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CHARACTERIZATION OF FRACTURES AND THEIR EFFECT ON RESERVOIR DIRECTIONAL FLOW IN TENSLEEP
SANDSTONES, WYOMING
Peigui Yin& Shaochang Wo
Enhanced Oil Recovery InstituteUniversity of Wyoming
Laramie, Wyoming
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A B
TENSLEEP SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS, WYOMING
A
B
PresentedReservoir
Major Reservoirs Cores Outcrops
Marine Carbonate
Eolian Sandstone
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60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Wat
er C
ut (%
)
Recovery Factor (%)
TENSLEEP PRODUCTION
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FRACTURE TYPES IN TENSLEEP SANDSTONES
• Gouge-filled fractures
• Mineral-filled fractures
• Partially-filled fractures
• Open fractures
Barriers or baffles
Conduits
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Gouge-filled Fractures in Cores
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Gouge-filled Fractures
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Mineral-filled Fractures in Cores
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Mineral-filled Fractures in Outcrops
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Partially-filled Fractures in Cores
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Open Fractures in Cores
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FAULT AND FRACTURE DISTRIBUTION IN OUTCROPS
1000 ft
?
Flat Top Mountain
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Gouge-filled fractures on Outcrops
Brokenback AnticlineBighorn Mountain
Zeisman DomeBighorn Mountain
Sinks CanyonWind River Range
Cottonwood Creek Ferris Mountain
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FRACTURE PERMEABILITY ANDFRACTURE ORIENTATION IN A RESERVOIR
• 3-D reservoir structure construction
• Curvature calculation to indicate fracture intensity
• Average matrix permeabilities of wells from core analysis and well log data
• Total permeabilities of wells from matching wells’ production history
• Multi-well flow simulation to verify fracture orientation and estimate average fracture/matrix permeability ratio
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Fractures
Open
Partially-filled
Filled
FRACTURE DISTRIBUTION IN CORES(From the Presented Tensleep Reservoir)
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Fracture Spacing vs. Core Porosity
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.58
8.5
9
9.5
10
Average Porosity (%)
Ave
rage
Fra
ctur
e Sp
acin
g (ft
)
Average core porosity
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Mahoney Dome: Estimated Permeabilities From Well Productions
1112
14
1718
2021
23
24
25
2627
34
36
41
4546
19 56
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
Ave
rage
Per
mea
bilit
y ar
ound
Wel
ls, m
d
Estimated Permeability from Production (with Well Number)
Average Permeability from Log Correlation
ESTIMATED TOTAL PERMEABILITY FROM PRODUCTION HISTORY vs
AVERAGE MATRIX PERMEABILITY FROM CORES AND WELL LOGS
estimated permeability from production – average permeability = fracture permeability (+ -)
(total permeability)
(matrix permeability)
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DISTRIBUTION OF MATRIX PERMEABILITY
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Fractures
Open
Partially-filled
Filled
FracturePermeability
+ Permeability (Total Perm>Matrix Perm)
- Permeability (Total Perm<Matrix Perm)
DISTRIBUTION OF FRACTURE PERMEABILITYElevation
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CURVATURE DISTRIBUTION FOR THE PRESENTED RESERVOIR STRUCTURE
Gaussian Curvature Maximum Curvature Minimum Curvature
Mean Curvature Dip Curvature Strike Curvature
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Curvature vs. Fracture Permeability
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70Difference between Production Perm. and Log Correlation Perm., md
Cur
vatu
res,
10^
6/ft
(10^
9/ft
for G
auss
ian
Cur
vatu
re)
MaximumMinimumGaussianMeanDipStrike
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1712
19
216
Observation Well
Active Well
WELL INTERFERENCE TEST
Fracture Orientation
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Measured and Simulated BHP Drop Down in Well 12(from well interference test)
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Testing Time, days
BH
P D
rop
Dow
n in
Obs
erva
tion
Wel
l 12,
psi
Well 16 shut-in Well 19 shut-in
Well 2 shut-in Well 19 on
Well 2 on Well 17 shut-in
Simulation matched permeabilities:
Permeability at N30oE (Ky) = 18 md
Permeability at S60oE (Kx) = 3 md
N30oE
S60oE
Measured BHP
Simulated BHP
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CONCLUSIONS & APPLICATIONS
• Four different types of fractures are observed in the Tensleep well cores and outcrops: gouge-filled, mineral-filled, partially-filled, and open fractures.
• Open and partially-filled fractures can act as conduits for reservoir flow, whereas gouge- and mineral-filled fractures can act as barriers or baffles.
• Fracture permeability is estimated by subtracting average matrix permeability (from core analysis and log data) from totalpermeability (calculated from production history).
• Curvatures calculated from 3-D reservoir structure may predict fracture intensity but show no good correlation with fracture permeability in the Tensleep sandstones.
• Fracture orientation is obtained through well interference tests. • Multi-well flow simulation is used to verify fracture orientation
and estimate average fracture/matrix permeability ratio.