Download - Chara corallina
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NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF CHARA CORALLINA
Uday Bhan Singh1*, R.K. Thakur2,Ravih !"r#a$, A.S. A%LU&ALIA1
*e-mail: [email protected]
1Laboratory of Algal Biology and Diversity, Department of Botany, Panjab University,
Chandigarh-16 1!, "ndia
#Department of $oology, Panjab University, Chandigarh-16 1!, "ndia
%Department of Botany, University of &ajasthan, 'aip(r-%# !, "ndia
ABSTRA'T ( )hyi+h"#ia- ana-yi + /h" 0+nd a/"r u00+r/ing gr+/h + Chara
corallinaand + /h+" gr+n in di"r"n/ u-/ur" #"dia in /h" -a+ra/+ry +ndi/i+n hav"
""n arri"d +u/. Th" 0hyi+h"#ia- 0ara#"/"r + /h" a/"r + Na0-i +r"/ and ).N.
3"hra B+/ania- 4ard"n h+ /ha/ Chara corallinar"5uir" -" a#+un/ + nu/ri"n/ and
/h" -"v"- + 0+--u/i+n i 5ui/" -+ a i "vid"n/ r+# /h" da/a and /andard. Th" a/"r i
-"ar "n+ugh /+ a--+ 0"n"/ra/i+n + viii-i/y /+ i/ +//+#. Na0-i +r"/ and ).N. 3"hra
B+/ania- 4ard"n -ak rih div"ri/y hih #ay " a//riu/"d /+ +#" h"#ia- r"-"a"d
y Chara corallina. In -a+ra/+ry u-/ur", i/ i +und /ha/ Chara corallina an " gr+n in
a-- /hr"" u-/ur" #"dia, viz., A--"n and Arn+n6 #"diu# , 'hu17 #"diu# and B411
#"diu# u/ gr+/h i ""n /+ " /h" "/ in A--"n and Arn+n6 u-/ur" #"diu# in
+#0ari+n i/h /h" +/h"r /+ u-/ur" #"dia.
K"y +rd ( Chara, Physi)o)hemi)al parameters, Algae, *ater poll(tion+
INTRODU'TION
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Chara)ean algae are )alled stoneorts or brittleorts d(e to etensive etra)ell(lar
)al)ifi)ation+ .he presen)e of Charophy)eae /stoneorts0 is often asso)iated ith )lean and
rather hard ater ith a lo phosphoro(s /P0 )on)entration /ig+ 10+
Figur" 1. Sh+ing /h" gr+/h + Chara corallina in Ba/ania- 4ard"n
orsbergreported that sol(ble rea)tive phosphor(s /2&P0)on)entration as lo as 13 4g P
L51 inhibited theplant groth and the sensitivity to P eplained the absen)e of )harophytes in
very e(trophi) aters and their disappearan)e from poll(ted lo)alities 17+ Contrary to earlier
findings, later st(dies have shon that the plant )an gro ell in ater ith a high P
)on)entration, for eample 1+ mg P L51 #7and +8 mg P L51%7 and thedisappearan)e of the
plant is )a(sed primarily by shading thro(ghphytoplan9ton and other algae !7+ Dense Chara
beds in hard ater may a)t as n(trient sin9s in several ays, s()h as n(trient in)orporation in
plant biomass, n(trient ithdraal from de)omposing detrit(s, release of allelophati)
http://jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/content/full/35/2/490#BIB7http://jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/content/full/35/2/490#BIB7 -
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)ompo(nds, red()ed sediment res(spension, slo de)omposition rate on plant senes)en)e, and
the )o-pre)ipitation of P ith )al)ite 37+ Charophytes thrive and may dominate the vegetation in
(npoll(ted fresh and bra)9ish aters 67+ Charophytes may also indire)tly affe)t n(trient )y)ling
in la9es+ Utili:ation of bi)arbonate is a))ompanied by pre)ipitation of )al)ite d(ring periods of
intensive photosynthesis, favoring immobili:ation of P by binding in the )rystal str()t(re or
sorption on sedimenting mineral parti)les+ Charophytes are able to deliver oygen to the
sediment, th(s potentially enhan)ing nitrifi)ation;denitrifi)ation pro)esses and preventing iron-
bo(nd sediment phosphor(s from being released to the overlying ater+ (rthermore, dense
Charameados restri)t sediment res(spension, )onse /asCaC?%0 of the total plant biomass dry eight has been reported@,87+
eeping this in vie, the present investigation has been (nderta9en to assess the ater
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Physi)o-)hemi)al )hara)teristi)s of ater in P+E+ =ehra Botani)al Garden and Eapli
forest ere investigated /.able 10+
Ta-". 1. )hyi+h"#ia- 0ara#"/"r + a/"r u00+r/ing gr+/h + Chara corallina
in ).N. 3"hra B+/ania- 4ard"n and Na0-i F+r"/, 'handigarh.
