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The Language of Art
Basic Terms Formal Elements
Principles of Composition
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Form• Media & technique• Art elements• Principles of organization• Unity
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THE FORMAL ELEMENTSTHE FORMAL ELEMENTS
→line
→light and value
→color
→texture and pattern
→shape and volume
→space
→time and motion
Some works also contain :
→chance
→improvisation
→spontaneity
→engaging senses
other than sight
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Line
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2.4 Paul Klee. They’re Biting, 1920. Drawing and oil on paper, 121/4" × 91/4". Tate Gallery, London.
Lines have direction:
→horizontal
→vertical
→diagonal
→curved
→meandering
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Implied Line
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Line Quality
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Light and Dark=Value
• Achromatic• Chromatic• Shading• Chiaroscuro
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Chiaroscuro
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Color
• Color combinations or schemes
• Emphasis • Evoke emotions
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Subtractive color systems
• Pigments• Primary colors• Secondary colors• Tertiary colors• Analogous• Complementary
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Texture
• Tactile quality of a surface
• Actual• Visual
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Shape
• Regular-geometric• Irregular-organic or
biomorphic
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Volume
• Any solid that occupies a three-dimensional volume
• mass
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Space
• Perspective• Atmospheric perspective• Linear perspective
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• parallel lines receding into the distance converge at a vanishing point on the horizon line
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Atmospheric Perspective
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Time & Motion
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Chance/ImprovisationSpontaneity
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Practice
• See if you can identify the following in the next slides:
1. Abstract, representational, or non-objective?2. How many art elements can you identify in the
art?3. what is the most dominant art element in the art
work?
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Principles of CompositionPutting the Ingredients Together!
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Composition
• the placement or arrangement of visual elements or ingredients in a work of art.
• The result of how you put together all the “ingredients”.
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Balance
• Placing elements so that visual weights seem evenly distributed.
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Symmetrical Balance
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Asymmetrical Balance
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Can you see how this image is asymmetrically balanced?•Figure to the left of the composition
•The figure and the white of the dress dominate the canvas, yet the bright colors of the vases on the right and the flowers coming in on lower right help to balance the picture.
•The woman and the placement of her arms are also helping to balance the painting.
•Also her reflection is part of that visual balance.
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Radial Balance
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Emphasis & Focal Point
• emphasis • focal point
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Scale & Proportion
• size• Proportion. The
size relationship of parts to the whole.
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Repetition & Rhythm
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Unity & Variety
• Variety:differences by contrasting, changing elements in a composition to add interest.
• Unity: bringing the elements of art into a sense of oneness.
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Practice
1. Identify the main principles of design that are most dominant in the following slides of art.
2. And what art elements do they use?
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Structural Systems in Architecture
• Traditional Building Methods: load bearing construction: all areas of the walls support the structure above them
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Colonnade
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Wood Frame ConstructionCantilever
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Arches, Vaulting
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Arcade
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Buttressing
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Domes
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Steel Frame Construction
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Reinforced Concrete
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Truss and Geodesic Construction
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Suspension and Tensile Construction
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Summary
• ART ELEMENTS: ingredients of art• PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION:
arrangement of the elements • ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: building
methods