Download - Chemist Chapter 9 Form 4
“ MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCESIN INDUSTRY ”
MUHAMAD ARIF BIN AHMAD4 CITA
TABLE OF CONTENT9.1 SULPHURIC ACID 9.1.1 Uses of Sulphuric acid 9.1.2 The manufacture of Sulphuric acid 9.1.3 Sulphur Dioxide and environmental
pollution9.2 AMMONIA AND ITS SALT 9.2.1 Uses of Ammonia 9.2.2 Properties of Ammonia 9.2.3 Manufacture of Ammonia 9.2.4 Preparation of Ammonia in
laboratory9.3 ALLOY
9.3.1 Relation between arrangement of
atoms in metals to their properties 9.3.2 Meaning of Alloy 9.3.3 Aim of making Alloy 9.3.4 Examples of Alloy 9.3.5 Composition and properties of Alloy 9.3.6 Relation between properties of Alloy
to their uses 9.3.7 Relation between arrangement of
atoms in Alloy to their strength and
hardness9.4 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 9.4.1 Meaning of polymers 9.4.2 Naturally occuring polymers
9.4.3 Synthetic polymers and their uses 9.4.4 Monomers in the Synthetic polymers 9.4.5 Justification of Synthetic polymers
in daily life9.5 GLASS AND CERAMIC 9.5.1 Type of Glass and their properties 9.5.2 Uses of Glass 9.5.3 Properties of Ceramics 9.5.4 Uses of Ceramics9.6 COMPOSITE MATERIALS 9.6.1 Meaning of Composite materials 9.6.2 Composite materials and their
components
9.6.3 Comparisons and contrast of properties of Composite
materialswith their original component
9.6.4 Justification of uses of Composite
materials9.7 APPRECIATION IN VARIOUS SYNTHETIC INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS 9.7.1 Justification of importance of doing
research and developmentcontinuously
9.7.2 The importance of synthetic materials in daily life
9.1 SULPHURIC ACID, H2SO4
9.1.1 Uses of H2SO4
a) manufacture of detergent
b) manufacture of fertiliser
c) manufacture of artificial fibres
d) manufacture of paint
e) manufacture of leather products
f) as electrolyte in battery
g) to removed Sulphur compound in crude oilh) to produced other metalsi) removed oxides from the surface of metals (metallurgy)
9.1.2 The manufacture of H2SO4
a) through Contact Processb) compose of three raw materials :
i – Sulphurii – Airiii – Water, H2O
Figure 9.1 Stage 1In the furnace, molten sulphur is burnt in dry air to produce sulphur dioxide, SO2. The gas produced is purified and cooled.
S(l) + O2(g) ⟶ SO2(g)Stage 2In the converter, sulphur dioxide, SO2 and excess oxygen gas, O2 are passed over a few plates of vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5 catalyst at 450 oC to produce sulphur trioxide, SO3.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)About 99.5% of the sulphur dioxide, SO2 is converted into sulphur trioxide, SO3 through this reversible reaction.Stage 3In the absorber,the sulphur trioxide, SO3 is first reacted with concentrated
sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to form a product called oleum, H2S2O7.
SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) ⟶H2S2O7(l)The oleum, H2S2O7 is then diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in large quantities.
H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) ⟶2H2SO4(l)
The two reactions in the third stage are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide, SO3 directly to water.
SO3(g) + H2O(l) ⟶H2SO4(l)
However,this is not done in industry because sulphur trioxide,SO3 reacts too violently with water.this produces a lot of heat and a large cloud of sulphuric acid,H2SO4 mist.The mist is corrosive,pollutes the air and is difficult to condense.
9.1.3 Sulphur Dioxide and environmental pollution
a) can cause acid rain.
b) occurs when pH of rain exceed between 2.4 and 5.0.
c) due to reaction of sulphur dioxide, SO2 with rainwater :
SO2(g) + H2O(l) ⟶ 2H2SO4(aq)
Science TitbitsInhaling SO2 can cause coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, bronchitis, and lung diseases.
9.2 Ammonia and its salt9.2.1 Uses of ammonia
a) manufacture of fertiliser
b) manufacture of synthetic fibres
c) manufacture of explosives
d) manufacture of wood pulp, paints, varnishes, laquers and rocket propellant.
