Download - China's need for sustainability
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China’s need for sustainable design
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GDP
30285 billion(2008)
1872 billion(1990)
Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2009
Gross Domestic Product and Population of China(1990 - 2008)
Population
1.328 billion
1.143 billion
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1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
315381
454531
607683
756822
880
Urban Population of China (1990 - 2030)
(in Millions)
Source: UN: World Urbanization Prospects
Urbanization Rate China (1990 - 2030)
Source: UN: World Urbanization Prospects
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Urban Rural
27%31% 35%
40%45%
49%53%
56% 60%
Urbanization in China
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Source: State of the World’s Cities 2008/2009 (UN HABITAT 2008)
2 0 2 52 0 0 0
C h i n a ’ s M e g a c i t i e s
C h i n a ’ s M e g a c i t i e s
Urban Growth in China
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2 0 2 5
C h i n a ’ s M e g a c i t i e s
arable land non-arable land
Urban Growth and Arable Land in China
6.4% of arable land was lost between 1995 and 2005 due to industrialization and modernization.
In 2005 China had around 122 million hectares of arable land, covering 13% of its territory. (USA: 19%)
China has less than 7% of the world’s ar-able land with which to feed more than 20% of the world’s population. The USA has 20% of the world’s arable land to feed 5% of the world’s population.
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Air Pollution8 out of every 10 rainfalls in Guangzhou, capital of Guangdong province, were classified as acid rain in 2007.
(China Daily 2008-03-28)
Destruction by PollutionMore than 80% of China’s 33UN-designated World Heritage sites, including the Leshan Buddha, have been damaged by air pollution and acid rain, mostly from the burning of coal.
(Associated Press – 2007-11-04)
Drinking WaterAbout 300 million farmers do not have access
to save drinking water. (China Daily 2008-01-11)
Water Pollution26% of surface water in China is totally unusable, 62% is unsuitable for fish and 90% of the rivers running through cities are polluted.
(China Daily 2007-12-28)
DesertificationIn 2000, 12 sandstorms hit Beijing, three times
more than the average for the 1990s.
(SCMP 2007-04-16)
We now live in an Era of Consequences!
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Building Industry Environmental Impact Facts
50%Of the materials ex- tracted from earth are consumed by the building sector.
60%Of all the waste produced comes from building and civil engineering work.
40%Of the greenhouse gases result from construction and use of buildings.
Source: The Energy Manual
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people
prosperity
Sustainability in Architecture
planet: building design has to consider energy and resources saving strategies.
people: buildings that fails to meet the users’ requirements will fail completly.
prosperity: any design solution has to make economical sense, otherwise it will not be realized.
planet
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175
Air Condition(per 100 Households)
Shanghai China
96
30
95
2000 2007
Computer(per 100 Households)
91
Shanghai China
53
26
9
2000 2007
Refrigiator(per 100 Households)
Shanghai China
102 104
80
95
2000 2007
147
183
137
Television(per 100 Households)
Shanghai China
116
2000 2007
Living Standards(ownership of appliances per 100 urban households)
Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2009 / Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2008
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Residential
Commercial
Transportation
Agriculture
Industry
Source: LBNL: Energy Use in China January 2007 / Energy Information Administration 2008 / European Environment Agency 2009
USA
Europe
26 %
15 %
28 %
31 %
22 %
19 %28 %
31 %
Energy consumption in 2000 by sector
according to the National Bureau of Statistics.
sectors directly linked to design.
Energy consumption in 2000 by sector
according to the LBNL
16 %
9 %
12 %
7 %
10 %
7 %
69 %
Energy consumption in China by Sector
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Source: LBNL: Energy Use in China January 2007 / US Energy Information Administration
27 %9 %
7 %
21 %
32 % 24 %
20 %
41 %
7 %8 %
Other Uses
Lighting
Space Heating
Cooking
Water Heating
Appliances
AirCondition
Lighting
Space Heating
Water Heating
Appliances
of usage directly linked to design
of usage directly linked to design
China USA
41% 56%
Residential Energy Consumption by Usagefor China and USA
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of usage directly linked to design
69%
China
Source: LBNL: Energy Use in China January 2007
Commercial Energy Consumption by Usage
Other Uses
Lighting and Other
Space Heating
Water Heating
AirCondition
54 %
30%
8% 7%
13
29° C
30° C
31° C
32° C
Urban Heat Island Effect
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Adjustment of Building Blocks
pedestrianpath way
street traffic
conventional layout adjusted layout
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1
2
3
45
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7 Project Development: Bidding, Financing, Usage, Requirements, Feasibility Study ...
1
Building Design:Project Analysis, Preliminary Design, Approval, Design Development ...
2
Construction:Supervision, Quality Control ...
3
Operation I :Building Management, Maintainance, Service, Running Costs ...
4
Modernization:Refurbishment, Upgrading, Adaptation, Modernization ...
5
Operation II:Building Management, Maintainance, Service, Running Costs ...
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Deconstruction:Waste Management, Recycling ...
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Building Life Cycle
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Build
ing
ener
gy c
onsu
mpt
ion
(10
00
kw
h/ye
ar)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
33%
Wasteful Behavior Design Conservation Behavior
33%
Source: WBCSD: Energy Efficiency in Buildings - Transforming the Market
Energy Saving by Design & Behavior
Pumps
Lighting
Space Heating
Ventilation
Water Heating
Plug Loads
Space Cooling
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a full modernization of the building envelope and replacement of heating and air conditioning systems improves the building efficiency by 30% minimum, 50% to 75% is possible.
Source: WBCSD: Energy Efficiency in Buildings - Transforming the Market
Building Modernization Fact
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Detached HouseTechnical Comparison Terrace House Apartment Block High-rise building
Orientation: north-southBuilding volume: 4320 m2
Proportion of windows:north: 20%east: 30% west: 30%south: 50%
A/V Ration [1/m3]
Proportion of windows [%]
Total Energy Consumption [kWh/a]
Lighting
0.78
23
168 000 (100%)
+
21
136 000 (81%)
o
27
113 000 (67%)
o
30
126 000 (75%)
+
0.65 0.43 0.49
Comparison of Building Types
Source: The Energy Manual
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Winds
Summer Sun
Winter Sun
LocalClimate
ConditionsW
S
E
N
Climate Zones in China Local Climate Conditions
NortheastSummer: warm Winter: long, cold, dry
NorthwestSummers: hot, dry Winters: long, cold, dry winters with high winds and dust
SouthwestSummers: cool, dry Winters: cold, dry with high winds
SichuanSummers: hot, wet Winters: cool, misty
SouthSummers: Hot, wet Winters: cool to cold, dry
NorthSummer: Hot, wet Winter: cold, dry winters
SoutheastSummers: hot, wet Winters: warm, dry
YunguiSummers: warm Winters: cool
Climate Conditions
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Parties in the Building Industry
Governmentlaw
Investorsfunds
Peoplebehavior
Architectsknow-how
P
I
G
A
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