoints Prime
Minister (Premier)
• Head of Government: Premier (Prime Minister)
• Directs the State Council (Bureaucracy)
• Oversees implementation of policy
• Can serve two five-year terms• A CCP Standing Committee member
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Executive Branch
State Council• Cabinet of approx. 40 members• Direct the massive bureaucracy• Members determined by CCP leaders
Bureaucracy• “Cadres:” Bureaucrats paid by government or CCP.– Approx. 40 million cadres.– Vast majority work at county level or lower.– Must retire by age 70.
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Executive Branch
Central Military Commission (CMC)• Controls the People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
– Largest in the world in size (3 million active; 1 million reserve)– Largely responsible for Mao’s rise to power.
• Powerful and influential• Last two General Secretaries/Presidents have also
been the CMC chair.
“The Party commands the gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command the party.”
• Chairman Mao
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Judicial Branch
• Four-tiered “People’s Court.”– Criminal law cases have a 99% conviction rate.• Harsh punishment • Highest number of death penalty sentences.
– Civil courts create an avenue for redress for loss of property.
• No judicial review of government laws.