9.2.2 Properties of ammonia
Ammonia, NH3
a) is an alkaline.b) is a colourless gas.c) has a pungent smell.d) is less dense than air.e) burns in oxygen gas,O2 not in the air.
f) very soluble in water.g) gives a white fume when reacted with hydrogen chloride gas, HCl.
9.2.3 Manufacture of ammonia
a) through Haber Process.b) derived from natural gas(N2 and H2)
Figure 9.2a) ratio volume of nitrogen gas to hydrogen
gas is 1:3 is passed through the reactor.b) the mixture is compressed to high pressure
of 200 atm in 4500C.c) iron catalyst is used to speed up the
reaction :
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)d) the product is then liquefied and separated.e) production of ammonia, NH3 gives out heat.f) the process is reversible.
9.2.4 Preparation of ammonia in laboratory
In laboratory :
a) ammonia can be prepared to producedammonium fertilisers.
b) examples of ammonium fertilisers is ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4.
c) other examples of ammonium fertilisers is
ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO3 ,ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 and etc.
9.3 Alloy9.3.1 Relation between arrangement of
atoms in metals to their properties
a) most metals are solid.b) arrangement of atoms in metals gives it
ductile and malleable properties.c) metals are ductile when layers of atoms
slide on one another when force is applied.d) this due to an orderly arrangement of
atoms in metals.e) metals also malleable when atoms slide
to filled the empty spaces between the atoms.
f) this due to an imperfections in the orderly
arrangement of atoms in metals.
Figure 9.3a
Figure 9.3b9.3.2 Meaning of alloy
Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition in which major components is a metal.
9.3.3 Aim of making alloy Aim :a) stronger. b) harderc) resistant to corrosion. d) have a better furnish.
e) lustre.
9.3.4 Examples of alloy
a) bronze.b) brass.c) steel.d) stainless steel.e) duralumin .f) pewter.g) the uses of alloy varies depends on its
properties.
9.3.5 Composition and properties of alloysTable 9.3
Alloy Composition
Properties Uses
Bronze 90% Cu 10% Sn
Hard & strong
Does not corrode easily
Shiny surface
Building of statues or monuments
Making medals, swords & artistic materials
Brass 70% Cu 30% Zn
Harder than Cu
Making of musical instrument
s & kitchenware
Steel 99% Fe 1% C
Hard Strong
Construction of buildings & bridge
Building of the body of cars & railway tracks
Stainless steel
74% Fe 8% C 18% Cr
Shiny Strong Does not
rust
Making of culery
Making of surgical instrument
Duralumin 93% Al 3% Cu 3% Mg 1% Mn
Light Strong
Building of the body of aeroplanes & bullet trains
Pewter 96% Sn 3% Cu 1% Sb
Lustre Shiny Strong
Making of souvenirs
9.3.6 Relation between arrangement of atoms
in alloys to their strength and hardness
a) alloy is made up of two different type of metals
b) the presence of atoms of another metals that are differ in sizes disturb the orderly arrangement of atoms in the metal.c) this reduces the layer of atoms from sliding.d) thus, an alloy is stronger and harder than its pure metal.
9.4 Synthetic polymers9.4.1 Meaning of polymers
Polymers are large molecules made up of many identical repeating sub-units called monomers which are joined together by covalent bonds.
Monomers are joined into chains by a process of repeated linking known as polymerisation.
Figure 9.49.4.2 Naturally occuring polymers
Examples :a) starchb) cellulosec) woold) proteine) silkf) natural rubber
9.4.3 Synthetic polymers and their uses
Table 9.4Synthetic polymer Uses
Polythene Plastic bags, shopping bags, plastic containers and insulation for electrical wiring
Polypropene Piping bottle crates, carpets, car batteries and rope
Polyvinyl chloride, PVC
Artificial leather, water pipes and records
Perspex Safety glass, reflectors, traffic sign and lens
Terylene Clothing, sails and ropes
Nylon Ropes, clothing and carpets
9.4.4 Monomers in the synthetic polymers
Polythene :- ethenePolypropene :- propenePolyvinyl chloride, PVC :- ChloroethenePerpex :- MethylmethacrylateTerylene :- Hexane-1,6-diol- Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acidNylon :- Hexane-1.6-diamine- Hexane-1,6-dioic acid
9.4.5 Justification of synthetic polymers in
daily life
a) synthetic polymers can give great advantages such as that they can be made to have special properties required for their uses.b) synthetic polymers are very stable and do not corrode or decay(difficult to dispose).c) they are not easily biodegradable.d) they mat cause pollution, blockage of drainage systems and flash floods.
e) they give out harmful and poisonous gases which have a pungent smell when burnt.f) We can still continue using synthetic polymer but in a wiser manner.g) we should reduce, reuse and recycle them. 9.5 Glass and ceramics9.5.1 Types of glass and their properties
a) there are four types of glasses which are : - fused glass - soda-lime glass - borosilicate glass - lead crystal glass
b) mainly composed of silica,SiO2.