S.N+. )ara#"/"r B+/ania- 4ard"n Na0-i F+r"/
1 2e))hi-transparen)y /)m0 @1+%J+ 1#!+%J#+%
# .otal Dissolved 2olid/mg;L0 #16+@J%+% #1+@J6+
% pH @+3J+% @+@J+6
! .emperat(re /air0/C0 #3+%J+1@ #3+8J+83 .emperat(re /ater0/C0 #6+1J+% #6+3J+8
6 ree C?# /mg;L0 #1+@J+8 %8+J1+13
@ Carbonate - C?%#K /mg;L0 Absent Absent
8 Al9alinity /mg;L0 1+@J+% 1%+6J#+6
.otal Hardness /mg;L0 %!8+%J6+ %66+@J#+!
1 Ca#K
/mg;L0 11+@J+!3 11+J+%111 =g#K /mg;L0 #!6+6J3+8 #33+8J#+6
1# Cl- /mg;L0 6!+J%+3 63+J#+6
1% Dissolved ?# /mg;L0 #+8J1+1 #+@J#+!
1! .otal Phosphate
P?!#- /mg;L0
+#3J+# +%6J+%
13 Eitrate - E?%-/mg;L0 +1#%J+! +#1%J+6
?bservations of se))hi-transparen)y of to sites indi)ate that ater
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Comparing vario(s physi)o)hemi)al parameters of st(died ater samples ith Eational
and "nternational 2tandards, .able # 1!,13,167, reveals that all the parameters analy:ed ere
ith the permissible limits of drin9ing ater standards+
Ta-" 2. S/andard +r drinking a/"r
Parameters *H? "2" "C=&
pH 6+3-8+3 6+3-8+3 @-8+3
.otal Al9alinity 1# - -
.otal hardness 3 % %
Chloride #3 #3-1 #3-1
Eitrate 3-1 3-1 #-1
Phosphate +1-1 +3-1 -
B?D 3+ - -
D? 3+ %+ -
.D2 3 - 3All parameters are epressed in mgL-1e)ept pH
Based on )ertain parameters, Central Poll(tion Control Board /.able%0 has )lassified fresh ater
into five )lasses /A, B, C, D and 0 s(itable for vario(s p(rposes+ ?n the basis of this
)lassifi)ation, the ater at ponds )o(ld be )ategori:ed as AM+ .he val(es of ater
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pH beteen 6+3 and 8+3 Dissolved ?ygen 3mg;L or
more
Bio)hemi)al ?ygen Demand 3 days #NC %mg;L or less
Drinking a/"r +ur" a/"r
+nv"n/i+na- /r"a/#"n/ and
diin"/i+n
'
.otal Coliforms ?rganism =PE;1ml shall be 3 or
less
pH beteen 6 to Dissolved ?ygen !mg;L or more
Bio)hemi)al ?ygen Demand 3 days #NC %mg;L or less
)r+0aga/i+n + &i-d -i" and
Fih"ri"
D
pH beteen 6+3 to 8+3 Dissolved ?ygen !mg;L or more
ree Ammonia /as E0 1+# mg;L or less
Irriga/i+n, Indu/ria- '++-ing,
'+n/r+--"d &a/" di0+a-
E
pH betn 6+ to 8+3
le)tri)al Cond()tivity at #3NC mi)ro mhos;)m
=a+##3
2odi(m absorption &atio =a+ #6
Boron =a+ #mg;L
B"-+E N+/ 3""/ing A, B, ', D : E 'ri/"ria
Central poll(tion )ontrol board /httpF;;)p)b+ni)+in;*aterO(alityOCriteria+php0
As stated earlier, 1 )m long api)al portions of Chara corallina ere gron in % different
media, ea)h medi(m being ino)(lated ith ten samples ea)h /ig+ #0+
http://cpcb.nic.in/Water_Quality_Criteria.phphttp://cpcb.nic.in/Water_Quality_Criteria.php -
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Figur" 1. Sh+ing /h" gr+/h + Chara corallinain +-id agar #"diu#
% repli)ates of ea)h medi(m as maintained to minimi:e the error+ "n these samples some
profo(ndly visible observations )o(ld be made+ After ! days of )(lt(re, the older basal plant
portion of the samples in Ch(-1 medi(m be)ame pale in )oloration /lost green )olor0 hile
those gron in Allen and Arnons and BG-11 media retained their green )oloration /.able !0+ As
the )(lt(re pro)eeded to the 8thday after )(lt(re /.able 30, most of the samples in Ch(-1
medi(m ere pale yello in )olor, be)ame soft and had rotten baseI s(rvival as lo in Ch(-1
medi(m b(t those hi)h s(rvived, attained proper length+ "n BG-11 medi(m, samples be)ame
greenish-bron+ e of them ere seen to have deteriorated ith rotten basal portion+ B(t in
Allen and Arnons medi(m, all samples s(rvived and ere l(sh green in )olor+ &hi:oids of abo(t
+%-+3 )m ere also seen to have developed on all the samples+
Ta-". ;. '+#0ari+n + /h" gr+/h ra/" + Chara corallina a/"r ; day + u-/ur" in
di"r"n/ u-/ur" #"dia/hr+ugh r"h and dry "igh/ and di"r"n" in -"ng/h.
