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Chemistry & Biochemistry
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Terminology Matter – Anything that takes up space & has
mass. Mass – Quantity of matter Weight – The pull of gravity on the mass of an
object. Elements – Pure substances that cannot be
broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter.
Atom – Smallest unit of matter.
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Terminology, continued…. Subatomic particles.
Electron Neutron Proton
Compound: Two or more elements chemically combined.
Bonds Covalent – shares electrons Ionic – based on electrical
attraction
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Qualities of a Compound They are all made of 2 or more elements. They are chemically bonded. They have a definite ratio.
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More terms… Atomic number: The number of protons Mass number: Number of proton &
neutrons.
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Periodic Table
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Mixtures Combined substances that DO retain their
original properties. Three types:
Solution: Made of solute & solvent; do not come out of solution.
Suspension: Settle out over time Colloid: Two states
Sol state - liquid Gel state - gel
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Acids & Bases Acidity:
Measurement of the amount of hydrogen ions.
Alkalinity: Measurement of the amount of hydroxide ions.
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Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds Organic - generally derived from living
things and contain carbon. Inorganic – generally derived from non-
living things. FOUR MAJOR GROUPS
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
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Water Properties of Water
Cohesion – Attraction between like molecules. Adhesion – Attraction of water molecules to the
molecules of a solid surface. Water is polar (unevenly charged)
Oxygen has a slight negative charge. Hydrogen has a slight positive charge.
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Polymers vs. Monomers Polymers: compounds consisting of
repeating linked units. Monomers: Simple molecules composing
each unit of a polymer. Macromolecule: A large polymer
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Dehydration synthesis Condensation
Reaction Monomers link to
form a polymer; water is removed.
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Hydrolysis A polymer
splits to form two monomers when water is added
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Carbohydrates C, H, O (2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen)
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Fructose, glucose, galactose
Disaccharides (double sugars) Lactose, sucrose, maltose
Polysaccharides (complex sugars) Starch, cellulose, glycogen (animal starch)
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Sugars Glucose, fructose, & galactose – C6H12O6
Isomers – same molecular formula, but different properties.
Sucrose, lactose, & maltose – C12H22O11
HOW CAN THIS BE??
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Functional Groups Clusters of atoms that influence the
properties of the molecule. Types
Hydroxyl –OH (alcohols) Amino group – NH2
Sulfhydryl group – SH Phosphate group – H3PO4
Carboxyl group - COOH
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Lipids Function:
Barrier between aqueous environments inside & outside the cell.
Cell Membrane Energy storage
Fats Protective Coverings
Waxes Insulation
Fats
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Lipids, continued…. Fatty Acids: Monomers
that make up most lipids. Composed of a long, straight
hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group
Carboxyl group: Hydrophilic, “water loving”
Hydrocarbon chain: Hydrophobic, “water fearing”
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Types of Lipids Triglycerides
Fats – Solid at room temperature
Oil – Liquid at room temperature
Waxes Steroids
Cholesterol is an example Doesn’t contain fatty acids
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Proteins Account for more than 50% of the dry weight of
the cell Structural support Storage Transport Signaling Movement Defense Increase the speed of chemical reactions.
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Proteins, continued…. Amino Acids –
monomers of proteins
Amino acids are always in this form
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Types of Proteins Dipeptides: Two amino acids bonded
together. Polypeptides: A long chain of amino acids Enzymes: Proteins that act as catalysts in
intermediary metabolism Catalyst: Substances that speed up chemical
reactions without being affected by the reactions themselves.
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Nucleic Acids Complex organic compounds that store
important information in the cell. Nucleotides – monomers of nucleic acids
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Types of Nucleic Acids DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
Stores information important for all cell activities Sugar: deoxyribose
RNA: ribonucleic acid Transfers information essential for making
proteins Sugar: ribose
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Chart provided…Polymer Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Monomer(s) Monosaccharides Fatty Acids Amino Acids Nucleotides
Elements
Present
C,H,O C,H,O,P C,H,O,N C,H,O,N,P
1ST
Function
Energy Protection Structure Contain hereditary information
2nd
Function
Structure Energy, Insulation
Speed up chemical
rxtn.
Transfer info. for protien synthesis
Examples Glucose, sucrose,
starch, etc.
Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
Dipeptide, polypeptide,
enzymes
DNA, RNA