1. Fused glass- mainly silica, SiO2
- simplest glass- high heat-resistant- great purity- optical transparency- high temperature- chemical durability- thermal shock resistant 2. Soda-lime glass- made by heating sand with limestone, CaCO3 or sodium carbonate, Na2CO3
- can be melted at low temperature
- malleable- good chemical durability- high thermal expansion coefficient
3. Borosilicate glass- addition of boron oxide, B2o3 to soda-lime glass- lower thermal expansion coefficient- greater chemical durability(less alkali
content)- thermal shock resistance
4. Lead crystal glass- made by substituting PbO for CaO and often for part of the silica used in soda-lime glass - soft and easy to melt
- optically transparent- contains much more lead- expensive than soda-lime glass
9.5.2 Uses of glass
1. Fused glass
- used as laboratory glassware, lenses, telescope mirrors and optical fibres
2. Soda-lime glass- used to make flat glass, electrical bulb, mirrors and all kind of glass container
3. Borosilicate glass- used in cookware, laboratory glassware, automobile headlights, glass pipeline applications which require superior resistance to thermal shock and greater chemical durability
4. Lead crystal glass - used for finest tableware, lead crystal
glassware and art objects
9.5.3 Properties of ceramics
Ceramics- can withstand high temperature- do not melt easily- very hard- brittle- chemically inert- do not corrode- have a very high melting point- good insulator of electricity and heat
9.5.4 Uses of ceramics
Ceramics- Used in making abrasive, construction
materials, tableware, insulators in electrical equipments and refractories
9.6 Composite materials
9.6.1 Meaning of composite materials
A composite materials is a structural material that is formed by combining two or more different substances such as metal, alloys, glass, ceramics and polymers.
9.6.2 Composite materials and their component
a) there five main composite materials which is :
- Concrete- Superconductors- Fibre optics- Glass fibre- Photochromic glass
1. Reinforced concrete- mixture of stones, chips and sand bound together by cement- strong but brittle and weak in tension- can be reinforced with steel wires, steel
bars or any polymer fibres
2. Superconductors- alloy of metal compounds or ceramics of metal oxides- capable of conducting electricity without
any electrical resistance when they are cooledto extremely low temperature
3. Fibre optic- consist of a bundle of glass or plastic thread that are surrounded by a glass cladding- low material cost- high transmission capacity- chemical stability- less susceptible to interference 4. Fibre glass- made by reinforced plastic with glass fibres- high tensile strength - can be easily coloured- low in density- very strong eventhough in thin layers- easily moulded and shaped
5. Photochromic glass- produced by embedding photochromic substances like silver chloride in glass or transparent polymers
9.6.3 Comparison and contrast of properties of composite materials and their components
a) composite materials is an improvement from their components.b) therefore, their properties is differ and improved from the properties of their
components. c) an example of composite materials and their components is fibre glass that is made from plastic reinforced with glass fibre.d) refer table 9.6 for more details.
Table 9.6 example of comparisons and contrast of composite material with their components
Composite material
Properties Components
Fibre glass Materials Glass fibre and plastic
Strong even in thin layers
Hardness Glass fibre:- strong plastic:- not as
strong as fibre glass
Low density Density Glass fibre:- High
densityPlastic:- Low
densityContrast
Have quite the
same strength
of materials
with their composite materials
9.6.4 Justification of the use of composite materials
Uses of composite materialsa) composite materials is essential to fulfil the ever expanding needs.b) to improved our standard of livingc) to help a country to achieve a status of developed country and improved their technology.
9.7 Appreciation in various synthetic industrial
materials9.7.1 Justification of importance of doing research and development continuously
a) to find an alternative ways to overcome the adverse effect of synthetic materials on human being and environment.b) to improved the quality of the synthetic- based products.c) to ensure the standard of living of human being and environment is taking care.
9.7.2 The importance of synthetic materials in daily life
a) to provide a complete set of our needs in daily life.b) to help in improving our lack in capability and ease our burden.c) to help in systemize our standard of living.