)ara#"/"r Fr"h "igh/ 8g9 Dry "igh/ 8g9 L"ng/h8#9 Surviva- +u/
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3"diu# + 17R"0-ia/" 3"an R"0-ia/" 3"an R"0-ia/" 3"an
'hu 17
#"diu#
+3
+3
+1
+11
1#+1
1#+6%
1
+33 +1 1%+# 1
+6# +1# 1#+6 1
B4 11
#"diu#
+!
+!3
+1#
+1#
1%+#
1%+%
1+%! +11 1%+@ 1
+3# +1# 1%+ 1
A--"n and
Arn+n6
#"diu#
+!
+!!
+1%
+1!
1!+
1%+#@
1
+3! +1% 1%+! 1
+%@ +16 1#+8 1
Ta-"
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)m ere seen to arise from all samples+ Hoever, in BG-11 medi(m, the old basal body of plant
got deteriorated b(t the (pper portions still retained their green )oloration+
Ta-". >. '+#0ari+n + /h" gr+/h ra/" + Chara corallina a/"r 12 day + u-/ur" in
di"r"n/ u-/ur" #"dia/hr+ugh r"h and dry "igh/ and di"r"n" in -"ng/h.
)ara#"/"r
3"diu#
Fr"h "igh/ 8g9 Dry "igh/ 8g9 L"ng/h8#9 Surviva- +u/
+ 17R"0-ia/" 3"an R"0-ia/" 3"an R"0-ia/" 3"an
'hu 17
#"diu#
+!1
+6
+8
+
11+
1%+%%
8
+ +1 1!+6
+@3 +1 1%+#
B4 11
#"diu#
+@!
+!
+8
+11
11+%
11+@
1
+3 +1 11+# 1
+11% +1! 1#+6 1
A--"n and
Arn+n6
#"diu#
+1#%
+8%
+16
+13
1%+6
1#+8%
1
+68 +13 11+6 1
+38 +13 1%+% 1
'ON'LUSIONS
Con)l(sions )an be made from these observations that the samples gron in Allen and
Arnons medi(m had the maim(m s(rvival and groth rate /.ables !-60+ (rther, rhi:oids ere
seen to arise from the plant body only in the Allen and Arnons medi(m+ =aim(m deterioration
as seen in plant gron in Ch(-1 medi(m hile BG-11 medi(m )o(ld s(pport the groth of
the algae moderately+ As stated earlier, after the 8 thday of )(lt(re, no f(rther in)rease in groth
)o(ld be seen in all media /.ables 3-60+.his may be d(e to the reason that Chara corallina
re
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Physi)o-)hemi)al parameters of ater s(pporting groth of Chara corallina also
indi)ates that Charao(ld prefer )lean ater for its establishment and f(rther groth+ .hese
ater bodies la)9 ri)h biodiversity, may be d(e to non-poll(ted and poor levels of nitrogen and
phosphor(s+ Chara corallina ith the lo poll(tion )learly indi)ates that these ma)rophytes
prefer ater ith signifi)antly different n(trient )on)entrations for their groth, and )an be (sed
as indi)ators of poll(tion stat(s
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167 "2" /1@%0+ "ndian sandard methods for sampling and test /physi)al and )hemi)al0 for ater
(sed in ind(stry+ "ndian 2tandard "nstit(te, =ana9 Bhaan, Ee Delhi+